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THE MILITARY HISTOKY
OP
THE MADRAS ENGINEERS
AND PIONEERS,
FROM 1743 UP TO THE PRESENT TIME.
COMPILED BY
MAJOR H. M. VIBART,
ROYAL (late madras) EXGINEKRS.
IW TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE. S.W.
PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE.
1881.
(All Bights Reserved.)
LONU'iK :
rRINTFl) HT W. H. ALI.rN A^'ll CO , 13, WATKKl.OO PLArt.
stack
Annex
DEDICATED
TO THE
Re/viai^ihg Officers
OF THE
8lb &rps 0f Sjjirrsrs M^teieier^
INTKODUCTION.
Having obtained, some years ago, a tolerably accurate
list of officers who had served in the Corps of Madras
Engineers, I was urged by some friends to undertake
the compilation of the Military History of the Corps
from its commencement up to the present time. At
first I was unwilling to attempt this, but the frequent
persuasions of a friend, added to the deep interest I
have always taken in the Corps, together with the
feeling that, perhaps, if I did not take the matter up,
nothing would be done, at last overcame my hesita-
tion, and I commenced some six years ago to collect
information.
I know well that there are many officers in the Corps
who could have done greater justice to the subject, but
I trust that my shortcomings will be overlooked by my
friends, when they consider that at least I have done
my best.
Although a great deal of the book must necessarily,
I think, be dry, still I hope I have obtained information
71 INTRODUCTION.
regarding the Corps not previously generally known,
which will prove of interest.
I have endeavoured to trace the services of the
Madras Engineers, Pioneers, and Sappers, from their
origin, and, in my accounts of the various campaigns in
which they have been engaged, I have done my utmost
to ascertain the manner in which those Corps have
contributed to their success. I have made use, when-
ever practicable, of letters and reports ot engineers
themselves, and I have availed myself largely of various
military works published by officers of the Corps.
The compilation is jsl record of the gradual develop-
ment of the Corps, with accounts of all the campaigns
in which they have been engaged, with a view to bring-
prominently to notice the works done by those Corps.
I have largely consulted the Madras Government
Records, as well as many works published many years
ago, and not readily obtainable.
I have to thank the Madras Government and the
Military Authorities at Fort St. George for the freest
access to their records. Without this, I could have
done nothing as regards the earlier history of the Corps.
Several of my brother officers have assisted me with
information regarding the later campaigns, and I am
greatly indebted to them for aid so freely rendered.
I must not forget to add that owing to the kindness
of Brigadier- General O'Connell, Quartermaster- General
of the Madras Army, I was enabled to make use of
any of the numerous plans in his office, careful lists of
INTRODUCTION. Til
which have been prepared under the able direction of
Major Kenny Herbert, Assistant Quartermaster- General.
I need say nothing further, but conclude with the
hope that my compilation will not be harshly criticised
by my friends.
H. M. V.
Corwen, 2Sth October 1881.
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
Eecords of Madras Government.
Orme's Hindostan.
Hamilton's Gazetteer.
Wilks' Mysore. ^
Munro's Coromandel War, 1784.
Broome's Eise and Progress of Bengal Army.
East India Military Calendar.
Fullarton's Narrative of Operations of Southern Army, 1788.
Mackenzie's Sketch of War with Tippoo.
Dirom's Narrative of Campaign, 1792.
Life of Baird, by Hook.
Life of Lord Harris, by Lushington.
Beatson's War with Tippoo, 1800.
Wilson's Expedition to Egypt.
Thorn's Memoirs of War, 1803-1806.
Wellington's Indian Despatches.
Blakiston's Memoirs.
Thorn's War in Java.
Blacker's Mahratta War.
Lake's Sieges of Madras Army.
Summary of Mahratta and Pindaree Campaign.
Prinsep's History of Political and Military Transactions in
India, 1813-1823.
Historical Eecord of " Queen's Own " Madras Sappers and
Miners, by Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson.
Dodwell and Miles' Army Lists.
Military Eeminiscences, by Colonel James Welsh, Madras
Establishment.
Diary of Ensign Eowley, Madras Engineers, 1799.
History of Persia, by Markham.
History of Travancore, by a Native of Travancore.
Malleson's Native States of India.
Malleson's Monograph on Seringapatam.
Yonge's History of British Navy.
CONTENTS
CHAPTEE I.
State of the Carnatic in the last century. — Capture of Madras by the French. —
Siege of Fort St. David raised. — Mr. G. Jones' report on fort. — Siege of
Pondicherry. — Capture of Ariancopang. — Siege of Pondicherry raised. —
Peace between England and France. — Captain Delavaux retires from the
service. — Devicottah captured. — Terms of evacuation of Fort St. George by
the French. — Benjamin Robins. — His assistants. — Thomas Heath. — Philip
Glass. — Death of Robins. — Surrender of Covelong. — Colonel Scott appointed
Engineer-General. — Two companies formed. — Death of Colonel Scott. —
Capture of Calcutta by Suraja Dowlah. — Clive sends to Madras for an
engineer. — Brohier goes to Calcutta. — Call, Chief Engineer at Madras. — The
Council asks Call's advice regarding defence of Madras . . . p. 1
CHAPTER II.
Siege of Fort St. David. — Its capture by the French. — Lally fails at Tanjore. —
Siege of Madras. — Formation of European and Xative Pioneers. — Preston
marches to Arcot. — Engineers granted commissions. — Siege of Madras
raised. — Colonel Lawrence takes Poonamallee and Tripassare. — He marches
towards Conjoveram. — Brereton takes command. — Lawrence and Draper
return to England. — Capture of Conjeveram. — Brereton attacks Wandewash.
— Repulse of the EngUsh. — Coote takes command. — Capture of Wandewash.
— Carangooly taken. — Defects of Wandewash. — Improvements of Fort St.
George. — French attack Wandewash. — Coote defeats the French. — Death of
Brereton. — Coote takes Chettipet. — Wood invests Arcot. — Capture of Arcot.
— Coote attacks Waldour. — Siege of Karical by Monson. — Party of Pioneers
take Chillumbram. — •Verdachellum surrendered. — Coote takes YiUenoure
and Waldour — Coote superseded by Monson. — Monson wounded. — Coote
CONTENTS.
re-assTunes the command. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Great storm at Pondi-
cherry. — St. Thomas' redoubt captured. — French capitulate. — Sufferings of
French. — Ginjee invested. — Thiagar blockaded. — Pondicherry destroyed. —
Mahe capitulates. — Ginjee taken. — The French lose every place in India. —
Coote goes to Bengal . . . . . . . . . . p. 24
CHAPTER III.
Siege of Vellore. — Pioneer company raised under Captain Bonjour. — Expedition
against Manilla. — Captain Stevenson. — Murder of Lieutenant Fryer. — Cap-
ture of Manilla. — Passes leading into the Carnatic . . . . p. 57
CHAPTEE IV.
Siege of Madura. — Lawrence's proclamation. — Tanjore Rajah agrees to co-
operate.— Council of war. — Siege raised. — Preston left in command. —
Charles Campbell appointed to command the army. — French officer offers
to desert. — Rebels completely invested. — Preston marches towards Palam-
cottah. — Siege undertaken in earnest. — Hamilton of the Engineers killed. —
Assault made. — Preston badly svounded. — Pioneers from Manilla arrive in
camp. — Engineers at the siege. — Madura taken. — Palamcottah taken. —
Survey of passage between Ceylon and mainland. — Death of Stevenson. —
Madras Government entertain fears of Hyder Ah. — Survey of the passes. —
Caillaud's treaty with Nizam Ali. — Colonel Joseph Smith aiTives in India. —
Colonel Wood commands in Carnatic. — Call inspects forts and passes. —
Bonjour takes Vaniembaddy. — Nizam moves towards Bangalore and Colonel
Smith marches to join him. — Nizam Ah commences hostilities against us. —
Colonel Smith takes command in the Baramahl. — Battle of Changama. —
Battle of Trinomally .^Confederates defeated. — Hyder moves to Amboor.
— Relief of Amboor. — Hyder attacks a convoy, and is repulsed. — Nizam
treats with Smith. — Ignominious peace with the Nizam. — Hyder goes to
■west coast p. 74
CHAPTER V.
Black Town fortified. — Ai"my sent against Tanjore. — Capture of Vellum,—
Vellum occupied. — Siege of Tanjore. — Engineers suft'er heavily. — Montresor
womided. — Colonel Ross wounded. — Dispute as to right of engineers to take
rank in the army. — Force sent to reduce Ramnad. — Ramnad stormed. —
The Poligar killed. — Montresor appointed to the infantry. — Campbell killed
CONTENTS. XI
— Montresor dies. — Tanjore assaulted and captured. — Xa?ore taken. —
Survey of Northern Circars. — Corps of Guides raised. — Dispute about rank
of engineers. — Artillery located at St. Thomas' Mount. — Chief Engineer
complains against Captain Dugood. — Bound hedge for Madi-as — Memorial
of Engineers to Commander-in-Chief. — Tanjore restoi-ed to the Raja. — Paul
Benfield. — Lieutenant Robert Schoular appointed surveyor. — Vellum
destroyed. — Complaint of Chief Engineer. — Lieut. -Colonel Cosby commands
a force against Rajah of Carvetnuggur. — War with France. — Siege of Pondi-
cherry. — Major Stevens, Chief Engineer, killed. — Pondi cherry delivered up,
19th October 1778. — Captain Maule remarks on Major Stevens. — Siege of
Mahe. — Mahe captured. — Forts destroyed. — Geils distinguished at Pondi-
cherry. — Sea-face of Fort St. George. — Full batta . . . • ?• HO
CHAPTEE VI.
Banks and Bonneveaux taken prisoners by the Mahrattas. — Movements of the
Enghsh fleet under Rodney in 1780. — Combined French and Spanish fleets.
— Rodney reinforced, but combined fleets had left for Europe. — Simon
Stewart and Mr. W. Rylands, of Engineers, made prisoners. — Colonel Baillie.
— Corps of Engineers in 1780. — Hyder AH descends into the Camatic. —
BaiUie's defeat. — Munro retreat.s to Marmelong . . . • P- 140
CHAPTER VII.
Sir Eyre Coote's campaign. — Battle of Porto Novo. — Battle of Polilore.
— Coote's Despatch. — Battle of Sholinghur. — Hyder attacks our advance
force at Yeracundalore. — Vellore relieved. — Chittor captured. — Southern
campaign.- — Braithwaite attempts Patacottah. — He is wounded. — Nixon
takes command. — Siege of Negapatam. — Negapatam capitulates. — Sir
E. Hughes goes to Trincomalee. — Capture of Trincomalee. — Vellore
relieved. — Hyder lays a snare for us. — Defeat of Braithwaite. — Cudda-
lore capitulates p. 152
CHAPTER Vm.
Expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. — Suffrein proceeds to India.
— Captain Byres made prisoner in the Hannibal. — Admiral Hughes at
Madras. — Naval action off Sadras. — Byres writes to Coote regarding
exchange.- He appeals to the Governor. — Coote's army. — Naval battle at
Battacolo. — Rosa rejoins as Chief Engineer. — Coote's campaign. — Battle
of Aruee. — Oui- Grand Guard cut to pieces. — Naval action near Nega-
Xll CONTENTS.
patam. — Reinforcement for Trincomalee. — Suffrein attacks Trincomalee,
which capitulates. — Court-martial thereon. — Banks honourably
acquitted. — Naval action near Trincomalee.— Peace with Mahrattas
and negotiations with Hyder. — Vellore relieved. — Colonel Lang sent to
command Southern Army. — Expedition against Cuddalore. — Coote
taken ill. — Expedition abandoned. — Tippoo defeated at Ponnany and
wounded. — Expedition to destroy Wandiwash and Carangooly. — Nega-
patam destroyed. — Movements from Bombay. — Force under Colonel
Lang. — Siege of Caroor. — Aravacoorchy captured. — Taking of Dindigul.
— Colonel FuUarton takes command of the Southern Army. — Death of
Coote. — Darapooram captured. — Stuart takes up position before Cudda-
lore.— Assault on enemy's works. — General Stuart's after-orders. —
Council of War. — Naval engagement between Suffrein and Hughes. —
Governor complains of Stuart's dilatoriness. — General Stuart resigns
command of Company's troops. — General Stuart arrested by the
Governor. — Arrest of General Burgoyne. — General Stuart sent prisoner
to England. — Armies march to winter quarters. — Pandalumcoorchy
attacked. — Assault repulsed, and the place abandoned. — "Comby"
taken possession of. — Eullarton resolves to take Palghaut. — Pettah
occupied. — • Palghaut captured. — Coimbatore surrenders. — Colonel
Campbell surrenders Mangalore. — Losses of Engineers . p. 170
CHAPTEK IX.
Tippoo attacks Travancore. — Proposed Corps of Guides. — Colonel Stuart sent to
Dindigul. — Assault fails, but place surrendered. — Kelly's plan for capture
of Bangalore. — Siege of Palghaut. — Surrender of Darapoonim. — Lord Corn-
wallis lands at Madras. — British before Bangalore. — Bangalore Fort cap-
tured.— Battle of Arrikera. — ComwalUs moves on Caniambaddy. — Bombay
Army retires to the Coast. — Cornwallis sets out for Bangalore. — Army
returns to Bangalore. — Siege of Ryacottah. — Gowdie advances to Nundy. —
Siege of Nundidroog. — Colonel Ross reconnoitres Savandroog. — Savandroog
captured. — Surrender of Ramgherry and Shivagherry. — Tippoo's Lines. —
Assault of Tippoo's Lines. — Seringapatam Island. — Attack made by Tippoo's
Cavalry. — Bombay Anny crosses the Cauvery. — General Orders regarding
operations of Engineers. — Action on night of 21st. — Two of Tippoo's sons
enter camp as hostages. — Tippoo signs articles of peace. — Colonel Maxwell
sent against the Pohgar of Shevagherry p. 213
CHAPTER X.
France declares War against England and Holland. — Colonel Braithwaite takes
command of army before Pondicherry. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Maule killed,
and Captain Trapaud becomes Chief Engineer at Siege. — Pondicherry sur-
CONTENTS. Xlll
renders. — Pioneers level the batteries. 4-c. — Mr. Topping and Captain George
Johnstone. — Expedition against Malacca. — Amboyna, Bauda Xeira, and
other spice islands taken. — Capture of Columbo. — Proposed siege of Manilla.
— Colin ^Mackenzie reconimended for Surveyor-General. — Mackenzie joins
Colonel Roberts' detachment near Hydrabad. — Major-General Ross brings
to notice inadequate strength of the Engineer Corps. — Employment of
Pioneers previous to campaign against Tippoo. — Constitution of the Corps
of Engineers at Madras. — A corps of Militia embodied in Madras, December
1798 p. 274
CHAPTER XI.
Campaign of 1799. — Plan of the Campaign. — Hostilities commenced, 5th March
1799. — Routes to Seringapatam. — Rowley and Garrard join Nizam's con-
tingent.— Tippoo's attack on the Bombay Army at Sedaseer. — Tippoo moves
to meet General Harris. — Action at Malavelly. — Army crosses Cauvery at
Sosilla, just about the junction of the Cubbany River. — A line of posts from
the river to Sultanpettah secured. — Floyd marches towards Periapatam. —
Bombay Army arrives, and crosses the river. — General Floyd marches
towards Cauverypooram. — At Mysore Ensign Rowley examines the fort. —
Enemy advances to secure village on northern side of river, where it was
proposed to establish an enfilading battery. — Attack on enemy's intrench-
ments at old powder-mill. — Attack on the outposts of the Bombay Army. —
Enemy's intrenchments behind the water-course which runs to Periapatum
Bridge attacked — Norris and Farquhar crossed the greater part of the
river on 29th April. — Scarcity of provisions. — Lieutenant Lalor finds the
river fordable. — Breach practicable. — Storming party. — Colours planted on
summit of breach. — Tippoo killed. — Our loss. — Survey of position of army
before Seringapatam.— Dispute between Wellesley and Captain Norris. —
Captain Bong's case. — G. 0. G. regarding Seringapatam medal . p. 290
CHAPTER XII.
Wustara. — Arrakerry, stronghold of the Rajah of Bellum. — Chitteldroog. —
Dhoondiah Waug. — Blair and Garrard ordered to survey Forts on northern
frontier of Mysore. — Dhoondiah. — Koondgul stormed. — Dummul stormed. —
Dhoondiah encamps near Soondooty. — Wellesley surprises Dhoondiah at
Manowly, and captures his baggage. — Wellesley moves to Kittoor. — Detach-
ment sent against Pychy Raja in Wynaad and Malabar. — Poligar War. —
Repulsed from Pundalumcoorchy with heavy loss. — Pioneers attacked by
the enemy. — Pioneers exposed without arms or any protection. — Heitland,
of Pioneers, wounded. — Force reaches Sherewele. — Calliacoil Pagoda. —
XIV CONTENTS.
Attempt to reach Calliacoil from Sherewele side abandoned. — A new chiof
set up in place of tlie Murdoos. — Fresh attempt on Calliacoil. — Thanks of
Government. — Wellesley marches against Rajah of Bullum . . p. 332
CHAPTER XIII.
Expedition to Egypt. — Expeditions at the Spice islands. — Changes in the Corps
from 1799 to 180.3. — Engineer Corps after the capture of Seringapatam. —
Major-General Ross recommends an increase to the Corps of Engineers. —
Proposed Establishment. — Distribution of Corps. — Major-General Ross
reports on Fort of Seringapatam. — Approval of Colonel Gent's services. —
Engineer Corps on 1st January 180.3. — Expedition into kingdom of Candy,
in Ceylon. — Increase of the Corps of Pioneers, January 1803 . . p. 354
CHAPTER XIV.
Causes of the Mahratta War in 1803. — Ensign Rowley dies. — Pettah of Ah-
modnugger taken by escalade. — Fort of Ahmednugger captured. — Colonel
Stevenson takes Jaulna. — Battle of Assaye. — Colonel Maxwell killed. — Loss
of the Pioneers. — Battle of Argaum. — Siege of Gawilghur. — Assault of
Gawilgluir. — Scarcity of forage. — Anecdote of siege of Ahmednugger. —
Blakiston slightly wounded at Assaye. — Captured standards made use of by
Pioneers in a comical way. — Mode of attack of 19th Dragoons at the battle
of Argaum. — Remarks on the work of Captain Johnson and the Pioneers. —
Blakiston suffers from dysentery.- — Remarks of Captain Johnson on the
siege. — Expedition against Cuttack.- — Four stands of colours captured by
the troops. — Hostilities with Jeswunt Row Holkar. — Chandore surrenders. —
The strong fortress of Dhoorp included in the capitulation of Chandore. —
Employment of Pioneers in 1805. — Government make provision for families
of natives killed in action. — Pioneers in Wynaad. — Pioneers in Poloor
Pollums. — Pioneers at Chittoor. — Court of Directors appoint cadets to
Artillery and Engineers. — Lieutenant Blakiston in Wynaad. — Full batta
granted to Pioneers. — Captains commanding to draw batta of Majors. — A
company of IMadras Pioneers serve with Poona Subsidiary Force till April
1806 . p. 372
CHAPTER XV.
The miitiny at Vellore. — Colonel Gillespie's report. — Gillespie thanks Blakiston.
Principal conspirators executed. — Blakiston posted to Bangalore. — Captain
George Johnstone. — Engineer Corps in 1 809. — Pier proposed at Madras. —
CONTENTS. XV
Attack on the Resident of Travancore. — Ficfhting at Quilon. — Troops ordered
to TraTancore. — Battle of Quilon. — Capture of Arambooly lines. — Artny
marches for the interior. — Action near Xagracoile. — Army reaches Trevan-
dnim. — Chalmers defeats enemy at Kilhanore. — The Devran commits
suicide, and his brother and friends are hanged. — Occupation of the Mauritius
resolved on. — Capture of St. Paul's, Bourbon. — St. Paul's abandoned. —
Attack on Bourbon. — Reinforcements amve at Rodrigues.— Capture of
Bourbon. — Attack on the Isle of Passe. — Capture of the Isle of Passe. —
Defences entrusted to Davies. — Davies wounded at Grand Port. — The French
capture Windham and Ceylon, East-Indiamen. — Astell, East Indiaman,
escapes. — French make their way into Grand Port — Windham recaptured
by boats from Sirius. — Captains Pym and ^Yilloughby attack the French
ships in the harbour. — Captain Willoughby dreadfully woimded.. — Garrison
at Isle of Passe compelled to surrender. — Lieutenant Davies taken prisoner.
— Bourbon blockaded. — Blakiston and C. E. Trapaud at Bourbon. — Several
deaths on the march from extreme heat. — Surrender of Mauritius , p. 401
CHAPTER XVI.
Force in the field to protect Nagpore. — Dispute between Sir George Barlow and
officers of the Madras Army producing the so-called Mutiny. — Lieutenant-
Colonel Bell, of the Artillery. — Colonel Bell seizes treasure. — Colonel
Davies placed in confinement.— Colonel Bell threatens to destroy bridges
over the Cauvery. — Troops from Chittledroog march to Seringapatam.
— Conference held. — Fortress sui'rendered. — Memorial of Madras En-
gineers regarding promotion. — Establishment of a Battahon of Pioneers.
— Sir John Malcolm's Mission to Persia. — -Grant and Fotheringham sent
to Baghdad, McDonald and Monteith to Bussorah. — Grant and Fothering-
ham murdered. — Malcolm ^•isits Futteh Ali Shah. — Sir Gore Ouseley
appointed Ambassador by the Crown. — Malcolm desires to leave Persia.
— Anxiety of the King for retention of Malcolm. — Order of the Lion
and Sim instituted, and conferred on Malcolm. — Malcolm quits Tabreez.
— Lieutenants Christie, Ijindsay, and Monteith remain in Persia. — First
Engineer officers who passed through Addiscombe College. — The French
occupy Java. — British expedition against Java. — ilovements of the fleet. —
Course of the reconnoitring party. — Mackenzie recommends Chillingching
as the landing-place. — Position of troops after debarkation.— Tanjong Priok.
— Army crosses Autchol river. — Colonel Gillespie to Wetteroreden. —
Extracts from Colonel Gillespie's despatch. — Siege of Cornells. — Lieutenant-
Colonel Clarges mortally wounded. — The several columns of attack. —
Gillespie captures the advanced redoubt, and crosses the bridge. — Arrival of
Colonel Gibbs. — Movements of remaining columns. — Colonel McLeod killed.
— Wood's column. — Column imder Major Yule. — Total defeat of the enemy.
— Our losses. — General Janssens flies to Buitzenzong. — Extract fi'om Lord
XVI CONTENTS.
Miuto's letter to Secretary of State. — Cheribon surienders, and Genornl
Jumel taken prisoner. — Janssens surrenders the island. — Fort Ludowyck
surrenders. — Sir S. Auchmuty sets sail for Batavia, en route for Madras. —
Hostilities with the Sultan of Mataram, and capture of Djoejocarta. —
Subsequent operations of the British forces. — Expedition against Djoejocarta.
— Sultan demands our surrender. — The Sultan surrenders. — Gillespie
■wounded. — IMackenzie ordered to remain in Java by the Commander-in-
Chief. — Field force under Colonel Dowse in South Mahratta country. — Four
sappers detained in Java to assist in forming a colonial corps. — Field force
at Gooty under Major-General Taylor. — Establishment of European officers
of Pioneers revised. — Adjutants appointed to each battahon of Pioneers. —
Detachment of Madras Pioneers ordered to Ceylon. — Pioneers employed
with Hydrabad subsidiary force under Colonel Doveton. — Force assembled
at Gooty for service against Kurnool. — Casualties in Corps of Engineers
from December 1810 to December 1816. — Pay of Acting Chief Engineer. —
Additions to the Corps. — Major Farquhar at Malacca. — Lieutenant Monteith
in Persia.- Lieutenant-General Trapaud's memorial regarding oflBcers of
Engineers' exclusion from Staff employ . . ... p. 441
CHAPTEE XVII.
Mahratta War. — Rajah of Nagpore intrigues. — Holkar commences hostilities. —
Holkar and Scindiah make treaties with the British Government. — Pindar-
ries. — The Peishwa. — The Nagpore Government. — Holkar a young minor. —
Intrigues at Peishwa's Court previous to 1815. — Trimbuckjee confined to
Tannah, but escapes. — Alliance proposed to the Peishwa. — Hydrabad. —
Appa Sahib's alliance with British Government. — Pindarries enter the
Madras territory. — Divisions in the field. — Lord Hastings reaches Cawnpore.
— Sir T. Hislop leaves Secunderabad. — Doveton leaves Jauhia. — 4th
Division in rear of Unkye Tankye pass. — The Governor-General takes the
field. — Treaty with Scindiah. — Sir T. Hislop arrives at Hurdah. — 2nd
Division of the Grand Army intended to undertake Siege of Asseerghur. —
The 4th Division to advance to the Nerbudda. — Fifth Division assembled at
Hoosingabad. — 3rd or Left Division of the Grand Army. — Force under
Brigadier Hardyman. — Brigadier Toone's Division terminated line to the
left. — Reserve Division under Ouchterlony. — Guzerat Division. — Deccan
Reserve under Munro. — The Peishwa solicits the reduction of Soondoor. —
Chain of posts formed along the frontier. — 4th Division returns to Poena. —
Movements of General Doveton. — Bajee Row attacks the Residency at
Poena. — Colonel Burr defeats the Peishwa. — 4th Division reaches Kirkee. —
Pioneers improve the ford. — Peishwa retreats. — The Pindarries. — Position
of the Pindarries. — Pindarrie forces. — Battle of Seetabuldee. — Troops poured
into Nagpore. — Ensign Jenkins dies. — Movements against the Pindarries. —
Operations against army of Holkar. — Battle of Mehidpore. — Bombay Army. —
CONTENTS. Xvii
Guzerat Division. — Movements of the Grand Army. — Operations confined to
Mewar. — Battle of Nagpore. — Attack of Nagpore city. — Storming party. —
Attack on breach fails. — Davies severely wounded. — Extract from General
Doveton's letter. — Further operations against the Pindarries. — Pindarrles
attempt to regain Malwa. — Completely dispersed at Kotrah on the Kalle
Sindh. — Kureem Khan and Wasil Mahomed's forces annihilated. — Cheetoo's
forces dispersed. — Cheetoo killed in the jungle by a tiger. — 2nd Division
proceeds from Xagpore to the west. — Holkar's possessions in Khandeish
ceded to the Enghsh. — Operations of 4th Division and the Reserve. —
Detachment under Captain Staunton repulses the Peishwa's Army at Kory-
gaum. — Flight of Bajee Row continued.— General Pritzler pursues Bajee
Row. — Cavalry action at Ashtee. — Gokla killed. — Siege of Singhur. —
Singhur capitulates. — Pritzler takes a number of forts. — Munro takes
Badami. — Siege of Belgaum — Munro effects junction with Pritzler. — Siege
of Sholapore. — The Fort of Sholapore reconnoitred. — Grant reconnoitres the
rampart and ditch. — Sholapore surrenders. — Forces in Hindustan. — Saugor
surrenders. — Lieutenant Remon, Bombay Engineers, wounded. — Dhamonee
surrenders. — Mundla stormed.— Army of the Deccan.- — 1st Division of
Deccan Army marches to the south. — Sir T. Hislop at Talneir. — Killadar
surrenders. — Arabs attack our party. — Killadar hanged. — Doveton at
Ootran ordered to Bal. — Holkar's possessions quickly occupied. — Hislop
hears of Bajee Row. — Sir T. Hislop returns to Madras via Bombay. — Bajee
Row hastens towards Chanda. — Adams defeats the Peishwa near Soonee. —
Pursuit of Mahratta Army. — Peishwa turns north to cross the Taptee. —
Wusota invested by General Pritzler. — Sun-ender of Wusota. — The 2nd
Division employed in pursuit of the Peishwa. — Detachment under Lieutenant-
Colonel McDowell into Khandeish. — Unkye Tunkye. — Engineer officers
present. — Trimbuck reconnoitred. — Ensign Lake wounded. — Trimbuck sur-
renders.— Engineer Department moves to Xassick. — McDowell before
Malligaum.— Adams before Chanda. — Situation of Chanda. — Campaign in
Bhonsla territory closed. — Appa Sahib confined at Xagpore. — Appa Sahib
escapes. — The whole of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams's force takes the field. —
The Peishwa crosses the Taptee. — Peishwa has a conference with Sir John
Malcolm. — He joins Malcolm's camp. — McDowall's force at Malligaum. —
Description of Malligaum. — Recommendations of Commanding Engineer,
Lieutenant Davies. — Sortie from Malligaum — Lieutenant Davies mortally
wounded. — Eulogy of Lieutenant Davies. — Conduct of siege devolves on
Ensign Xattes. — Arrangements for the assault. — Ensign Nattes killed in the
assault. — Storming party retreats to the trenches. — Pettah captured. —
Attack on west side abandoned. — Proposal to attack east face. — Surrender
of Malligaum. — Severe losses among Engineer officers. — Appa Sahib makes
for the Mohadeo Hills. — Adams sends reinforcements. — Arabs driven into
the jungles. — Appa Sahib engaged in making fresh levies. — Intrigues at
Nagpore. — At end of October Mohadeo Hills still hold out. — Attempt to
recover Chouragurh. — Colonel Adams enters the Hills. — Tribes of Goands
reduced. — Appa Sahib escapes from Mohadeo Hills. — Lieutenant-Colonel
XVni CONTENTS.
Pollock in the Valley of the Taptee. — Captures Jilpy Amueir. — Ex-Raja of
Nagpoor makes his way to Asseerghur. — Troops assembled for the Siege of
Asseerghur. — Ordnance available for the Siege. — Description of Asseerghur.
Attack of Asseerghur. — Pettah taken. — Engineer Department established
in centre of the pettah. — Malcolm moves to north-west of the fort. —
Disastrous explosion. — Engineers reconnoitred east front. — Lieutenant
Coventry's (Commanding Engineer) report. — Doveton's Division moves for
attack on east front. — Engineers' Depot established at the Ram Bagh. —
Malighur occupied by our troops. — Saugor battering train and Bengal
■ Miners arrive. — North-east angle of fort destroyed. — Killadar offers to
surrender with stipulations, which were rejected. — Killadar surrenders un-
conditionally.— Fort occupied. — Great exertions of the Artillery. — Loss of
garrison slight. — British losses. — Appa Sahib not found in the fort. — Appa
Sahib escapes and makes his way to the Punjab. — Attack of Nowa. —
Description of Nowa. — Shaft commenced to blow in the counterscarp. —
Inner fort carried. — Our losses. — Engineer Establishment. — Siege of Copal
Droog. — Force encamped before Copal Droog.— Description of Copal Droog.
— Lower fort taken possession of. — Plan of attack. — Upper fort esca-
laded.^Assaulting columns throughout the campaign led by Engineer
Oflficers. — Extract from General Pritzler's despatch. — Disturbances in
Sawunt Waree. — Composition of Engineer Corps up to 1829 . . p. 488
APPENDIX 1 587
APPENDIX II 590
APPENDIX III 600
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
Copies.
Lieut. F. W. T. Attree, R.E ,. 1
Oapt. A. Awdry, R.E 1
General Sir Frederick Abbott, C.B., R.E. (retired) ... 1
Major E. Begbie, Queen's Own S. and M. ... ... 2
Col. J. Beatty, R.E. 2
Secretary Bangalore Book Society... ... ... ... 1
Lieut. W. L. C. Baddelev, R.E. .., 1
Major A. M. Brandrech, R.E 2
Bt.-Major B. Blood, R.E 1
F. Brandt, Esq., Madras Civil Service ... ... ... 1
Bombav Government, Military Department ... ... 2
Lieut.-Col. W. H. Burton, R.E 1
Capt. C. H. Brookes, R.E 1
Lieut.-Col. T. Beckley, R.E. (retired) 1
Lieut.-Col. E. Buckle, R.E. (retired) ... ... ... 1
Major-General W. J. Birdwood, R.E. (retired) ... ... 1
Lieut A. W. Cockburn, R E 1
Capt. W. H. Coaker, R E 1
Capt D. McN. Campbell, R.E 1
Capt. F. F. Cotton, RE 1
Col. G. T. Chesney, R.E. (1 of them for Government) ... 2
xMajor S. C. Clarke, R.E 1
Col. G. C. Collyer, R.E. (retired) 1
Major W. G. Gumming, R.E 1
Col. W. Chrvstie, R E 1
Col. Sir And'rew Clarke, R.E., K.C M.G., C.B., CLE. ... 1
General Sir Arthur Cotton, Kt., R.E. , K.C.S. 1 1
Major-Gen. W. R. Dickenson, R.E (retired) 1
Lieut. T Digby, R.E 1
Major H. Doveton, RE. ... ... ... ... .. 1
H. E. G. Evans, Esq., Civil Engineer, Madras 1
LIST OF SUBSCBIBEES.
Copies
Col. W. H. Edgcome, R.E. 1
Major A. J. Filgate, R.E 1
Lieut.-Col. G. P. de P. Falconnet, R.E. ... . ... 1
Major-General J. A. Fuller, R.E 1
Major A. T. Eraser, R E 1
Lieut.-Oeneral E. A. Foord, R.E. (retired) 1
Lieut -Col. H. R. Faber, R.E. (retired) 1
Major J. P. Grant, Bombay S. C 1
Lieut.-Col. C. A. Goodfellow, R.E. , V.C 1
Lieut. H. E. Goodwyn, R.E 1
yir J. D. Gordon, K.S.C I., Resident Mysore ... 5
Major A. F, Plamilton, R.E. ... 1
Capt. W. J. Heaviside, R.E. 1
Edward Hewetson, Esq., Supt. of Police, Bangalne ... 1
Lieut. R. E. Hamilton, R.E 1
Lieut. H.J. Harmau, R.E. .. ... ... ... ... 1
Lieut. 0. B. Henderson, R.E. ... ... ... ... 1
P. P. Hutchins, Esq., Madras C. S 1
Capt. G Henry, R.E 1
Lieut.-Col. J. O. Hasted, R.E 1
Bt.-Col. W. Hichens, R.E. 1
Lieut.-Col. W. G. Hebbert, R.E. (retired) 1
Col. E. Hemery, R.E. (retired) 1
Major-General H. VV. Hitchens, R.E. (retired) 1
Government of India ... ... ... ... ... 25
Major-General C. C. Johnston, R.E. (retired) 2
Capt J. G. Johnston, R.E. (retired) ... ... ... 2
Col. R. B. Kennedy, Madras S. C. 1
Lieut. L. Langley, R.E. ... ... ... 1
Lieut.-Col J. G. Lindsay, R.E. 1
Sir H. Atwell Lake, K.C.B., late Col. R.E 1
Lieut. H. D. Love, R.E 1
Bt.-Lieut.-Col. A. Le Mesurier, RE. ... 1
D. Logan, Esq , Chief Engineer South Indian Railway .. 1
Edgar Ludlow, Esq., Indian Forest Department ... ... 2
Major Edmund Ludlow, M. S. C 1
Major H. R. Mead, R.E 4
Major J. R. McCullagh, R.E 1
Col. J. Mullms, R.E 2
Capt. V. L. Mathias, M. S. C, late M. S. and M. ... 1
Major G L. C. Merewether, R.E 1
Coi. J. G. Medley, R.E 1
LIST OF SUBSCEIBERS.
Copies.
50
1
Government of Madras
Major P. Montgomerie, R.E.
Major E. L. Marryat, R.E.
Col. J O. Mayne, R.E
Major J. L. L. Morant, R.E
John MakGill, Esq., late RE., Kemback, near Cupar ... 1
General Lord Napier of Magdala, R.E, G.C.B., G.C.S.I. 1
Col. R. F. Oakes, R E. (retired) 2
Major-General P. P. L. O'Connell, R.E. (retired) ... 1
Major R. P. Pennefather, RE 2
Col. (Brigadier-General) H. N. D Prendergast, R.E.
V.C, C.B 1
Col. H. L. Prendergast, R.E 1
Major General C. Pollard, R.E 1
Major J. Pennycuick, R.E. ... ... ... ... 1
W. Pearl, Esq., Madras Medical Establishment ... ... 1
Government of Punjab ... ... ... ... ... 2
Capt. W. R Purchas, R.E. 1
Col. C. Pasley, RE., C.B 1
Major-General Sir T. T. Pears, R.E., K.C.B. (retired) ... 1
Major P. Phelps, R.E 1
Captain C. C. Rawson, R.E. ... ... ... ... 1
C. Rundall, Esq., Madras Salt Department ... ... 1
Royal Engineer Library, Madras ... ... ... ... 2
Royal Engineer Institute, Chatham ... ... ... 10
Resident, Hyderabad, Deccan ... .. ... ... 2
Lieut. J. F. Romilly, R.E 1
Lieut.-General F. H. Rundall, R.E., C.S.I 1
Col. H. T. Rogers, R.E 2
Col. R. H. Sankey, R.E., C.B .. 2
Col. J. H. M. Shaw-Stewart, R E 1
Bt.-Lieut.-Col. C. A. Sim, RE 6
Capt. A. W. Smart, R.E ... .. .. 1
Major A. C. Smith, R.E 2
Major J. P Steel, R.E 1
Lieut. B. Scott, R.E. 1
Lieut.-Col. N. Swauston, Madras S. C, late M. S. and M. 1
Bt.-Lieut.-Col. 0. B. C. St. .Tohn,R.E., C.S.I 1
Lieut. E. C. Spilsburv, R.E 1
Bt.-Lieut.-Col. R.M.' Smith, R.E 1
Major C. J. Smith, RE 3
Col. J. T. Smith, R.E. (retired) ... 2
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
Copies.
Major H. Smalley, R.E 1
General Sir J. L. A. Simmons, R.E., G.C.B 1
Charles Sibthorp, Esq., Madras Medical Establishment ... 1
Major D. PI. Trail, R.E 1
Major E. A. Trevor, R.E 1
Bt.-Lieut.-Col. Ross-Thompson, R.E 2
G. Thornhill. Esq., C.S. I., Madras Civil Service (retired) 1
Lieut -Col. E. T.Thackeray, R.E. , V.C 1
F. N. Thorowgood, Esq., C.E., Superintendent Madras
Harbour Works ... ... ... ... ... ... 1
Major R. H. Vetch, R.E 1
Lieut. C. B. Wilkieson, R.E 1
Lieut. R. A. Wahab, R E 1
VV. S. Whiteside, Esq., Madras Civil Service ... ... 1
Capt. C. H. Walsh, 44th Regiment 1
Lieut.-General G. W. Walker, R.E 1
LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS.
To face Page.
Addiscombe College, Governor's House .... Frontispiece.
Plan of Fort St. George, 1733 5
Plan of Fort St. George, December 1758 40
Siege of Manilla, 1762 70
Plan of Fort St. George, 1862 127
Plan of Pondicherry, 1778, with Siege Works ...... 184
Battle of Cuddalore, 18 June 1783 190
Sketch of the Southern Countries of India traversed by the arnaies
commanded by Colonel Humberston and Colonel Fullarton, 1782-84 208
Plan of Bangalore, with the Attack of the English Army, March 1791 . 225
Plan of Bangalore and its Environs, with the positions of the English
and Tippoo's Armies, March 1791 225
Plan of Nundidroog, and the British Attack, October 1791 . . . 239
Plan of the Siege of Seringapatam, 8-24 February 1792 .... 268
Plan of Pondicherry, 1793, with Siege Works 276
Sketch of the Environs of Seringapatam, showing Siege Works, 1799 . 820
Sketch of the Fort of Gawilghur 384
Plan of the Fortress of Vellore . 409
Map of Reunion Island, or Bourbon 428
Map of the Mauritius 488
Sketch of the Advance of the British Army against Port Louis,
December 1810 .439
Plan of Attack on the Fortified Lines of Cornells, 26 August 1811 . 468
Plan of Attack on Seetabuldee, 26-27 November 1817; and on
Nagpur, 19-29 December 1817 510
Plan of Attack on Malligaum, 14 June 1818 .... 550
Plan of the Attack of Aeseerghur, 9 April 1819 .... 566
Map of Central India, with the positions of the several Divisions of
the British Army during the Campaign of 1817-18, for the exter-
mination of the Pindarries 578
MILITAEY HISTOKY
OF THE
MADRAS ENGINEERS
AND PIONEERS.
CHAPTER I.
State of tho Caruatic in the last century. — Capture of Madras by the French. —
Siege of Fort St. David raised. — Mr. G. Jones' report on fort. — Siege of
Pondicherry. — Capture of Ariancopang. — Siege of Pondicherry raised. —
Peace between Enghind and France. — Captain Delavaus retires from the
service. — Devicottah captured. — Terms of evacuation of Fort St. George by
the French. — Benjamin Robins. — His assistants. — Thomas Heath. — Philip
Glass. — Death of Robins. — SuiTender of Covelong. — Colonel Scott appointed
Engineer-General. — Two companies formed. — Death of Colonel Scott. —
Capture of Calcutta by Sm-aja Dowlah. — Clive sends to Madras for an
engineer. — Brohier goes to Calcutta. — Call, Chief Engineer at Madras. — The
Council asks Call's advice regarding defence of Madras.
It was not till 1770 that the Corps of Madras Engineers was
organised on a strictly military basis ; but more than a quarter
of a century previous to that time, various engineers were
employed on the fortifications at Madras and Fort St. David, as
well as on other duties of a purely military engineering
character.
In 1718 the first regular establishment of engineers was
formed. The head of this establishment was named Chief
Engineer.
1
2 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
Up to the year 1 745 the English governors hud merely been
at the head of trading establislimeuts, but war having been
declared between France and England in 1744, and an English
fleet having appeared on the coast with the view of destroying
the French settlements, changed the course of affairs.
At this period two nawabs of the Caruatic had been assas-
sinated in succession After the death of the first, Subder All
(the brother-in-law of Chunda Sahib), Nizam-ul-Mulk, the
Subadar of the Deccan, proceeded to Arcot, in the beginning of
1743, with an immense army, and found the Carnatic at his
disposal. The young son of Subder Ali had just before his
arrival been proclaimed Nawab in his father's place. The Car-
natic was, however, in a state of anarchy. " Every petty
commandant of a fort assumed the title of Nawab, and no less
than eighteen of these little nawabs were introduced to the
Nizam in a day. He threatened to scourge the first person who
should in the future usurp the title, and named Anwar-u-Din
Nawab." He further arranged that when the boy-prince came
of age, he would be made Nawab ; Anwar-u-Din meantime being
his guardian.
In March 1744 the Nizam left the Carnatic, and three months
after the boy-nawab was murdered at a wedding f jast. It was
believed that the murder was instigated by Anwar-u-Din and
Mortiz Ali (the uncle of the young Nawab). Nevertheless,
Nizam-ul-Mulk confirmed Anwar-u-Din in the post of Nawab ;
and when war broke out between the French and English he
was at the head of affairs in the Carnatic. At this time the
English were in possession of two settlements — one at Madras ;
and the other at Fort St. David, near the mouth of the Ponniar
river, and twelve m.iles south of the French settlement of Pondi-
cherry, which was about 100 miles south of Madras The
Dutch had settlements at Pulicat (twenty-four miles north of
Madras), and at Sadras (forty miles south of it).
In 1745 the forts at Madras (St. George), and at the Ponniar
1740.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 3
(St. David) were formidable enough to deter the natives of the
country from attacking them, but were quite unfitted to stand a
regular siege and bombardment. It is at this time that we find
the first records of professional engineers being called in to give
their advice regarding the forts, and Major Knipe's quaint
report in 1743 shows clearly how very inferior were the works
at Fort St. George. Mr. George Jones' report on Fort St.
David, in 1747, clearly establishes the fact that, although Fort
St. David was stronger than Fort St. George, it still was but a
contemptible place of arms.
It was in lfi39 that the English first settled at Madras;
previous to that they had a factory at Armegon, north of
Madras. They now obtained a strip of coast six miles long
and one broad ; on this, they built a factory, and surrounded it
with a wall, on which they mounted cannon. Mr. Francis Day
was the English chief at that time.
In 1G44 we find that £2,294 bad been spent on the fortifica-
tions, and it was estimated that £2,000 more would serve to
complete it. The fort was of course but small, and a garrison
of 100 men was considered sufficiently strong for its occupation.
It is unlikely that Mr. Day had any professional assistance in
erecting this fort, as it is certain that the so-called fort merely
consisted of a slight wall surrounding the residences of the
merchants.
It would appear that for a century after its foundation no
material alterations were made to it.
In the year 1740, the President having learnt that 20,000
Mahrattas had arrived at Arcot, and were plundering the country,
became alarmed and hastily appointed William Monson, Esq.,
captain ; Mr. John Stretton, lieutenant ; and Mr. John Hally-
burton, ensign. He also gave certain directions to the store-
keeper and gunner regarding the guns and their carriages, and
ordered the paymaster to repair the chcvaux-de-frises. The
alarm excited by the proceedings of the Mahrattas induced the
1 *
4 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE
[1743.
Directors of the East India Company to send out an experienced
engineer officer, Major Charles Kuipe, to report on the state of
the fortifications His short and pithy report, given below, will
show that in ] 743 the fort was hardly entitled to its name.
"Major Charles Knipe having surveyed the fortifications of
the town on the west side from Charles' Point to Queen's Point,
delivers in a report,
'■ To the Honourable Richard Benyon, Esq.,
" President and Governor.
" In obedience to your Honour's commands, I have taken a
survey of your city of Madraspatam from Charles' Point to the
Queen's Point, being that part of the fortifications, as it is
called, which faces towards the island ; but I must take the
liberty to assure you it is no fortification at all, but rather an
offensive than defensive wall to your garrison. Was it not for
the support it has from the several outhouses of the inhabitants
which are all built against it through the whole extent above-
mentioned, it could not stand, nor was it more than sufficient
for a garden-wall when first erected. As to the river that runs
by it, that neither is any addition to the strength of your works,
but rather a nuisance to the town ; for I observe in every part of
it, it is continually forded at less than two feet deep. The plan
laid down for enlarging your city and carrying a new fortifica-
tion across the island from Charles' Point to Queen's Point,
above mentioned, I have by your Honour's direction very care-
fully examined in regard to a foundation, by making small wells
of considerable depth from the surface, and by boring several
feet deeper in the bottom of each of them through the whole
extent of the intended fortification, and find the soil is clay and
sand capable of sustaining any weight, especially if assisted with
a few wells under the foundation near the river's side, where it
is a little spungy. As to the river, I will engage to turn that
^uite off from your town at a very small expense, and supply its
FORT S^GEO
IN 1755
5m Mo $00 Zoe 7«0 .0
Scale 300 fee f fo / l/irh
1744-45.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 5
place with a much better foss, by which the whole island will be
drained and become a very firm and solid tract of land.
" This is humbly submitted to your Honour's and the Gentle-
men of the Council's consideration by
"Your most obedient servant,
(Signed) Charles Knipe.
" Fort St. George,
"January 25th, 1743."
But little action could have been taken on this report, for in
1746, when captured by the French, it was as weak as it could
well be. It was in January 1 748 that that distinguished man
Stringer Lawrence arrived from England to command the Com-
pany's forces in India with the rank of Major; and in June of
the same year the first regular engineer was appointed to the
establishment. Captain Alexander Delavaux. From that date a
regular establishment of engineers was maintained. This body
was of very small strength, and even in 1753 during the siege
of Madras, the number of engineers available was only four.
These engineers were obtained from various sources. Previous
to the siege of Madras in 1758-59, the engineers were con-
sidered civilians. At that time, however, military commissions
were given to the four engineer officers employed in the defence,
and subsequently officers on joining the Engineer Service were
granted military rank.
In 1769 the number of engineers in the ]\tadras Service was
but eight, and in 1770, when the Engineer Service was
re-organised on a purely military basis, the whole Corps con-
sisted of nine officers. This number was gradually increased,
but even so late as 1845 the whole amounted to no more than
forty-six, and in 18G0, when the Corps attained its maximum
strength, there were hardly ninety.
As before stated, war was declared between England and
France in 1744, and early next year the first naval action took
place between the two nations, in the Indian Seas. Commodore
6 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1745-46.
Barnet had been sent with four ships to protect our trade. Two
of these he sent to Malacca, and with the others he proceeded
himself to the Straits of Bauca. He hoisted Dutch colours,
and waited for the enemy. Three French ships, mounting
thirty guns each, and laden with fine cargoes, appeared. A
smart action followed, with the result that all three were
captured. Barnet's other two vessels also captured two French
vessels from Manilla, with freights of enormous value. Barnet
was now anxious to go still further to the East ; but the
authorities at Madras begged him to repair to that place, and he
at once complied with their request. Admiral Labourdonnais,
Governor of the Mauritius, was threatening Madras, thinking
that as Barnet had been obliged to send two of his vessels home,
he would be able easily to defeat him. Barnet had, however,
been reinforced by three vessels, and had added one of his
prizes to his squadron, so that he was actually stronger than he
had been in 1745.
Labourdonnais left the Mauritius early in spring of 174C, and
in June arrived on the coast. He had eight ships, carrying 130
more guns than the English ; but, in spite of this, owing to the
guns of the French being of an inferior calibre to ours, the
advantage was really with us. Had Barnet still been in
command, Tiabourdonnais would have been defeated; but in
April 1740, Barnet had died at Fort St. David, and Captain
Peyton, of the Medicay, had succeeded to tlie command. He
had six ships cruising north of Ceylon, when Labourdonnais
came in sight. Instead of engaging in a battle, Peyton, taking
advantage of the better sailing-quality of his ships, refused an
engagement, contented himself with a cannonade, and next day
actually fled to Trincomallee — leaving Labourdonnais master of
the seas. The latter went leisurely to Pondicherry, refitted his
ships, and supplied them with heavier guns. In the beginning
of August he again came in sight of Peyton, who again fled,
when Labourdonnais set himself to the reduction of Madras.
1746^7.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 7^.
Fort St. George was insufficient to repel a large European
force.
On 3rd September 1740, the French squadron anchored
south of Madras, with 1,100 soldiers, 400 Caffres, 400 natives,
and 2,000 French seamen.
The English garrison was only 200 men.
The troops were landed on 4th September, and on the 7th
bombarded the fort from a battery of nine mortars to the west,
500 yards distant from the walls.
In the evening some of the ships cannonaded the town.
On the 8th, a battery of five mortars was put up to the south,
and the bombardment was continued till the 10th September,
when the fort surrendered, and Madras passed into possession
of the French. The English had seven men killed and
wounded.
Mr. (after Lord) Olive, was a writer at Madras. He became
a prisoner of war, but escaped, disguised as a native, to Fort
St. David.
The Government was now transferred to Fort St. David.
On 9th December 174G, a French force of 1,700 men invested
Fort St. David. They drove in the irregular peons who had
been armed by the English to protect the territory round Fort
St. David; but the Nabob's army, coming up to the assistance
of the English, surprised the French, and threw them into con-
fusion. The garrison thereupon made a sally, and drove the
French back several miles.
The French continued to invest the place till 19th February
1747.
The English garrison was now reinforced from England, and
marched out and gave battle. An English fleet appeared, and
the enemy raised the siege.
Our squadron now consisted of eleven good ships. The
result of the reinforcement was that Dupleix was blockaded in
Pondicherry (Labourdonnais had returned to the Mauritius,
8 MILITAKY HISTOKY OF THE [1747.
chiefly owing to Dapleix's jealousy), and our naval superiority
was re-established.
The English fleet was commanded by Commodore Griffin,
who recommended the Governor to commence on new works for
the more perfect defence of Fort St. David. Mr. George Jones,
engineer, was accordingly directed to survey the fortifications,
and send in a report. On 25th April 1747, he forwarded this
report to the Governor in Council, with plan and estimates.
" The Board considered that the works ought to be cai'ried out
with the utmost vigilance and expedition before the Monsoon
sets in." This report had been called for by Mr. Hinde,
Governor of Fort St. David, but he having died meantime, the
report was presented to Charles Floyer, Esq., who had succeeded
him on 15th April 1747.
Mr. Jones considered the fort w\as too weak and defective to
enable us to make an effective defence against the French. He
reported that the fort was surrounded with a fausse braye and a
ditch of fifty feet.
It appears that the fort was rectangular, with a bastion at
each corner.
The interior space was 150 yards by 100, or rather more than
three acres. The whole of this space was filled with buildings
and warehouses, and hence the efi'eots of a bombardment would
be dreadful.
He recommended a horn-work on the north side, having 140
yards of " cassimated masonry." "''The guns, from the curtains
thereof, will enfilade the approaches from the Colloway." On
the east and west sides he proposed lunettes ; each to have four
magazines for powder, and in addition to this, there was to be a
covertway and glacis.
He suggested that a "very able hand should be sent from
England, as it was highly necessary."
It is presumed that these recommendations were carried out
not long after, as, when the French attacked the fort in
1748.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 9
May 1708, it appears to have been as recommended by Mr.
Jones.
The Court of Directors would seem to have approved of
Mr. Jones' suggestion that an officer should be sent out from
England; for on J. 3th June 1748 we find that Captain
Alexander Delavaux arrived, having been appointed engineer
and captain of their train of artillery at Fort St. David; and
Mr. George Jones resigned.
In January 1748, Major Stringer Lawrence arrived from
England, to command the Company's forces in India.
On 17tli June, the French attacked Cuddalore, but were
repulsed by Lawrence. On 2ith, Lawrence and Delavaux
reported that Fort St. David might be kept against the French ;
but only with the proviso of withdrawing all the soldiers into it,
and leaving Cuddalore and all the English bounds exposed to
the enemy.
The Artillery Company, commanded by (Japtain Delavaux,
was of the following strength : —
Salary.
1 First Captain and Chief Engineer
1 Second Captain and Engineer
1 Captain-Lieutenant and Director of
Laboratory ...
1 First Lieutenant Fireworker
1 Second Lieutenant do.
1 Ensign do.
4 Sergeant Bombardiers ...
4 Corporal do.
2 Drummers
100 Gunners
Admiral Boscawen, with the English fleet, arrived at Fort
St. David on 29th July, and there found the squadron under
Admiral Griffin.
The latter resigned the command, proceeded to Trincomallee,
and thence to England.
200
£
150
55
100
)t
75
55
GO
55
50
55
2s.
per
diem
Is.
. (Id.
55
Is.
55
Is.
55
10 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1748.
On 8th August, the Company's forces marched to the
siege of Pondicherry, with the reinforcements broug]it by the
Admiral.
The force consisted of the following : —
Kinf/'s Troops.
12 Companies of 100 men
1,200
800 Marines
.. ... ...
800
80 Artillery
Company^s Troops.
80
2,080
1 Battahon
... ... ...
450
70 Artillery
... ... ...
70
Dutch reinforcements
120
On board
ships, 1,000 seamen ready
to be la;
uded ...
1,000
3,720
300 Topasses
300
4,020
Besides 2,000 sepoys, not -well disciplined.
The Company's Artillery was no doubt the train just formed
and commanded by Captain Delavaux, who was also Chief
Engineer. The army approaching Pondicherry bounds came in
sight of Fort of Ariancopang. An engineer of the Company's
troops was ordered to reconnoitre. Orme says he was afraid to
go near enough, and reported that it was not strong; on
which an attempt was made to storm it. The English troops
were assailed with musketry and grape-shot, and finally
repulsed with heavy loss. It was, however, determined to reduce
the fort. The English engineers erected a battery on the south
side of the river ; but when they opened fire they found the
17480 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 11
guns were intercepted by a thick wood, Orme says, the
artillery officers erected another, with greater skill ; and fire was
kept up on both sides with but little execution. The French
cavalry advanced to the entrenchment close to the battery where
the sailors were posted. A panic arose and they fled. Major
Lawrence was taken prisoner, and carried off to Ariancopang.
Tlie same day a severe explosion took place in the fort, dis-
abling nearly 100 men. Some hours after, the French blew up
the fort and retired rapidly to Pondicherry.
The English took possession of Ariancopang, and remained
there five days repairing the fort.
On 26th August tlie army marched and took possession of
Oullagary. The French garrisons in the redoubts in the bound
hedge were withdrawn.
The Engineers recommended that the town should be attacked
on the north-west side.
On 30th August the army broke ground at a distance of
1,500 yards, and Orme says, " by this the engineers showed
themselves little skilled in their art."
Two sorties were made by the French, but on both occasions
they were repulsed.
The approaches were carried on very slowly owing to a want
of experience.
Two batteries of three guns were raised within J, 200 yards.
After much labour the trenches were advanced to within 800
yards of the walls.
It was then found that a large morass was before this part of
the town ; that is on the west side.
Two batteries began to fire on 2Gth September — one of eight
and the other of four pieces of 18 and 24-pounders; besides
these there was a bomb battery of five mortars, and fifteen
Koyals and fifteen Cohorns,
The French now opened several embrasures in the curtain and
began to fire from two or three batteries on the crest of the
12 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE Ul
glacis, so that tbe fire) of tlie besiegers became less powerful
than that of the enemy. Admiral Boscawen ordered the
ships to batter the town, but this was not found to be of
much use.
The fire from tlie batteries continued three days longer,
that from the town increased, and dismounted nine of our
pieces.
Very little impression was made on the defences ; sickness
prevailed in camp, and the monsoon had set in, so a council of
war was summoned, and on 30th September it was determined
to raise the siege.
The cannon and heavy stores were embarked on the ships,
and the batteries destroyed. On Cth October the troops began
to march, having previously blown up the fort at Ariancopang.
During the siege the English lost 1,0G5 Europeans.
757 Infantry.
43 Artillery.
265 Seamen.
Very few sepoys were killed, as they generally ran away on
the approach of danger. Orme blames the engineers for the
failure in most unmeasured terms. He says, " The engineers
were utterly unqualified for the enterprise, but the artillerymen
and officers knew their business."
It must be remembered that the Company's Artillery had
only lately been raised, and that the officer commanding the
Artillery was also Chief Engineer. No doubt the engineers
appear to have blundered from want of experience, and,
perhaps, from the indifferent quality of the men at their
disposal.
In the event of failures, it frequently happens that the
engineers have to suffer the odium of want of success, but
when successful they have been too often denied the credit
justly theirs, which is calmly appropriated by the general
commanding.
1749.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 13
111 January 17-19 news was received of a peace between
England and France, and for a time hostilities ceased between
the two nations in India.
On the 20th April 1749, Captain Delavaux informed the
Council that he was suffering from a disease from which he was
not likely to recover, and requested to be allowed to retire from
the service and proceed to Europe.
His request was complied with, and one of the lieutenants
of the Train of Artillery was directed to take charge of the
company and oversee the fortifications.
The English and French, unable to fight against one another
in India owing to the peace, determined to assist the native
princes in their disputes.
Towards the end of January, accordingly, a force left Fort
St. David, under Captain Cope, to assist in reinstating Sahojee,
ex-Rajah of Tanjare, on his throne.
This force suffered from a storm while at Porto Novo. After
repairing damages, it penetrated into the Tanjore country, but
not getting expected assistance from the inhabitants, was
compelled to retire to Porto Novo, and next day marched to
attack Devicottah. Having no battering train, it was obliged
again to retire to Fort St. David.
The English, considering the possession of Devicottah to be
of great importance, sent a force against it under the command
of Major Lawrence.
On 27th May 1749, the troops embarked and anchored off
Devicottah, two days after. On the 29th and 80th the troops
landed; on 2nd June they began to make fascines, &:c.; and
on the 5th opened ground.
On the 8th a battery opened fire on the town, at daybreak,
for a few minutes, and then the place was summoned in the
name of Sahojee, ex-King of Tanjare.
Lawrence waited two hours, and, having received no reply,
ordered our guns and mortars to open fire briskly. This fire
14 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1749.
shattered the wall very much, and nearly dismounted all the
enemy's gims.
On the 11th a small body of Marines were landed to look
after tlie baggage, while Lawrence attacked the place. That
night we were prevented crossing the river by heavy rain.
"Mr. More, the carpenter of tlie train, passed the river the
same night, and made fast the rope to the other side of the river
to pass our float." As the English battery was on marshy
ground, Major Lawrence feared that another day's rain would
have rendered it impossible to attempt anything, and he deter-
mined to attack on the l2th at 1 p.m. They passed the river by
the "float" (raft) made by Mr. More, to the number of 700
sepoys and 41)0 Europeans. Lieutenant Clive was ordered to
drive the enemy from the entrenchment on the left, and 300
sepoys were posted on the right to secure our right flank.
Lieutenant Clive was repulsed, not having been properly
supported by the sepoys ; however, another party was sent
forward to attack the entrenchment, under Sergeant Brown, and
Captain Dalton, with the Grenadiers, followed by the main
body, attacked the breach, and were in the possession of the
fort by 5 o'clock.
In August 1749, Major Lawrence and two others met
M. Dupleix and five others, for the purpose of considering the
terms of the evacuation of Eort St. George by the French.
1st Article of Treaty. — The gentlemen named,* to go to
Madras and take an inventory of efi'ects, artillery, &c.
2nd. — Inventory being finished, the day the town is to be
evacuated to be settled.
3rd. — On the day agreed on, English troops to be carried by
sea. The French will march out by sea-gate, Avhile the English
go in by St. Thomas' Gate.
4th. — As soon as French troops have embarked, the French
* Major S. Lawrence, Mr. Alexander W'ynch, Mr. Foss Wissott,
1749.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 15
commandant will deliver the keys to the English Commissioner
and Admiral Boscawen.
On 2nd September 1749 the commissioners appointed pro-
tested against taking Fort. St. George, as they asserted that it
was not in the condition^stated in 9th Article of Treaty; guns,
mortars, and warlike stores having been carried away.
Although Madras was given up to the English in 1749, the
head-quarters of the English Government remained at Fort
St. David till 1751.
The Court of Directors about this time appear to have been
seriously alarmed regarding the state of the forts.
On 8th December 1749, the Court of Directors appointed
Benjamin Robins, Esq., Engineer-General and Commander-in-
Chief of Artillery of all settlements in East Indies and St.
Helena. He was ordered to proceed to Fort St. David,
then to Fort St. George, Fort William, to Bombay and
St. Helena.
The following were sent with him as assistants : —
£
John Brohier, Esq. ... ... salary 40
Nathaniel Carrington ... ... „ 20
Charles O'Hara „ 20
Sampson Morrice ... ... „ 20
Charles Knapton ... ... ,, 20
Philip Glass „ 20
In addition to these salaries £20 a month was allowed for
their diet.
Mr. Robins was under covenant to contmue in India until the
despatch of the last ships from the place where he shall be
resident between the months of January and March 17o3-j4.
And if he lost his passage outward bound, until same time in
1754-55. Mr. Robins was to receive the same civil and military
honours as the third in Council.
Houses in the fort were to be provided for Mr. Robins and his
16 MILITAET HISTOEY OF THE [1749.
assistants. A smith (Robeft Barrowcliffe) and a carpenter
(Israel Selfe) were also to proceed, and to be under orders of
Chief Engineer. Their salary was to be i'60 each per annum,
and they contracted to serve for five years.
It ajDpears that some time before, a Mr. Thomas Heath had
been sent out to be trained up under Captain Delavaux. He
was represented as not having a turn for the profession of an
engineer. The Court accordingly directed Mr. Eobins to " have
a trial of him, and if he finds him incapable or unwilling to
assist him, he is to be sent home by one of the first ships."
Kesult of trial not known.
Mr. Robins was a very distinguished scientific artillerist. He
was the inventor of the ballistic pendulum. He was also the
real narrator of Lord Anson's voyage round the world.
Mr. Robins planned the fortifications of Fort St. David and
Madras. When the French delivered Fort St. George to us in
1749 it was incapable of a long defence against Europeans, and
the internal area was only fifteen acres. An addition had been
projected in 1743 by Mr. Smith. This project doubled the area
of the fort. The ditch which marked its limits was then dug,
and faced with brick, and was supplied with water from northern
river, but nothing was then raised above the surface.
Mr. Robins approved generally of Mr. Smith's project and
completed the plans, but was unable to finish the works owing
to his death, which took place at Fort St. David on July 29th,
1751.
Orme calls Mr. Robins a man of great science. Mr. Nourse,
an eminent bookseller, in 1761 was preparing for the press the
learned works of Air Robins under the care of Dr. James
Wilson. He says in preface : —
" Mr. Robins' abilities as an engineer, I have heard highlv
praised by many intelligent persons who have been on the spot ;
and what is still more, I have been informed (by Mr. Orme) that
they were approved of by the brave Colonel Clive."
1750-51.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 17
In the years 1160-d2 it does not appear that any of the
Engineers were employed on active service against the enemy.
It was probably thought of more importance that they should
attend to the fortifications of Fort Saint David, &c.
On 26th June 1751, however, we find that " Mr. Olive having
arrived from camp yesterday, communicated to the President
that Captain Gingens finding that he could not get permission
by fair means for the troops into fort of Volconda, the coflfres set
the suburbs on fire, and he (Gingens) with the main body
advanced very near the wall, when the killadar let in a body of
French troops with three or four pieces of cannon, which imme-
diately played so briskly on them, he was compelled to retire
out of reach of the guns ; the coolies having run away, a good
deal of the baggage was lost. The troops encamped at Vullatoor
— a very strong situation." On hearing this, Mr. B. Robins
proposed to go to the camp, but the Council were of opinion
that his life was of too much value to be risked in this way.
Clive having taken reinforcements to Trichinopoly returned in
the beginning of August, and representing the critical situation
of afi'airs at Trichinopoly, proposed to attack A rcot, offering to
lead the expedition himself. On 31st August he took Arcot
without opposition.
The detachment with which he effected this consisted of 300
sepoys and 200 Europeans with eight officers, six of whom had
never been in action, and four of these six had not previously
belonged to the army. The names of only five of these officers
are known.
Clive was commanding ; the other four were : —
Ensign Glass.
Lieutenant Bulkley.
Lieutenant Trenwith.
Lieutenant Revel, the only artillery officer.
Ensign Glass was a volunteer, and distinguished himself
highly in the memorable defence of Arcot by Clive. He came
2
18 MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE ti76i-52.
out to Fort St. David as one of Mr. Benjamin Robins' assistants,
his name being Philip Glass.
The French during the siege of Arcot took possession of
Conjeveram, and surprised a party of disabled men returning;
among these were Revel and Glass.
Clive determined to attack Conjeveram and summoned it.
The French commandant ordered Revel and Glass to write to
Clive and say he intended to expose them on the walls if he
attacked They wrote this, but said they hoped no regard for
their safety would induce him to discontinue his efforts. After
three days the French abandoned the Pagoda, but left the two
prisoners behind.
On 29th July 1751, Mr. Robins expired at Fort St. David,
literally with his pen in his hand.
Mr John Brohier was put in entire charge of the works, and
" the young gentlemen who were under Mr. Robins " were
directed to assist Mr. Brohier.
Mr. Robins, it appears, had requested that Mr. Brohier
should succeed him, and also that Mr. John Call (afterwards
chief engineer at defence of Fort St. George in 1758-59) should
get the same allowance as the other young gentlemen, as he
had been employed by Mr. Robins since the beginning of the
year.
Mr. OHara was also directed to assist Mr. Brohier at Fort
St. David, Mr. Charles Knapton being employed on the Com-
pany's work to the northward.
On 22nd of September 1752, Captain Clive advises the sur-
render of Sandet Bunder, or Covelong. On 30th November it
was resolved to destroy it, and Mr. John Brohier having been
called upon to furnish a report, stated that it would take some
time and many wcjrkmen.
It was, however, resolved on, and the demolition was com-
menced on 30th December 1752.
In the Madras Government Records a few names of engineers
1753-66.] MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 19
are found here and there, but it has been impossible to ascertain
when they were appointed, or where they came from, thus : —
On the 12th February 1753, we find that a Mr. Thomas
Taylor reports on the breastwork at Syrian. Again, in 1 754, we
find that Mr. John Smith recommends that Mr. Hopkins should
be sent to Negrais, as " being skilled in fortifications and mari-
time affairs." Further on we find (11th January 1754) Mr.
Charles Knapton (one of the assistants who came out with
Mr. Robins) desires to be re-called from Negrais, as a Mr.
Hunter is there, and two engineers are not required for the
place.
In August 1753, Colonel Caroline Frederick Scott came out
as Engineer General, apparently on somewhat the same terms as
Mr. Robins ; he landed at Madras, but set out immediately for
Bengal, returning, however, on 15th April 1754.
Major Lawrence at this time was anxious to be relieved of
his command, and suggested that Colonel Scott should be
directed to relieve him on his arrival, but that officer declined to
do so, on the grounds that he was specially sent out to attend to
the fortifications of Calcutta, Madras, &c.
About this time two Train Companies were formed, 118 men
each. Mr. Brohier was appointed second Captain, and it was
stated that one Captain and two Lieutenants were coming out
from England.
During the next few years the information available regarding
the Engineers is very scanty and unsatisfactory.
In 1755, a Mr. Raillaud is mentioned in the records as " a
good engineer and draughtsman," and appointed to act as
lieutenant (it is presumed in the Train).
In 1756, Mr. John Call was the engineer at Fort St. David,
and in May of the same year a Mr. Conradi, who " had been
employed for two years under the engineer at Fort St. George,"
was directed to assist him at Fort. St. David.
Mr. Smith, engineer, was ordered from Devicottah to Madras,
2 *
20 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1756.
and Lieutenant Hume, " a very good officer, and qualified as an
engineer," to succeed him.
Colonel Scott appears to have died at Calcutta about the
middle of 1756, for in September of that year, Mr. Charles
Frederick Noble (who was Colonel Scott's secretary), writes to
say that Mr. Wells had been left by Colonel Scott to carry out
the works,
The Council thereupon directed that Mr. Brohier should be
assisted in his work by Mr. Charles Noble, Mr. McDonald
(volunteer of the King's Train), and Mr. Leigh (a Company's
servant, brought up as an engineer).
On 17th June 175G, Calcutta was taken by Suraja Dowlah,
and the tragedy of the Black Hole took place, when out of 145
men and one lady shut up in a close room — not twenty feet
square — but twenty-three ghastly figures were brought out alive
next moruiug.
After considerable loss of time, a force was sent to re-take
Calcutta, five ships of war, five Company's vessels, with 900
Europeans and 1,500 sepoys under Colonel Clive and Admiral
Watson. Clive entered Calcutta on 2nd January 1757, when
the fort surrendered at discretion. Clive at once sent down to
Madras for an engineer, and the Council, after a good deal of
hesitation, directed Captain John Brohier to go to Calcutta, and
place himself at the disposal of Colonel Clive.
Mr. John Call was ordered to re-place him at Fort St.
George.
Mr. Hume was to proceed to Fort St. David, and Mr. Conradi
had to take charge of Devicottah. Mr. McDonald and Mr.
Charles Noble appear to have gone to Calcutta as Captain
Brohier's assistants.
Captain Brohier does not appear to have left Madras till June,
a few days before the battle of Plassey. John Dyer, a master-
bricklayer, accompanied him.
On his way up to Calcutta, Captain Brohier was ordered to
175&-58.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 21
land at Vizagapatam, survey the fortifications, and give his
advice to Mr. Percival, who was, it is presumed, the chief civil
officer there.
Captain Brohier landed on 24th June, at Vizagapatam, and
found it invested by the French. He examined the works, and
finding them untenable with the troops in it, resolved to embark,
and leave Lieutenant Elly to cover retreat and make the best
terms he could.
Monsieur Bussy summoned the fort, and finally marched in
the French force, consisting of 830 Europeans, infantry,
artillery and cavalry, 200 Mahrattas, and G,000 sepovs.
Captain John Brohier now proceeded on to Calcutta, and was
entrusted with the plan and erection of Fort William.
" The works now progressed rapidly, and in the month of
September the enceinte was completed, as also the ravelins and
covered-way ; the facing of the masonry of the escarpment was
in a forward state, the covered-way palisaded, and the bridges
and drawbridges well advanced ; the cost of all this already
amounted to twenty-two lacs of rupees.* So badly was the
masonry executed, however, that the greater part had sub-
sequently to be re-built, when the height of the works was
considerably increased."
Mr. John Call became the chief engineer at Madras, as we
have seen, and during the year 17.07 was engaged in improving
the forts at Chingleput, Fort St. David, and Fort St George.
Early in 1758, Mr. Call submitted a letter regarding Fort St.
George. He names the several works as follows : —
The bastion lately built at north.)
r. . 1 The Koyal Bastion,
west corner 01 town ... ...i •'
Bastion north-east corner ... The Demi Bastion.
Gate to be built between these)
, . The North Gate,
bastions ... ... ...)
* Report of Committee of Secrecy, appointed November 4th, Appendix No. 4.
Broom's History oj Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army, p. 203.
22 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1758.
Redoubts before this gate ... North Eedoubt.
Gate to the east ... ... ... Sea Gate.
Redoubt before Sea Gate ... Sea Gate Redoubt.
Bastion south-east corner ... St. Thomas' Bastion.
Bastion south-west corner ... The Nabob's Bastion.
Gate on south curtain .. ... St, Thomas' Gate.
Earthen bastion, north of Nabob's)
_, . I Lawrence Bastion.
Bastion ... ... •••)
Earthen bastion, south of Royal) ^. , r. •
.^ . \ riffot s Bastion.
Bastion ) ^
Gate in curtain between them ... St. George's Gate.
The redoubts to be placed in front) ■ t^ , ,
„ F bt.Georffe s Redoubts.
01 gate ... ... ..') °
Early in May, the Council having learned that the French
had received great reinforcements, thought it necessary to pro-
vide, in the best manner possible, for the defence of Madras,
and accordingly asked for Mr. Call's advice.
He recommended " redoubts in places of arms to north and
west, as well as a lunette to south ; that the ditch which now
extended one-half the length of south curtain be carried entirely
along, and round St. Thomas' Bastion ; and a battery erected in
south-east angle of covered-way, to defend and cover St.
Thomas' Bastion."
The south part of the fort being the weakest, he argued that
the works in that part should be first put in hand.
There were two cisterns in the fort — one under Nabob's
Bastion, to hold 33,4(S0 gallons, another under Charles' Bastion,
to hold 23,532 ; total, 57,012 gallons. He estimated this to be
one-ninth of what was necessary.
The water of several wells in the town he reported " drink-
able, but cannot be depended upon." He thought it " necessary
to make more cisterns, but there being now no time, the best
thing to do is to fill all small tanks, casks, and jars that were in
the place."
Later on (in November), he lined out two lunettes on the
1758.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 23
glacis, to cover old south curtain and increase the fire from that
part.
He proposed to secure Black Town, by constructing two
dams in river to the west, one by the bound hedge, and the other
near the Arrack Distillery, to keep back the water, and make an
inundation over the country near the river.
" The defects of the bound hedge to be made good with
caldera-bushes, and between each brick out-guard, a redoubt of
palmyra trees to be raised ; barricades to be made across the
street."
24 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE [1758.
CHAPTEK II.
Siege of Fort St. David. — Its capture by the French. — Lally fails at Tanjore. —
Siege of Madras. — Formation of European and Native Pioneers. — Preston
marches to Arcot. — Engineers granted commissions. — Siege of Madras
raised. — Colonel Lawrence takes Poonamallee and Tripassare. — He marches
towards Conjeveram. — Brereton takes command. — Lawrence and Draper
return to England. — Capture of Conjeveram.— Brereton attacks Wandewash.
— Repulse of the English. — Coote takes command. — Capture of Wandewash.
— Carangooly taken. — Defects of Wandewash. — Improvements of Fort St.
George. — French attack Wandewash. — Coote defeats the French. — Death of
Brereton. — Coote takes Chettipet. — Wood invests Arcot. — Capture of Arcot.
— Coote attacks Waldour. — Siege of Karical by Monson. — Party of Pioneers
take Chillumbrum. — Verdachellum surrendered. — Coote takes Villenoure
and Waldour — Coote superseded by Monson. — Monson wounded. — Coote
re-assumes the command. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Great storm at Pondi-
cherry. — St. Thomas' redoubt captured. — French capitulate. — Sufferings of
French. — Ginjee invested. — Thiagar blockaded. — Pondicherry destroyed. —
Mahe capitulates. — Ginjee taken. — The French lose every place in India. —
Coote goes to Bengal.
In May 1758, the French proceeded under Mr. Lally to
attack Fort St. David. On the 15th the French engineers erected
a battery of two 24 -pounders on the north bank of the river of
Bandapollem.
"Fort St. David could not be attacked by regular approaches
from the south, owing to the river, but on north and west the
ground was rather advantageous to the enemy."
The body of the place was small, being only 150 yards west
to east, and 100 yards north and south.
•] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 25
The bastions each mounted twelve guns. The outworks were a
horn work to north with thirty-four guns, two large ravelins
east and west, with a ditch all round which had a cuvette sup-
plied from the river ; scarp and counter-scarp were faced with
brick ; a broad covered way, palisaded with arrows at salient
angles, commanding the glacis, and the glacis itself provided
with well-constructed mines.
The ground to the north of the fort is sandy, with large
hillocks here and there.
This ground was included by the sea, the rivers Ponniar
and Tripapolore, and a canal joiniug them. On the edge of the
canal, 1,300 yards north of the fort, stood an obsolete redoubt
called Chuckly Point. 200 yards to right of this stood another
redoubt on a saud-liill culled Patch aree 400 yards in rear of
this was another much larger sand-hill called Thevanapatam ; a
fascine battery was raised on this hill. To the west of this hill
there was a bridge over the canal, commanded by a gateway with
a narrow rampart and battlements.
The garrison iu Fort St. David consisted of 619 Europeans,
of whom 2SG were effective military, 83 pensioners, and
250 seamen (crews of Triton and Bridyewater ) besides
1,600 natives.
On I5th May the French attacked the posts in the sand
with three columns, the division on the right to attack the
bridge near Thevanapatam, the centre was to attack Chuckly
Point, and the left to cross the canal where it joins the Ponniar.
The right division found the bridge destroyed, the centre could
not find the expected ford, and they both therefore halted. The
left division easily crossed near the Ponniar. The centre division
learning this, marched and crossed at the same point, wliile the
right division remained in front of the broken bridge. Chuckly
and Patcharee Point were both attacked at the same time, and
in half an hour carried. The two divisions then marched on
the Thevanapatam battery.
26 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1758.
After a spirited resistance of two hours the enemy got pos-
session of it, and all the Europeans were made prisoners.
The French retired from the Thevanapatam Hill, but held the
other two points.
On the loth the enemy broke ground, and carried a trench
from Chuckly to Patcharee ; and by the 19th they had advanced
to the Hill of Thevanapatam.
The next day they opened another trench from Thevanapatam
to the bridge, and repaired the latter.
By this time only 200 of the sepoys remained in the garrison,
The enemy worked on till the 20th, constructing four batteries
and carrying on their trenches from Thevanapatam towards the
north-east angle of the glacis. The fort continued all this time to
lavish their fire. The enemy's fire up to this had merely con-
sisted of five mortars to the west, but on the 26th a battery of
seven guns opened. On the 27th some of the sailors broke into
the treasury, procured some arrack and got very drunk.
By the 30th the enemy were within 200 yards of the glacis,
and opened three other batteries, one of three guns with five
mortars against north-west bastion, another of six guns and four
mortars on Thevanapatam Hill, and the third of four guns 300
yards to the south-east of Thevanapatam, opposite the north-east
bastion.
The north face was enfiladed by a battery on the west, and
the defences on this side had already suffered so much — both
from the enemy's shot and the shock of their own firing — that
they could barely return the same number of guns.
Up to I st June the fire still continued. The enemy carried
their trenches to the foot of the glacis near the north-east bastion,
where they began to erect a battery. AH the embrasures in the
fort commanding this point were mined, and as the French
squadron had arrived, and could land a large number of men and
make an assault which the garrison were not in a position to
resist, Major Poller and Mr. Wynch determined to hold a
17S8.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 27
Council of War, at which it was decided they must capitulate on
the best terms obtainable.
On 2nd June a flag of truce was hoisted, terms were arranged,
and at G p.m. the French Grenadiers were admitted into the fort.
The garrison marched out and delivered up their arms and the
ensigns to the French, and they were all marched to Pondicherry
as prisoners. Lieutenant Hume appears to have been the chief
engineer of the garrison. Fort St. David was by the French
razed to the ground.
Immediately after the capture of Fort St. David the French
took possession of Devicottah, the garrison having abandoned it
on the approach of the enemy.
The French army returned to Pondicherry, and on the 7th
Mr. Lally entered in triumph.
Mr. Lally, to secure money supplies marched to Tanjore to
obtain payment of a bond for fifty-six lacs given by the Rajah
to Chunda Sahib. He found it impossible to get what he
required, and proceeded to attack Tanjore.
The English managed to cut off his supplies, and he was com-
pelled to return to Pondicherry without effecting his object. He
then determined to drive the English from Madras. On the 29th
November the French army moved from Coujeveram, and in the
afternoon of the 9th December 1 75S appeared in sight of theMount.
The English force under Lawrence retreated the next day from
the Mount to Choultry Plain. The French advanced to Mar-
melon. Our army retreated to the Island, and our parties at
St. Thome and Egmore fell back on the main body.
The French army consisted of 8,000 Europeans, 500 Black
Horse and 3,000 sepoys.
English, 1758 Europeans and 2,200 sepoys, besides 200 horse
belonging to Nabob, and of little use.
On 14th December the French marched from Choultry
Plain by Vepery to the north of Black Town, and by 8 a.m.
were in full possession of it.
28 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1758
The following account is chiefly taken from the journal of the
chief engineer, Captain John Call.
A sally was made from the fort under Colonel Draper with
500 men. He marched out at the West Gate over the old
bridge which led into Pedda Naik's pettah. Major Brereton with
100 men guarded the passes by the old hospital to cover
Colonel Draper's retreat.
Colonel Draper advanced with two field-pieces into the great
street of the pettah, against the regiment of Lorraine with four
field pieces.
The enemy were driven from their guns, and Colonel Draper
and four Grenadiers advanced to take them, but our Grenadiers
were shaken, and did not advance rapidly Meantime, Colonel
Draper learned that Lally's regiment was advancing in support;
he thereupon retreated, and retired into the fort, bringing Count
D'Estaing prisoner.
]\Teantime the engineers were engaged in making a dam in the
" gut," * to shut up the communication between tlie water in
the river and the ditch, lest the enemy should cut the dam,
which kept up the water some two feet, and thereby drain so
much off.
15th December. The engineers were employed in making two
batteries — one of three guns to cover the old north-east bastion,
and another of four guns, on the glacis to the east, a little south of
the southern flank of the same bastion, from the covered-way
to the surf.
ICth. A " black fellow " was hanged this evening at the foot of
the glacis, as a spy.
A sally took place this night, but it was not successful.
17th. The Governor told the garrison that five days after the
defeat or retreat of the enemy he would divide 50,000 rupees
amongst them.
* An opening between the river and the ditch to the west of the Royal
Bastion.
1758.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 29
Between the 12tli and the 18th no less than thirty-three
deserters came over from the enemy.
In addition to Captain John Call, who was chief engineer,
there were four assistants —
Captain Lieutenant Leigh, engineer ordinary.
Lieutenant Eiser, H.M.'s 64th Kegiment, engineer extra-
ordinary.
Lieutenant Stevenson, sub-engineer, and
Ensign Cotsford, practitioner engineer.
On the 19th, the enemy threw up two breast-works, one behind
the other, near the sea-side to the north. It was supposed they
intended to attack the north face of north-east Bastion, so it was
resolved to strengthen the demi bastion.
One thousand sepoys were sent out to push through tlie enemy
at Garden House, attack St. Thome, and try to spike a large gun
on the beach. The enemy made an unexpected opposition, and
the sepoys retreated in disorder to the fort. It was thus seen
that no dependence could be placed on the sepoys in attack.
On the 20th a new Mayor was selected. It was usual to
salute him with nine guns, so nine were shotted on the Royal
Bastion, pointed at the enemy, and discharged in his honour.
All this night a warm fire was kept up from the Royal Bastion and
north lunette on besiegers' trenches. At 10 p.m. a sally was
made to spike a large gun in Triplicane, and another to spike
guns on the island. Neither were successful, but the enemy
was much annoyed by the attempts.
The artillery force of the garrison amounted to eleven non-
commissioned officers, seventy- eight privates, and 155 lascars.
On the 23rd the Governor received intelligence of Colonel
Forde having gained a complete victory over the French in the
north Circars ; the whole garrison were put under arms, marched
into the covered- way, and having brought the enemy in alarm to
the front, twenty one guns were fired at them, and three running-
fires from the covered- way.
30 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [IT*.
By the 28th, part of the enemy's battery, near Sumput Kow's
house, was visible, also their barricade across the street in Pedda
Naik's pettah, opposite the bridge. A brisk fire was kept up
on these works, which seemed to be intended for a principal
battery against the north-west face of Eoyal Bastion, and to
enfilade the covered way of north front.
Mr. Lally complained of our firing at his head-quarters, and
threatened to burn Black Town. Captain Call remarks on
this, *' that he had no right to complain, because he is perhaps
the first General that fixed his head-quarters within point blank
shot of a fort, and lodged a regiment and ammunition at the
same place."
The English working parties usually consisted of 100
Europeans and 200 to 300 sepoys.
Captain Preston and Usoff Oawn had a skirmish with the
enemy on 30th December, with advantage on our side.
On the 3 1st, a sally was made to the south, with one company
of Grenadiers, troops of Horse, and 1 ,000 sepoys ; no opposition
was met with.
Captain Preston was now at Trevembore, two miles south of
St. Thome, and proposed to make a large circle round the
enemy, cut off their supplies, and endeavour to take Poonamallee
and Tripassore.
On 2nd January the enemy began to fire from battery of six
guns, north of old hospital, to enfilade the Royal Bastion, and
batter west flank of the demi-bastion.
The English were able to oppose twelve pieces, and the French
battery was soon silenced, and two of their guns knocked to
pieces.
The French continued to throw shells into the town.
Five more deserters came in to-day.
On the 5th, the engineers erected a battery of five pieces on
the covered-way before salient angle of the demi-baston, against
the enemy's north battery.
1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 31
On the 6th, the French opened fire in real earnest ; the fire
on the 2nd was merely intended to engage the garrison, while a
force was detached to attack Captain Preston, south of St.
Thome.
They fired from Lally's hattery near the sea with six guns
and seven mortars, and from Lorraine's battery with seven guns
and a howitzer. They had a mortar or two to the west. They
threw 150 shells and 200 shot, but our fire appeared superior
to theirs. Against Lally's battery we had ten guns, and against
Lorraine eleven guns.
On the 7th, fire continued, and they opened another battery
to the left of the burying-ground. The damage done by the
enemy s fire was not great.
Captain Preston having been attacked at Trivembore, had been
obliged to retreat in some disorder.
As soon as it was evident that the enemy were about to open
fire, Captain Call, chief engineer, drew out the following
instructions for his assistants : —
" It is ordered that Captain Lieutenant Leigh, engineer in
ordinary, and Ensign Cotsford, practitioner engineer, do attend
on the front, attached together, and Lieutenant Eiser, H.M.'s
64:th, engineer extraordinary, and Lieutenant Stephenson, sub-
engineer, do also attend together, and that these four gentlemen
relieve each other every twenty-four hours, at the same time as
the guard is relieved.
" That the senior engineer on duty every twenty-four hours
do make a report to me if any very extraordinary occurrence
happens ; that he acquaint the senior engineer who relieves him
with such observations as he has made while on duty, and with
the nature of the work carrying on, and also reports to me, by
writing, in general terms, what has been executed during his
tour of duty
" That the senior engineer going on duty every morning do
attend the parade and receive the working*party, which he is to
82 MILITABY HISTORY OP THE [1759.
distribute according to the orders he has received, or if he has
none in particuhir, in such a manner as he thinks the service
may require."
" That the senior engineer on duty, on application being
made to him by any military or artillery officer for the repairing
or security of any work, do give them all the assistance he can,
and he is to take care that the parapets, embrasures, platforms,
and the works in general are kept in the best condition possible.
" The master bricklayer and carpenter have orders to follow
the directions of the engineers on duty, and give all the
assistance they can in their branches."
On the night of the 7th the enemy ceased firing, but this
proved merely a lull before the storm ; for next day they began
with a heavier fire, the damage done to the fort being greater
than before.
"About 4 A.M. on the 7th, the garrison were surprised with
the arrival of three boats with a Frenchman in each ; they were
the same which had been sent on the 3rd to Sadras with some
English ladies. The French having seized that place captured
the boats, and loading them with 150 shot of 24-prs., 100 empty
cartridges, 50 steel caps, 50 barrels of powder, and 1,500 sand-
bags, sent them back with a soldier in each to Black Town. The
boat fellows towards the morning being opposite j\Iadras, seized
the arms of the sleeping soldiers, poured water on the locks,
tied up the men, and lauded the boats at our sea-gate."
On 8th January the damages to the works began to get more
serious, and their repair of vast importance. The Chief
engineer having found the soldiers unused to such duty, and
extremely awkward in repairing the damaged works, recom-
mended the establishment of a pioneer company composed of
volunteers drawn from the several corps, who were to attend
only to the repair of the works, so that by constantly employing
the same people they might the more readily execute the required
services.
1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 33
The company consisted of six sergeants, six corporals, and
eighty-eight privates commanded by Lieutenant Meyer assisted
by Ensign West.
Two companies of sepoys were also formed with proper
officers on the same plan.
The men of the European Pioneer Company were to receive
half a rupee a day as extraordinary allowance.
To-day, a shell from the enemy fell on a house full of saltpetre
and brimstone which took fire, and could not be put out for
many hours.
The enemy were observed to be erecting works to the west and
south by which the town would be fully invested, so it was
resolved to effect a junction with Captain Preston. Preston was
to march to tlie Mount from Wendalore on the 11th, and then
to St. Thome, by Trevembore, by daylight on the 1 2th. On the
same morning a force of 400 Europeans and 1,000 sepoys with
a troop of horse were to march, attack St. Thome, and join
Preston. By this means it was hoped that the country to the
south might be kept open.
Up to 8th January the number of deserters from the French
amounted to fifty.
On the 9th, a smart fire kept up on both sides all day,
and there were two explosions in French batteries. Our
parapets much damaged. A sentinel (lately deserted from the
French) was tried for quitting his post and plundering ; he was
hanged.
10th. — The enemy carried a trench from Lally's battery 150
feet west, and thence a zigzag south-east towards the sea;
thev also began a trench from near the new hospital towards
Pettah bridge Orders given to the engineers to set up a
palisadoe within the lunette to the north round demi-bastion ;
to keep 1,000 sand-bags filled on each battery of front attacked ;
to keep water- tubs in each battery to wet sand-bags; to fill
sand-bags with earth that falls from bastions into the dry
3
34 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1759.
ditch ; to erect a strong high traverse over steps leading up to
Choultry Gate to prevent street being enfiladed ; to erect
another traverse to secure the sick in hospital, and to make a
report to the Governor every evening before sunset of damage
works have received, and number of men required for working
party.
Owing to the misconduct of the cavalry with Captain Preston,
he was unable to effect the proposed junction to south of Madras
with a part of the garrison, and marched to Arcot to try to
collect a better body of cavalry. The Governor, Mr. Pigot,
heard of this movement on the 16th, but concealed it for fear of
dispiriting the garrison.
The French continued to carry on the approaches.
On the 1 2th a sortie was made (as already arranged) to the
south under Major Brereton ; it was successful as far as it went
and two guns were taken, but of course no junction was eiFected
with Preston.
14th. — Enemy opened a battery of three mortars behind
burying-ground Three explosions took place in rear of Lally's
battery.
18th. — Enemy fired from Lally's battery with fifteen guns, and
from a work near the bar with two small guns.
19th. — Enemy by this time were advanced on our glacis, and
beyond north-east salient angle by the seaside.
The Governor called a Council of War. At first it was deter-
mined to sally, but this was abandoned, as it appeared the enemy
designed to attack.
20th. — Enemy advanced third zig-zag quite down to the sea.
To the south a barbette battery was being constructed, and two
large guns or mortars placed behind it.
Commissions were issued to the engineers as follows : —
John Call, sub-director — Captain, 1st January 1759.
Alex. Leigh, engineer-in*ordinary — Captain-Lieutenant, 16th
January 1759.
1759] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 35
Wm. Stevenson, sub-engineer — Lieutenant, 1st December
1768.
Ed. Cotsford, practitioner engineer — Ensign, Jst January 1759.
On the 21st a sally was made on the enemy's trenches by one
officer and thirty men, and one officer and thirty pioneers.
They entered the works, destroyed some of them, and returned
with the loss of four men.
By this time the enemy had advanced their sap very near the
salient angle, and had also opened a battery of three guns in
their zig-zag to fire on right face of north ravelin, but this latter
was badly constructed. One morning the besieged found a pole
stuck in the ground at the foot of the glacis, at the head of
which was a large board with the following notice pasted on
it:—
" Grace aux deserteurs Francois qui rejoinderont leurs
drapeaux, et part au butin."
Translation. — " Pardon and part of the plunder to the
deserters from the French who will rejoin their colours."
This was taken down and the following put up in its stead : —
" Un tien vant mieux que deux tu I'aura.
" Les deserteurs Francois trouvent I'argent Anglais plus
comptant et leur traitement plus doux que les proraesses vaines
des Fran9ois de leur part du butin sans paye, et conseillent
leurs camerades de venir a Madras participer d'une meilleure
fortune."
Translation, — "A bird in the hand is worth two in the
bush."
" The deserters from the French find English money and
English treatment of greater value than French promises of
plunder without pay, and invite their comrades to come and
better their fortunes."
The enemy on 2-4th January attempted to push their gabions
close to covered way, but many were overset by our men ; they,
however, carried on their approaches from ridge of the glacis on
3 *
3f) MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1759.
north-east salient angle, almost parallel to north face of covered
way. On the 30th but little advance had been made by the
enemy, and it was supposed that they were erecting a battery on
east or north face of covered way. The Shaftesbury arrived at
Madras, and the Captain informed the Governor that he left
Bombay on 18th December in company with six vessels con-
taining six companies of Colonel Draper's regiment, and that
they might be expected at any time.
On the next day a constant fire was kept up, and every half-
hour hand-grenades were thrown into the enemy's trenches.
Enemy opened four embrasures in the battery on crest of glacis
before the face of the demi-bastion. The French frigate attacked
the Shaftesbury and did her much harm.
Our fire from the fort still appears to have been superior to
that of the French.
On 4th February, a gallery under west counterscarp having
been advanced, about eighty feet fell in at the end, and light
came through, but the miners stopped the hole so soon that it is
believed the enemy did not discover it.
The engineers directed the gallery to be filled five or six feet
back, and the return for the chamber to be made at once.
5th. — No apparent alteration in enemy's works. UsofF Cawn
arrived at the Mount. Captain Vasserot sent out to join him
with a few troops and money, also a gold watch for Abdul
Wahab, and an amethyst ring set with diamonds for Usoif
Cawn.
From the 6th to 12th the enemy continued to fire from about
ten guns and two mortars, but they do not appear to have
worked either at the batteries or approaches.
On the 9th an action took place at the Mount between the
English, under Major Caillaud, and the French. The French
attacked with 600 Europeans, all their cavalry, and a large body
of sepoys with seven or eight pieces of cannon. After twelve
hours' efi'orts to dislodge the English, they retreated about
1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 37
sunset, while the English had to move to Vandalore for ammu-
nition.
On the 13th the enemy made an attempt to seize our fascine
battery, hut they were repulsed. The same night they advanced
a gabionade thirty feet in front of stockade under cover of the
bank of the glacis, and formed a traverse with a direct com-
munication behind it to the stockade. This work was discovered
about 9 P.M., and a fire of musketry, round and grape-shot kept
on it all night. In the morning the guards of the demi-place
of arms and the fascine battery sallied out and destroyed it.
The enemy fired Chepauk this day.
15th, — The enemy attempted last night to replace the work
destroyed, but were prevented by a brisk fire which was kept up
all night.
16th. — Enemy were very silent last night, hut we kept up a
smart fire on the head of their sap from the fascine battery.
The engineers laid a platform for a I2-pounder very close to
the surf, and a gun was put ready for service. Crows' feet were
strewed on top of glacis near fascine battery, and several planks
with nails driven through, laid on the sand to prevent
approach.
Six sail approached Madras, and were found to be our long-
expected succours. About 8 p.m. they anchored in tlie roads
and were found to be Queenshoroiiyh, 20 ; Revenge, 20 ; Win-
chelsea ; Prince of Wales ; and Britannia, with six companies
of Colonel Draper's regiment, Major Monson in command. As
many troops as possible were landed at once.
We learned that the French had abandoned St. Thome, and
that they intended to raise the siege and march ofiF before day-
break. Major Caillaud had already received directions to harass
the French during their march.
On the 17th, at daybreak, found that the enemy had abandoned
their works, and were retreating ; at 9 they blew up Egmore
Powder Mills,
38 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1759.
The following is the account given by the chief engineer of
the enemy's works : —
" The construction and position of the battery on crest of glacis
ill-contrived. Seven guns found on it ; carriages all disabled."
" Lally's battery had fifteen embrasures, three firing on ravelin,
and twelve on demi- and north-east bastions ; six guns on
carriages, of which all but one considerably damaged i five guns
with carriages, dismounted. Six mortars behind this battery _
had been fired for some time."
" The battery to the left of burying-ground had four embrasures
to enfilade right face of north ravelin and covered-way before it ;
three guns on carriages, muzzles damaged ; six guns dismounted,
and three carriages ruined."
"No guns were found in Lorraine battery; the good guns had
been drawn off", and remainder buried.
" In all the batteries the platforms were very bad ; instead of
having sleepers and planks, they had merely a few pieces of
wood taken from the roofs of houses. Their gabions were bad,
and their fascines not much better."
The number of guns found in the enemy's works were fifty-
two : —
33 18 and 24-pounders and
19 9-pounders.
Many thousand shot and 150 barrels of powder at St. Thome;
also forty-four sick and wounded soldiers.
The French retreated so precipitately that they had no time to
burn Black Town.
The Company's garden houses and houses belonging to
European inhabitants suffered severely, the walls of some alone
being left.
Our loss in the siege was : —
Commissioned officers :
Killed 15
Wounded ... ... .. 14
— 29
1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 39
Non-commissioned officers and soldiers :
Killed
Wounded
., 257
.. 182
Taken prisoners...
Deserted...
.. 122
.. 20
581
Europeans, total ...
... 610
Sepoy officers and privates :
Killed
Wounded
Deserted...
.. 105
.. 217
.. 440
762
Grand total ...
... 1,372
Totals :
Killed
Wounded
. 377
. 413
Taken prisoners...
Deserted
. 122
912
... 460
1,372
Enemy's Loss.
Europeans killed and wounded, 90 officers and 1,410 men.
The ammunition expended by the garrison during the siege
was very large,
18,309 round shot.
1,366 grape shot.
6,702 shells.
1,990 hand grenades.
522 match chains.
330 fire balls.
29,219
and 176,798 lbs. of powder ; the quantity remaining being only
66.802 lbs.
40 MILITARY HISTORY OF THK [1759.
" Thus terminated the siege of Fort St. George after the
garrison had been shut up sixty-seven days, and the enemy's
batteries had been open forty-six."
" To the credit of our artillery let it be remarked that two
12-pounders from the north ravelin dismounted four 24-pounders
opposite to them, and that of fifty-two pieces of cannon found on
the enemy's batteries, thirty- one were disabled by our shot, which
are many more than we had hurt by the enemy, notwithstanding
our works were enfiladed, plunged into and taken in reverse.
I must also mention that the works by the exertions of a few
men were kept in extraordinary good repair, and three guns with
stout parapet were maintained on the north-east bastion from
the first to the last day of the siege. An addition was also
made of a battery by the seaside, and two pieces more were
fired on the 16th February than on the 14th December. Nor
must I forget to observe that a few raw men taken from the
Pioneer Company greatly outdid the boasted miners of ihe
French, who were to blow whole bastions into the air ; for after
the breaching battery was erected, those men, without having
seen anything of the kind before, and without any previous
preparations of stantions or tools, were set to open the counter-
scarp, and by continued hard labour carried a gallery ninety-five
feet in length under the enemy's battery, where two chambers
were made and loaded with 250 lbs of powder each."
" This work was executed within a few feet of the enemy, and in
sight of their lodgment on the glacis."
" They saw and dreaded, but could not interrupt it, though we
lost many men."
" Whoever considers the nature of the soil, and that the gallery
was carried on under the explosions of the enemy's guns, which
every day made the earth to fall in, must allow this to have been
a most laborious and hazardous undertaking."
The above remarks have been extracted from the journal of
the chief engineer, Captain John Call.
References to the Plan of the Siege.
C Six VA-inch mortars, which played on
the bth of January 1759, in the
morning.
D A battery of 3 guns, opened on the 2nd
of January.
E A battery of 4 gum and 2 howitzere,
opened on the 6th of January, in
the morning.
F A battery of 4 guns, opened on the 7th.
G A battery of 4 guns, which played " en
ricochet," opened on the 11th of
January.
H A battery of 4 guns, opened on the
2Zrd of Janiiary against the north
ravelin.
I A battery of 5 guns, intended to breach
the demi-bastion and destroy the
blind and north-east^ opened on the
dlst of January, in the morning.
K Mortar batteries of the enemy.
L Betre7ichments, or barricadoes.
M A fougasse, sprung by the enemy on
the Srd of February, in the morning.
N The last attempt of the enemy to ad-
vance by traverees, 14-th of February.
0 A battei-y of 2 guns, which fired into
the town on the south side and at
the Shatfekury.
P Tlte royal bastion.
Q The north-east bastion.
R The north ravelin.
8 The demi-bastio7i.
T The fascine battery.
V The blind before the north-east baetivn.
1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 41
Directly the siege was over, the chief engineer turned his
attention to the state of Fort St. George.
The enemy's works were first destroyed, and then the necessary
repairs to the fort were undertaken. The chief engineer, besides
this, sent in a project for strengthening the sea-face.
The levelling of the enemy's works was undertaken by the
remains of the Pioneer Company, and in a fortnight the work
was done. As the English had suffered great inconvenience
from the tombs at the burying-ground during the siege, the
chief engineer recommended their removal, and this was at once
done. Colonel Lawrence and Major Brereton each applied for
a plan of the fort and the French attack, that they might explain
to the Ministry and the Captain General the nature of our
defence.
It was found impracticable to take the field till the beginning
of March. Colonel Lawrence, after taking Poonamellee and
Tripassore, marched towards Conjeveram, but he could not get
the enemy to stir, and as he was in a bad state of health,
he quitted Madras and returned to England, leaving the
command to Major Brerton, Colonel Draper having been com-
pelled to leave the country on account of his health.
Major Brereton marched to Wandewash, and opened ground
before it. The French marched to relieve it, and came within
eight or nine miles of our army. Major Brereton thinking
their position too strong, did not attack, but made a forced
march, and entered Conjeveram.
It was garrisoned by 600 black troops, under Mustapha Beg.
He fought well, but was killed with the greatest part of his
followers. The English suffered severely, and lost four officers.
Major Monson, as he was reconnoitring, received a wound from
a ball, which entered near his ear, passed through his cheek, and
came out near his nose. The narrator of this incident quaintly
remarks, " but he never found any great inconvenience from it."
Majors Brereton and Caillaud were also wounded.
42 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1759.
We remained at Conjeveram for a month, while Mr. Lally
was at Cauverypauk. On 6th May the French marched
towards Conjeveram ; at the same time Brereton advanced, but
the latter, finding that his Europeans were suffering heavily from
the excessive heat, resolved to return to Conjeveram. In a
march of eight miles, six Europeans fell dead, and ninety were
taken ill.
The French advanced within three miles of Conjeveram.
Major Brereton being ill. Major Monson took command ; he
avoided a general action, but was successful in several
skirmishes. Finally, Mr. Lally marched to Trivatore,* sent
his army into cantonments, and went himself to Pondicherry.
On 29th August, Major Brereton, commanding the army, held
a Council of War (Majors Monson and Caillaud), and it was
agreed that the army was in a position to take the field.
Up to this time the chief engineer had remained at Madras,
superintending the repairs and improvements to Fort St. George.
Messrs. Leigh, Stevenson, and Cotsford, were with the army.
Major Brereton proposed to take Wandewash, and asked for
Call's services.
Call was directed accordingly to join the army, but about the
middle of September he was ordered to return to Madras, as his
presence was not immediately wanted with the army, owing to
the arrival of the French fleet.
On 25th September, Major Brereton determined to attack
Wandewash, and in a letter to ^the Council (apparently in
answer to one of theirs, counselling prudence) he says : —
"Nothing but the being convinced that now is the time for
action, or never, could carry me on after the receipt of your
letter ; if we succeed 'tis well, if not, I shall hang myself"
The army moved on 26th September, and took Trivatore. On
the 30th, Brereton made an assault on Wandewash. The
* On Cheear river, ten miles north-west of Wandewash.
1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 43
English -were repulsed with a loss of twelve officers and 195
men killed and wounded. The French lost ahout 200 also.
The English again returned to Conjeveram.
On 30th October, Colonel Coote took command, but did
not arrive at Conjeveram till 20th November, when he
appointed —
Major Monson ... Quartermaster-General.
Captain T. Adams )
n 4. • \TiT-u- T 1 Aides-de-Camp.
Captain William Ingram J ^
Lieutenant Eiser, acting ^
engineer at Fort St. [ Brigade Major.
George ... J
Lieutenant Rowland ... Secretary.
Immediately after Coote took command, he ordered Captain
Call to camp, but the Council objected, and stated that Messrs.
Leigh, Stevenson and Cotsford were with the army. The army
marched from Conjeveram on 25th November, and on the 26th
a detachment, under Major Brereton, invested Wandewash.
Two batteries were erected as soon as possible, and opened fire
on the 29th. On the 30th a breach was made, and the place
was surrendered. A garrison was placed in Wandewash, the
engineer being Lieutenant Cotsford. From Wandewash, Coote
marched to Carangooly ; this was taken on 8th December.
Coote left Lieutenant Fletcher and two companies of sepoys at
Carangooly, with an engineer (Lieutenant Stevenson) and fifty
pioneers to repair the fort.
A few days after the capture of Carangooly, the chief engineer
was ordered to proceed to Wandewash and Carangooly, to
survey them, and give his opinion on placing them in a state of
defence by the end of December. Captain Call finished
his work there, and on the 3rd January 1760 sent in his
report.
He examined Cbingleput as well as the two posts mentioned,
and reported that " the south face of that fort had been so
44 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri759.
judiciously altered as to have become very strong." He offered
some proposals for making the north face equally so, and stated
his opinion that " Chingleput was of the utmost consequence to
Madras, as protecting thirty-five miles of intermediate country,
and being almost an invincible obstacle to the French in any
designs they might have on Madras."
As regards Carangooly, he pronounced the fortifications
defective; he thought it better to hold it in its present state as
long as we held Wandewash, but hardly thought it necessary to
hold it if we were to lose Wandewash. In that case it should be
destroyed, and preparations were made accordingly. He did
not think Wandewash strong, but was of opinion that it was
of the utmost consequence to us, on account of its situation,
which is only twenty-five miles from Ginjee, and about the same
distance from Chingleput ; also useful as contributing to make
easy an attempt on Chettipet, the capture of which place would
cut communication between Arcot and Pondicherry, and render
the siege of the latter place much easier.
By means of Wandewash and Chettipet it would not be
difficult to open a communication with Trichinopoly, aud our
possessions round Madras would take a very compact form.
He considered the defects of Wandewash to be the want of a
wet ditch, insufficient cover to walls against distant batteries, and
inefficient flank fire. He made a number of proposals for
improving the strength of the fort. Amongst others, improve-
ments to ditch, a glacis, a counter-guard before the south-east
tower, a ravelin on the east front, and the projection on the west
front to be turned into a bastion, removal of two cavaliei's; on
the north he reported the ditch good and the country open.
Ramparts to be raised. Magazines, &c., good.
If these proposals were carried out, Wandewash might be
reckoned a strong place.
Mr. Cotsford, the engineer at Wandewash, was ordered to
increase the flank fire.
1760.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 45
Captain Sherlock, the officer commanding, received from
Captain Call instructions as to the defence he should make in
case the French attempted to re-capture the place.
Captain Call, owing to the late successes, thought it a desirable
time to improve Fort St. George, and recommended a redoubt on
north-east salient angle of covered- way, and the east face (sea-face)
to be strengthened.
The works of the fort had chiefly up to this time been of
earth. Captain Call considered that, owing to the defenceless
state of Madras at the time, it was necessary to form them of
earth, but hoped never to be under the necessity of raising
earthworks again. He mentioned that, since 1752, 2,87,570
pagodas* had been spent on works of Fort St. George, and filling
up the river ; and all other charges bring the whole to 5,09,030
pagodas. He thought before it was properly finished the cost
would be doubled.
The Council ordered that 200 bricklayers and 150 carpenters
should be employed on the works at once.
In January 1760, Lieutenant Stevenson was at Carangooly,
Ensign Cotsford at Wandewash, and Captain Lieutenant Leigh
with the army. Captain Call being in Madras.
After the Capture of Carangooly, Coote posted his army in a
strong position between Cauverypauk and Arcot. He had
2,100 Europeans, 4,000 sepoys, and 1,500 horse. The French
under Lally moved from Arcot by the road of Wandewash, and
sent a party to Conjeveram, who ransacked the town, but could
not get possession of the fort. Coote marched to Conjeveram ;
upon this, the enemy retired and joined their main body at
Patangel on the road from Conjeveram to Wandewash.
On 16th January the French attacked the pettah, and after a
stout resistance lodged themselves, and commenced to erect a
battery.
* Throe and a half rupecB,
46 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1760.
On the 20th they commenced to fire (Captain Sherlock com-
manded; engineer, Lieutenant Cotsford) from one 24-pounder
and three 18-pounders.
Coote now determined to relieve Wandewash, and took post
at Ootumaloor on the 17th, and hearing from Captain Sher-
lock that the breach might be practicable on the 22nd, resolved
to made an efi'ort to raise the siege that morning. The army
marched at 6 a.m. on 22nd January, engaged the enemy, and
utterly defeated them. The English were left entire masters
of the field, together with all the French artillery, except three
small pieces ; twenty pieces of cannon were taken. Three
20-pounders, one 24-pounder, and one 32-pounder. Captain
Lieutenant Leigh was the only engineer with Coote's army.
The French had 200 killed and 600 wounded.
We took 240 prisoners, of whom 200 were wounded.
Our loss was 52 Europeans killed and 140 wounded, some of
whom afterwards died of their wounds ; among them Major
Brereton.
The French retreated as fast as possible to Chettipet, eighteen
miles distant, and next day assembled the remains of their
broken army at Ginjee.
On 28th January Coote marched to Chettipet and began to
erect batteries. Next day a breach was made and the place was
surrendered.
Captain Wood, by order of Coote, invested Arcot soon after
the battle of Wandewash.
On 2nd February he was joined by Coote, who at once erected
batteries against the fort. Two of 18-pounders against the cur-
tain between the north-west corner tower and gateway; one, of two
18-pounders and one 24-pounder, against tower and curtain west
of south-west corner tower ; and one of l2-pounders against north
gate and to enfilade west front. Batteries opened on 5th Feb-
ruary. On the 8th, Coote had carried his approaches to the south-
west within 260 yards of crest of glacis, those to west within 250,
1760.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 47
and summoned the garrison. The commandant said if he was not
relieved in six days he would deliver up the fort on being allowed
honours of war. Hostilities recommenced; and the approaches
were carried on to within sixty yards of crest of glacis when the
garrison surrendered on 10th February, and Coote took possession
of Nabob's capital, and captured eleven European officers and
236 European soldiers. Eear-Admiral Cornish arrived at Madras
with six ships on 28th February, and as the French had no
fleet, he at once co-operated with the land forces.
The garrisons of Permacoil and Alumparva* having sur-
rendered prisoners of war, Coote proceeded with the army to
attack Waldour and blockade Pondicherry by land. At the
same time Major Monson, with the chief engineer (Call), seven
gunners and fifty pioneers, embarked on board the fleet to begin
the siege of Karical with the assistance of the Marines. They
were joined by 40 Artillery, 100 Europeans, and 200 sepoys
from Trichinopoly. The fleet arrived in the Karical roads on
28th March, and at 5 p.m. Major Monson landed, with the
pioneers and 300 Marines, four miles north of Karical. Next
morning they seized the town. Captain Call, with the pioneers,
took possession of a saluting battery near the mouth of the river;
while doing so they were fired on fiercely from the fort. In the
night the pioneers made a battery near the river on esplanade.
Next evening a 10-inch mortar was landed, and at 10 p.m.
began to bombard Fort Dauphin.
The enemy abandoned Fort Dauphin and retired to Fort
St. Louis. By Jst April the English had finished a battery
of four 18-pounders. On the 3rd they fully invested the
place ; by the 5th they had erected several batteries, breached
one bastion, and dismounted several guns. Major Monson now
learnt that Lally had sent troops within twenty miles, so he
summoned the garrison, and the place was given up. 206 Euro-
• Seventeen miles north by -west and twenty-five north by east of Pondicherry.
48 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1760.
peans, including officers, were taken prisoners, and 200 sepoys.
Major Monson next marched to Chillumbrura, and summoned
the garrison, who seemed determined to hold out. In the night
a party of pioneers were carrying fascines to a battery, mistook
their way, and marched right up to the fort. The French thought
they were coming to escalade the place, and cried out that they
surrendered at discretion. Prisoners taken were forty Europeans
with six officers, and 300 sepoys.
Verdachellum surrendered soon after, and Major Monson in
the beginning of May joined Coote.
Towards the end of April the chief engineer w^as directed to
return to Madras; and Captain Leigh received orders to remain
at Karical, to construct the mines and to destroy the fort as
soon as it was resolved on. In March, the engineer at Wande-
wash was told to proceed with the strengthening of the fort in
accordance with Captain Call's suggestions. In this month
mention is made of another engineer, a Mr. MacMahon, doing
duty with Colonel Coote's army.
Lieutenant Stevenson was appointed engineer at Allumparva,
and in June requested to be allowed to leave the engineers and
enter the military ; but permission was refused, as his services
were urgently required as an engineer.
He was employed by Coote in the destruction of Allumparva,
as also in preparing plans of Wandewash, Karical, Chellum-
brum and Verdachellum.
Captain Leigh was employed at Karical, but on 18tli August
was ordered to Trichinopoly, to report on the works neces-
sary at that place. On 5th October he left Karical, reached
Trichinopoly on the 8th, and sent in a lengthy report on the
fort with extensive proposals for strengthening it.
The Board, however, did not think it expedient at the
present juncture to make any additions and alterations to
the fort, especially as an engineer could not be spared to super-
intend the works, and Captain Leigh was told simply to repair the
1760.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS- 49
breach made by late rains, return to Karical to comply with
previous instructions regarding that fort.
On 7th November, Leigh was ordered to destroy Fort Dauphin,
and after that was effected, he, with the pioneers, European
artificers, and pioneer lascars, were to repair to camp.
On 8th September, John Call, the chief engineer, attended the
Board in Madras, and the oath of secrecy being administered
to him, tdok his seat at the Board *
Meanwhile, Coote having taken Villenoure and Waldour
encamped in front of Villenoure, with his left on descent of Red
Hills, four miles from Pondicherry and one mile and a half
from Oullagerry where the enemy were still posted. He threw
up redoubts in the different avenues, as also did the enemy, and
the advanced parties were within musket-shot of each other.
During this time the French made three attempts on Cudda-
lore. In the first they carried off seventy Marines, but the two
last were repulsed with loss. The rainy season approaching,
Colonel Coote requested the Admiral to land Marines to take
Arianoopang. They landed at Cuddalore on 5i9th August, and
800 men, under Major Monson, were disposed for the attack of
Ariancopang, while Coote with the main army marched on
Oulagerry. Monson, however, did not approve of the operation,
so Coote countermanded it.
M. lially, at 4 a.m. on 3rd September, made four attacks at
once on our advanced redoubts.
One on the Tamarind redoubt, erected on 29th August on the
Red Hill, about 4000 yards north west of Pondicherry ; the second
on the redoubt at the end of the Waldour avenue from the fort ;
the third on the redoubts on the Villenoure and Oulagerry
avenues.
* A few days after, orders were given that, as the duty of the engineers in
camp were very fatiguing, and not to be performed without horses, they were to
receive allowance for a horse as an adjutant.
50 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1760.
The fourth was to cross the river from Ariancopang and advance
to the villages near the Villenoure Fort. All failed except that
on the Waldour avenue redoubt.
The next night an attack was made again on Tamarind
redoubt, but the enemy was repulsed with loss.
After this, Coote was superseded by Monson ; the former went
to Madras and Monson took command.
On the 9th, Monson ordered the whole army to attack the
French posts at Oulagerry Church and redoubts in the bound
hedge. The attack was successful, and the enemy abandoned three
redoubts and left behind them fifteen pieces of cannon ; but the
great advantages proposed by this success were unfortunately
lost, for Colonel Monson in the attack received a shot which
broke his leg, and the Commander-in-Chief being disabled, the
troops contented themselves with taking post in the bound hedge.
The next day the whole army encamped at Oullagerry and
proceeded to fortify the redoubts they had taken ; a detachment
was sent to invest Ariancopang, the French withdrew the
garrison and blew up part of the fort, which the English soon
repaired, and established a post there.
Colonel Coote was now requested to re-assume the command,
and he reached the camp on 20th September 1760.
In the beginning of October, finding the French were
strengthening the works to the north, he attacked them and
got possession of a redoubt they were fortifying ; a party of
pioneers at once set to work to close the gorge and make it
tenable.
Ensign MacMahon commanded the pioneers on this occasion.
He had been ordered to call at Major Smith's post for a
detachment of Europeans, but mistaking his orders neglected
to do so ; at midnight the pioneers were suddenly attacked
by 400 Europeans and 600 sepoys. The Ensign (a Dane) who
commanded the sepoys in the redoubt abandoned it on the first
onset. Ensign MacMahon was killed, and the pioneers, sur-
17C0.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 51
prised and defenceless, escaped as they could. The sepoys were
encouraged by a Subahdar named Cowen Naig ; he formed them
in the plain and returned to recover the post, in which he eflfec-
tually succeeded.
On 6th October, the monsoon approaching, the whole line
struck their tents, and encamped a mile and a half from their
old ground on the hills.
While the monsoon continued, Coote, knowing that the works
he might make would be destroyed by the rains, confined
himself to cutting off all communications between the garrison
and the country. Meantime, Major Preston was engaged in
blockading Ginjee and intercepting convoys which they con-
tinually attempted to send for the relief of Pondicherry.
On 11th November, the chief engineer suggested that, as it
would soon be necessary to begin the siege of Pondicherry, he
should go to the camp in order to determine against which
front the attack should be made. A week after he arrived at
camp.
On the 27th, M. Lally turned the natives out of the town
(except those absolutely necessary), to the number of 1,400 of
both sexes and every age.
They were not allowed to pass through the English lines for
a week, but at last Coote, finding Lally inflexible, allowed them
to go — their only sustenance, in addition to what they had
brought out, had been for eight days the roots of grass picked
up in the fields.
Four ricochet batteries were finished on the 8th : one was
near the beach with four 18-pounders, and enfiladed the sea face;
the second, of two 24-pounders, two 18-pounders, with three
mortars of 13-inch, 10-inch, and 8-inch, was on the other side
of the swamp, 14U yards from the walls, and bore on the west
flank of the north-west bastion, which mounted ten guns,
and had a strong counter-guard in front with twenty-five guns.
The third and fourth batteries were to the south : the third on
4 *
52 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1761.
the edge of a large island, called Cocoanut Island (formed by
the river), and mounted two guns ; the fourth was raised on a
smaller one, called Sand Island, and bore on St Thomas'
redoubt, and on curtain between the two bastions nearest to the
sea.
These four batteries were only intended to harass the
enemy.
They opened at midnight on 8th December, and the firing
continued for six days, but diminished after that for want of
powder.
On the 20th, more powder arrived, and the enfilade and
bombardment recommenced from all the batteries.
On the first day of the year 1701 a sudden storm of wind
put the whole English fleet into extreme danger and destroyed
several vessels.
The Newcastle, Queenshorougli, and Protector fire-ships were
driven ashore two miles south of Pondicherry, and the Duke of
Aguitaitie, Sunderland, and Duke, store-ships, went to the
bottom. 1,100 Europeans perished in these vessels. Several
of the other ships suff'ered heavily, but the Norfolk, Admiral
Steven's flag-ship, received little damage, and the Admiral soon
returned to his station.
After the storm, every exertion was made to restore our works.
The two batteries of Cocoanut and Sand Islands were ruined.
As these could not readily be restored, owing to river flood,
Coote determined to surprise St. Thomas' redoubt.
On 5th January the river had sufficiently fallen, and the
detachment for attack nssembled at the Ariancopang redoubt
north of Cocoanut Island, and the other side of the river.
The English got possession of the redoubt by stratagem, and
immediately after, Captain Call, the chief engineer, followed by
the Pioneer Company, of fifty men (European), and 100 lascars,
carrying gabions, fascines, and tools, set to work to close and
retrench the gorge. By 4 a.m. the work was finished, and the
1761J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 63
workmen withdrawn at 5. The redoubt was attacked by the
garrison and retaken. A redoubt was commenced on the spit of
land 300 yards in rear of the former.
By the morning of 10th January, the Hanover Battery was
completed, and opened fire from ten guns, six 24-pounders and
four IR-pounders, with three mortars.
The guns on the left fired on the west face of the north-west
bastion, and the counter-guard before it. Two guns on the next
bastion on the left, and two guns on the projecting towers on
each side of Waldour gate. The redoubt on the spit of land to
the south was finished on tlie ] 2th, and on the night of the
13th the trenches were commenced. Working parties, 700
Europeans, rank and file, 400 lascars, the Pioneer Company of
70 Europeans and 200 coolies.
Ground was opened near the bleaching ground, and the
trench was carried on obliquely for 4(S0 yards, passing the high
road leading from Madras gate, and then continued 280 yards
parallel to walls of town. Two short trenches from each end
of this parallel were dug, and fell in with two ends of the
intended battery, which was forty yards in front. All this work,
800 yards long, sheltered by gabions, fascines, and sand-bags,
was executed by the European soldiers. The lascars and
coolies were employed in bringing materials, and the pioneers
were employed in the battery.
Before morning six embrasures were finished, and the cannon
had been brought from the Artillery Park to the battery. The
battery was 450 yards from the walls.
There was no time to lay the platforms, and it was expected
the garrison would fire hotly on the work in the daytime.
They, however, only fired now and then, and the chief
engineer, John Call, observing this, sent carpenters to lay the
platforms.
The Hanover battery fired all day with great vivacity, and
silenced all the guns opposed to it.
54 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1761.
On the ]4th night the pioneers, with 300 lascars, went again
to work in the Royal battery, and the garrison having kept up a
smart fire, wounded twelve men. Before daylight, however, the
battery was finished.
It contained eleven 24 -pounders and three heavy mortars.
It opened fire on the 15th morning, and supported by the
Hanover battery with ten guns and three mortars, soon silenced
all the defences which bore on it, except a gun or two on the
bastion near the sea. On the night of the 15th another battery
of six guns was about 'to be commenced, 300 yards nearer the
beach, and 150 nearer to the walls, to destroy the flanks of the
various bastions. At sun-set, however, a flag of truce was seen
advancing in the Villenoure avenue to offer capitulation.
The next morning, the 16th January, Villenoure gate was
taken possession of. The French, amounting to 1,100, all wore
the face of famine, fatigue, or disease.
On the 17th, the English flag was hoisted, and a salute of
1,000 guns fired.
°^ Five hundred pieces of cannon and 110 mortars and howitzers
were taken, and ammunition, arms, and stores, in great
abundance.
Colonel Coote detached eight companies of sepoys under
Captain Smith to invest Ginjee, and the blockade of Thiagar was
continued by Major Preston.
The engineers present at the siege of Pondicherry were : —
John Call, chief engineer ; Alexander Leigh (having completed
the demolition of Fort Dauphin at Karical went to Pondicherry
on the 5th December). William Stevenson and Edward
Cotsford, although not mentioned in the records, must have
been present, as on the 23rd February they sailed with Admiral
Stevens to assist in the attack on Mahe.
Captain John Brohier, who was the Engineer-in- Chief,
appears all this time to have remained at Fort William.
He was dismissed about July 1760. I have been unable
1761.1 MADRAS ENGINEEES. 55
to ascertain the reason of his dismissal,"*^ hut the result was
that John Call was appointed engineer-in-chief and Major,
3Ist July 1760; Alexander Leigh, suh-director and Captain,
18th November 17G0; William Stevenson, engineer ordinary
and Captain-Lieutenant, 18th November 1760; Edward
Cotsford, sub-engineer and Lieutenant, 18th November 1760.
Major John Call was directed, a few days after the surrender,
to destroy the fortifications of Pondicherry. He remained there
engaged upon this work with his three assistants till the
departure of the expedition to Mahe.
Captain-Lieutenant Stevenson and Lieutenant Cotsford
accompanied the expedition to Mahe, while Captain Leigh was
left at Pondicherry to complete the work commenced by Major
Call.
In the five or six weeks which elapsed between the surrender
of Pondicherry and the departure of the expedition, the west
front was blown up, as also parts of the north and south fronts ;
the mines in the town wall were nearly completed, except those
on sea-face. The mines under the citadel had also been com-
menced. The circumference of the fort, exclusive of the citadel,
was four miles in brickwork, yet Major Call hoped all would
be finished in three months.
Admiral Stevens sailed on the 23rd February with eleven
ships of the line and two frigates.
Major Moore, of H.M.'s 79th Regiment, commanded the
military expedition, and, in addition to Stevenson and Cotsford
of the Engineers, Ensign Ware, of the Pioneers, went with two
sergeants, four corporals, thirty pioneers, three artificers, and
forty lascars. Their services were, however, not required at
Mahe, as, on the 13th February, it capitulated to Major Hector
Munro.
Early in February 17G1, Captain Smith took the mountain of
• Probably due to the badness of the masonry constructed at Fort William
which had (as already noticed) to be for the most part rebuilt.
56 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1761.
St. George at Ginjee, and the same day Thiagar capitulated to
Major Preston, after a blockade and bombardment of sixty-five
days.
On 5th April the Commandant of the Great Mountain of
Ginjee capitulated, and thus the hostilities between the French and
English terminated, with the result that the French had not a
single " place " in India — their factories at Surat and Calicut
being mere trading settlements.
Colonel Coote embarked on the 13th March for Bengal,
leaving his regiment to follow.
Major John Call, on his return to Madras, was engaged on the
fortifications of Fort St. George, which it was considered
desirable should be made permanent as soon as possible
Captain Leigh was directed to demolish the Fort of Waldour,
as soon as he had finished with Pondioherry.
lifil.l MADRAS ENGINEERS. 57
CHAPTEK III.
Siege of Yellore. — Pioneer company raised under Captain Bonjour. — Expedition
against Manilla. — Captain Stevenson. — Murder of Lieutenant Fryer. — Cap-
ture of Manilla. — Passes leading into the Camatic.
In 1761 it was found that the Nabob of the Caruatic was
unable to recover his dues from his tributaries, and the Council
at Madras resolved on 21th August to assist him. This they
proposed to do first by attacking Vellore.
Colonel John CaiHaud was appointed to command the Army,
while Messrs. Bourchier and Du Pre were to accompany it as
Field Deputies.
Messrs. Stevenson and Cotsford of the Engineers, who were
now at Tellicherry, were ordered to return, with the view of being
present at the proposed siege. After the capture of Pondicherry,
it will be remembered, they accompanied the expedition to Mahe,
a few miles south of Tellicherry.
On 2Hth September, Caillaud encamped before Vellore, and
waited for stores. Lengthy negotiations with the Killadar
followed. Mortiz-Ali-Khan (the Killadar) offered his only
daughter in marriage with the Nabob's eldest son, but no settle-
ment was effected, and, after considerable delay, the Killadar
returned to bis fort on 12th October, having refused the terms
58 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1761,
offered by the Nabob ; and next day our batteries opened fire at
a distance of 400 yards.
On the night of the 1 1th we had begun to erect our batteries.
One of four guns and a howitzer, to enfilade the front, attacked
(south face) ; one of four 24-pounders, to batter in breach ; and
a third, a little to the right of that, of two 24-pounders, to ruin
defences. Besides these, there was a battery of three mortars.
On the 13th night we broke ground, carried on trenches for
150 toises, and constructed two parallels; the next day we
pushed our trenches by sap close to the edge of the counter-
scarp.
Finding we were battering a stone cavalier, it was determined
to construct a battery of two 24-pounders on the edge of the
counter-scarp, and to batter a little more to the right.
This battery was opened on the 16th morning with great
success, and we succeeded in breaching a hole " through and
through.'' On the 16th night we repaired embrasures, and
made a sap to the ditch in order to fill it.
On this night we had two officers and twenty men wounded,
besides some " blacks." The Killadar's family, trying to escape
from the fort, were captured.
From the 17th to the 20th we were engaged in carrying a
descent into the ditch, extending parallels to the left, and making
a breach so low as to perceive another wall, an old gateway
having formerly existed there.
On the 22nd the pettah was stormed and captured, after a
little resistance. The great obstacle to the capture of the fort
was found to be the breadth and depth of the ditch. A success-
ful attempt was made to partially drain it. On l7th November
the water in it had been lowered one foot, and water continued
to run off.
On 16th November, Caillaud " had the misfortune to lose that
valuable man. Captain Leigh, of the Engineers, who was killed
by a musket shot." At this time Leigh was the only engineer
1761.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 59
officer present, and Major Barker offered his services to carry
on the works. It was now, more than ever, necessary that
Stevenson and Cotsford should he present, and the Chief and
Council of Tellicherry were asked to send them overland. They
arrived in camp ahout lOth December, but by what route they
came is not known.
Meantime, the gallery over the ditch, having been formed by
us, was destroyed by the enemy, and our army was greatly in
want of stores. Call was, in the absence of other engineers,
sent to Vellore on 4th December, and on the same day the
Killadar expressed his anxiety to treat for peace, but the attack
was in no w^ay relaxed. On the 11th the Killadar determined to
give up the fort to the Nabob. Vakeels were accordingly sent
from the Killadar to the Nabob at Arcot. The attack was dis-
continued on this account, but the gallery across the ditch was
still pushed on.
The Council at Madras, in allowing Call to go to the siege,
say that "as he had the rank of Captain since 1757, when he
was second engineer, he was now to have the rank of Major,
from date of his commission as chief engineer."
Captain-Lieutenant Stevenson was appointed sub-director and
captain from 16th November 1761 (date of death of Leigh);
Lieutenant Cotsford, engineer-in-ordinary, Captain-Lieutenant;
and Barnard appointed practitioner engineer, and Ensign.
Directly the Council learnt that Stevenson and Cotsford had
arrived, they told Call that as soon as Vellore was taken he was
to proceed to Timery and Cauverypauk, remove stores thence to
Arcot, and destroy the two forts. Having done this, he was to
go to Chettipet and Carangooly, send the stores to Wandewash,
and destroy those two also.
IMajor Call had represented to Caillaud the necessity of
forming a Pioneer Company of sixty men, with officers, and
recommended Captain Bonjour for the commandant, with the
rank of Captain.
60 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1761
Caillaud was accordingly authorised to raise this body of
pioneers. Captain Bonjour was appointed Commandant, and
Mr. Canmore Lieutenant. The Pioneers were allowed double
pay during the siege of Vellore, and in future were to have
this ■whenever they were employed on active service in the
field.
Nothing very much more of interest occurred during the
remainder of the siege; but on the 1 8th December Captain
Stevenson was w^ounded in the head, while a Mr. Lloyd was
killed in the trenches. The gallery was well advanced, but as it
went on slowly Call proposed to fill up the ditch uncovered.
On the 23rd fifteen feet was done without loss, on the 24th
forty-five feet more, and a level passage made, above water, to
the foot of the breach, with small loss. On the 2nth Vellore
Fort surrendered at discretion, and j\Tajnr Campbell took pos-
session. The hill forts of Sazarow, Gazarow, and Mortazagur
were surrendered at the same time. Major Call, in his report,
says that the passage across the ditch being effected, nothing
could have prevented our opening the whole fire of fourteen guns
and nine mortars on the 20th, when the Killadar, seeing it
was hopeless, agreed to surrender. Call immediately visited the
front attacked, and examined the preparations made for the
defence. He found them to be such as might have cost many
lives to get over, and considering the number and hard duty of
the garrison, he thought it was astonishing how they were
efiected.
Behind the second intended breach he found a ditch within
the rampart, and five mines loaded under it. Behind that ditch
was a breastwork with a ditch in front of it.
Six guns were planted on the breastwork, with places for two
tiers of musketry. He thought the Killadar w^as indefatigable
in searching for obstacles, and had proved himself not unskilled
in the art of defence.
Three days must, however, have made us masters of Vellore,
1762.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 61
although Major Call was persuaded that many must have fallen
in the assault, and much ammunition been expended.
Besides this, the hill forts might have held out, and given
much trouble. They were extremely difficult of access by the
common road, and might be considered impregnable, especially
the middle one called Gazarow. The pettah was greatly pro-
tected by them, and the attack of Vellore on north-east and
south might be rendered very dangerous were the forts furnished
with heavy cannon and ammunition.
The south front of Vellore was much battered, and required
immediate repair. The engineers at once commenced to carry
out these, as well as to remove the gallery from the ditch, fill in
the trenches, and level the batteries. Major Call estimated the
cost of repairs, &c at 1,00,000 rupees, and was of opinion that
when that had been properly laid out, and proper supplies of
artillery and stores put in, no force could be collected to take
them from 150 Europeans and 1,000 sepoys. He considered
that Vellore, with the three hill forts, formed the strongest
fortifications he had seen in India.
Towards the close of 1762 Major John Call submitted five
alternative plans for strengthening the south front of Fort
St. George. The Council selected No. 4 as by far the most
preferable in point of size and small number of troops
for its defence, and ordered the chief engineer to at once set
to work.
Call thus describes the selected project: "No. 4 is a project
calculated to remedy defects, and really would render the south
front superior to any other, but it would prove a very expensive
undertaking.
"The old bastion in this remains as a kind of retrenchment,
and is enveloped by another of a good size, and the curtain is
enlarged. Instead of a little ravelin with flanks, the faces of the
two lunettes are continued till they join the faces of the ravelin,
and the whole is formed into one work, which mav be called a
62 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [17C2.
double tenaillon, the exterior faces of "which defend each other
reciprocally, and the wings are well flanked by the collateral
bastions ; so that here is one capacious extensive work which
covers the whole work instead of three."
" Before the salient angle of the bastion is a good counter-
guard, well flanked, which stops all approach by the sea side."
" In short, there could not be designed a stronger project, but
the expense will be very great."
"In the previous February two objects had been proposed ;
either to fortify the south front, or to face the western bastions
and curtains. The latter of these was justly preferred, and is
now almost complete."
The Board resolved also that the north-west curtain should
be continued till it joined the north curtain, and that the
enclosure of the town on that side be completed, and the old
town wall, as well as part of the sheds belonging to the Mint,
be removed, and the old Mint bastion destroyed, to open a
communication between the north part of the town and the
western rampart.
The bank and hedge, composed of bamboos, milk-hedge,
palmyras, and all kinds of thorny shrubs, was also approved of.
The blind on north-east was in a very ruinous state, and was
to be made into a more useful and very defensible work, by
cutting it oft' from the covered-way, and carrying a ditch quite
round it next to the sea.
In this report it is remarked : " The nabob stone pillars,
which formerly composed a useful colonnade between the sea
gate and the inner fort, having been brought back from Pondi-
cherry (the French must have removed them from Madras
between 1746 and 1749) have been set up in the position they
formerly stood. There were also many of the timbers brought
with them, so that if the Honourable Board think proper they
may be replaced, and the terrace completed, as opportunity will
admit."
1762.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 63
These pillars, it is supposed, are the fine black stone ones
which now form a portion of the building containing the old
Government records.
On the 28th June 1762 an expedition was proposed against
Manilla. General Lawrence, Mr. Bourchier, and Major John
Call dissented, but it was nevertheless despatched. General
Draper commanded the army, the command of the fleet being
with Admiral Cornish. Below I give the report of the engineer
commanding on the expedition, Captain Stevenson.
" The President and Council not thinking proper to spare
Major Call, did me the honour of appointing me engineer on
this expedition, with the assistance of Messrs. Cotsford and
Barnard; as which I think it incumbent on me to give an
account of our military transactions from our arrival before the
place till we became masters of it ; but as these matters cannot
so properly be introduced in a letter, I have collected them in
the form of a journal apart, and shall make the description of
the fortifications the subject of this : —
" The city of Manilla lies in a large bay in the Island of
Luconia, of near thirty leagues in circumference, in 14° 40' N.
latitude, and 3^ 30' to the west of St. Bernardino. It is about
two miles and a half in circumference, and the buildings pretty
regular, crossing each other at right angles.
"The lower stories of the houses are of stone, and the upper
of wood, on account of the frequency of earthquakes in these
parts. Some of the churches and convents are entirely of stone,
but then the walls are of a surprising thickness. Many of the
buildings are very large, but few worthy of particular notice on
account of their architecture.
" The foot of the walls to north-west is washed by a fine
broad river, navigable for small vessels a great way up the
country. There is, I am told, eight feet on the bar at high
water during the driest season of the year." " The entrance is
preserved by two piers, which run 500 or 600 yards into the
64 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1762.
bay, which would otherwise be choked up by a bank of sand."
" The north-west end of the city is cut off from the rest by a
regular front, with its ditch and drawbridge, and forms the
citadel called St. Jago, which is triangular, and commands the
city, bay, and river." " The walls of the city are of stone, and
the fortifications tolerably regular. Between the bastions of
St. Michael of the citadel and the Royal bastion St. Diego,
which comprehends the sea front, are the small low bastions
of St. Francisco, St. John, St. Isabel, St. Joseph, and St.
Eugenio, with long low curtains between them, without
either ditch or palisade before them," " The walls are from
twelve to fourteen feet high, and the ramparts about eight
feet broad. There is in this front a sally-port and the gate of
St Lucia."
" The Royal bastions of St. Diego and St. Andrew, with the
intermediate curtain, make a very formidable front, the bastions
mounting twelve guns in face, four in flank, and the curtain
sixteen, with a wet ditch, low covered-way, and low glacis before
the whole. In tliis front is one of the principal gates of the
city, called Porta Real, with its drawbridge, and a small ravelin
before it. Next to the bastion of St. Andrew, is the Royal
bastion of St. Lorenzo, which is a very spacious one, but mounts
all its cannon en barbette ; the curtain between it and St.
Andrew's is not above eight feet broad, and continues about the
same breadth from St. Lorenzo to St. Gabriel. Between these
two bastions is the Parian Gate, which leads to the Chinese
town and suburbs of Santa Cruz and Minuuda. The projecting
part of this gate forms a small flat bastion, the gateway opening
through the flank."
" There is a kind of double tenail before this gate, but it is a
very low, defenceless work. The bastion St. Gabriel mounts
seven guns in face and two in flank, but they are so crowded
that half of them would be useless on service."
" Before the two last-mentioned fronts runs a broad morass
1762.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 65
which serves for a ditch, and is a very good defence at high
water, but almost dry when the tide is out."
" From the bastion of St. Gabriel to St. Francisco of the
citadel, runs a low narrow curtain, only broad enough for
musketry, having no cannon for its defence, but from the flanks
of St. Domingo and St. Gabriel. But this front is very well
secured by the river."'
" It has in it two gates, one called St. Domingo, and the
other the Magazine Gate. At the extreme front of the citadel,
under the bastion St, Barbera, are two semi-circular batteries
that command the entrance of the river, and communicate with
the bastion by a swamp." " The natural situation of Manilla is
such that, should it ever be thought necessary, it is capable of
being made a very formidable place ; but not at a small expense,
being so extensive."
The vicinity of the suburbs is one of the greatest obstacles at
present to its making a good defence against an European force,
as we experienced in attacking it, by taking possession of the
churches of St. Jago and Bagombaya (that are not 300 yards
from the walls) the day after our landing, behind which our
troops were lodged in the greatest security, and all the necessaries
for carrying on the attack collected with great facility ; whereas
had there been an esplanade of 700 or 800 yards, we should
have been obliged to open our trenches at that distance — the
fatigues of carrying on which, and relieving the guards of them,
would have been more than our handful of men could have got
through with, for we were obliged to employ our soldiers in
bringing up our shot and shell, cannon, &c. from the landing-
place, the natives, instead of assisting us, being in arms
against us."
" Another great fault is, the parapets of all the works are of
stone, which, instead of being a protection to the troops placed
behind for their defence, make a greater destruction among them
(owing to their splinters) than the enemv's shot ; which we had a
6
G6 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [17C3.
convincing proof of on opening our battery, for, notwithstanding
they could oppose twice the quantity of cannon against our
battery that we had in it, yet they were obliged to abandon them
all in a few hours, not being able to stand on their works for
the splinters of the parapets.
" The speediest and least expensive way of making it more
respectable to an European enemy would be to make good
parapets of earth on all the works that are spacious enough to
allow of it; to deepen the ditch considerably on the east and
south-east fronts ; to build batardeaux with sluices where the
ditch communicates with the river, that the water may be kept
up at spring tides in the ditch and inundations, and not suffered
to ebb and flow with tlie river as at present, by which it happens
frequently that the water in the ditches is not knee-deep when
the tide is out." " The ditch should be continued round the
west face of the bastion St. Diego, and a stout work built to
defend it, as well as to shut up entirely the sea front, which is
very weak and defenceless. The glacis before the south-east
front should likewise be considerably raised, and the buildings
cleared away within at least (iOO yards of the walls all round.
The north front would require nothing further than to be well
palisadoed, the river being a sufficient security to that side.
Should it be ever found necessary to go to the expense of
putting it in the above-mentioned state, I look upon it that,
properly garrisoned, with an experienced officer to command it,
it would be capable of making a very good defence against the
most formidable European force that may be expected in this
part of the world ; but should it only be thought necessary to
secure it against all attempts of the natives, palisadoes set up in
those parts where the walls are low, and the water kept up in the
ditch by a batardeau, will secure it from anything that can be
feared from them. 1 hope the above description of the place,
with the assistance of the enclosed plan, will sufficiently explain
anything relating to fortifications. I have been so employed
1762.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 67
since the capture of the phice, that I am ohliged to defer
sending a particular phin of the town and harbour of Cavite till
another opportunity.
" I am, with the utmost respect, &c. &c.
" Wm. Stevenson.
" Manilla, November 10th, 1762."
The fleet, consisting of eight ships of the line, three frigates,
and two Indiamen, anchored in Manilla bay on 23rd September,
after a passage of eight weeks. The same evening, boats
sounded the entrance to Cavite harbour, and left a buoy 450
yards from Rivera Point in four and a half fathoms. The next
day an officer with a Spanish flag, came on board to know why
we had entered the bay (they had not heard of the declaration
of war).
The English determined to attack Manilla, and not Cavite.
Officers were sent to demand surrender.
The bay was then reconnoitred, with a view to select a proper
spot for landing the troops ; and in the evening the troops
lauded one and a quarter miles south of the fort. There was a
good surf on, and several of the boats were stove in ; but no
lives were lost.
The troops took post at Malatta Church, a quarter of a mile
beyond the landing-place.
On the 2r)th, early, Colonel Monsou advanced with a company
of 7'Jth, and took post at the Hermitage, 000 or 700 yards from
the walls, and in the afternoon a party was advanced to the
church of St. Jago, 300 yards from the walls.
On the 2Gth the enemy were driven from Bagombaya Church.
We were in great distress for want of fascines and tools, the
store-ships not having arrived. A party of 400 men were
employed in making fascines and gabions. Two mortars were
brought up, and some shells thrown into the city. Some
straggling seamen were murdered by the natives.
5 *
(jS military history of the [1762.
On the 27th we continued to make gabions, &c., and opened
fire at night from two more mortars from behind the church,
and threw up a breast-work to the left of St. Jago.
On the 28th, Lieutenant Fryer, the General's secretary,
going into garrison this morning with a flag of truce, to
conduct a relative of the Governor, was murdered.
The Governor expressed the utmost horror of the act.
On the 29th we broke ground, and commenced a battery of
eight 24 -pounders, 300 yards from the walls, to breach the face
of the bastion of St. Diego, near the angle, the ditch terminating
to the right of it.
Two ships came in {Elizabeth 60, and Falmouth 50 guns),
moored on the capital of the bastion of St. Diego, one mile
distant, and fired into the town.
October 1st. — We began a battery this afternoon for two
13-inch and two 10-inch mortars, and at night a strong
working-party was employed in completing an eight-gun battery.
There was a severe gale of wind this night, and the store-
ships were driven on shore ; but our stores were landed. The
next day, the wind continuing to blow very fresh, a boat from
the wrecks was overset, and most of the people in her perished ;
amongst them an officer, Lieutenant Hardwick.
The platforms were laid this day, and all the guns brought
into our battery.
The battery was completed at night, and the mortar-battery
was also nearly ready.
On the 3rd, at daybreak, we opened fire from eight
24-pounders and five mortars. Our fire was at first answered
briskly, but the enemy were silenced in two hours, and before
night our artillery had nearly ruined the defences on the bastion
of St. Diego. During the night another battery of three
2J:-pounders was formed, to destroy the defences of the Eavelin,
and the flank of St. Andrew's, which defended the breach ; also
the flank of the small bastion of St. Joseph.
1762.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 69
All night a constant fire of grape and musketry was kept up
on the breach, and all our mortars were directed to that
part.
■ith. — A party of enemy's irregulars surprised the seamen's
quarters at 3 a.m., and killed and wounded a good many ; thev
were, however, finally repulsed, and lost 200 in their retreat.
A Mr. Porter, of the fleet, was wounded — a very active, brave
young fellow. Another party got possession of Bagombava
Church, and killed and wounded sixteen or seventeen of our
men ; but in their retreat they suffered very much. Among the
killed was Captain Strahan, who commanded our partv at the
church.
This night the three-gun battery was finished.
The face of the bastion of St. Diego was in a very ruinous
condition, and we prevented them repairing it by a constant fire
of grape, &c.
.5th. — The platforms were laid in three-gun battery, and we
then opened our fire on St. Andrew's Bastion, which was shortly
after abandoned by the enemy. They brought three guns on
the curtain to bear on ours, but they were shortly dismantled.
A man was sent to the counterscarp to examine the breach.
He reported it practicable, on which the General determined to
attack next morning, as our little army commenced to complain
of fatigue — being no sooner relieved of a guard than sent on a
working-party, and that in heavy rain, which we were seldom
without during the whole siege.
6th. — An hour before daybreak the whole army was under
arms. The disposition for attack was as follows : —
Twenty volunteers and an officer from each corps made first
attack ; these were followed by grenadiers ; after these the
pioneers, with everything necessary for making a lodgment ;
after them the whole army. Parties were posted all along the
front, with musketry and field-pieces, to keep the enemy from
their parapets whilst our troops advanced.
70 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [176-2.
An officer and thirty men were posted in the steeple of
Bagombaya Church, to prevent them firing from St. Andrew's
Bastion. Signal being given, our troops marched on briskly,
and were in possession of the breached bastion before the enemy
were alarmed ; and we did not meet with much opposition in
getting possession of the sea-line and St. Andrew's ; but
in attempting to open the Royal Gate we lost some men, and
Major Moore, 79th. A number of men got inside the guard-
house, and refused to lay down their arms ; they were all put to
the sword, to the number of sixty or seventy. About thirty
more shared the same fate at the Parian Gate. As our troops
marched up the street they were fired at from houses. Even
after our troops had given quarter, and while a flag of truce from
the citadel was with us, several of our people were killed and
wounded; but on the General sending an officer into the citadel,
all hostilities ceased.
The Governor came out about ft, and our troops took possession
at 9.
During the siege three officers were killed —
Lieutenant Porter .. Sea Battalion.
Captain Strahan ... 79th.
Lieutenant Fryer ... (With flag of truce).
Lieutenant Spearing, of the Marines, was wounded.
The day of the storm —
Killed—
Major Moore ... ... 79th.
Wounded —
Captain Sleigh ... Grenadiers.
Lieutenant Garnons . 79th.
Lieutenant Hazlewood ... 79th.
Lieutenant Hogg ... 79th.
Ensign ... Sea Battalion.
Siege of Manilla
1762.
1763-63.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 71
Drowned —
Lieutenant Hardwick.
Total — 5 Officers killed and 6 wounded.
We had Europeans killed ... 21 + 69 wounded.
Sepoys „ ... 5 + 23
26 + 92 = 118.
The reason for the small loss in assault was owing to the
enemy's bad look-out ; for we were in possession of the breach
before they were fairly alarmed.
The Spaniards had three officers, two sergeants, fifty troops
of the Line, and thirty militia killed, without reckoning the
wounded. The Indians had 300 killed and 400 wounded.
Money and plate distributed to the victors amounted to
4,9n,000 dollars, of which one-third was allotted to the East
India Company.
The English remained in possession of Manilla till 31st
March 1704, when news arrived of the Treaty of Peace, and
the English evacuated Manilla, Spanish authority being
re-established.
On l")th April 1768, the governor of Fort St. George con-
sidered tlie pass of Santgad of so much consequence for the
security of the Carnatic, that Major Campbell was directed to
order a captain to take command of the forts, and Major Call,
the chief engineer, was told to take a survey of the forts and
pass, give directions for strengthening them, and also inspe'»t the
works at Vellore itself.
Major Call carried out his orders, and returned to Madras on
the 2nd May.
The forts of Santgad lie rather more than thirty miles west
of Vellore. Major Call considered the place exceedingly strong
by nature.
He left Mr. John McLean there to make a survey of the
72 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [17C3.
pettah and hills. Meantime he stated that " he thought we
should only hold the hills, and that a small force would sufi&ce
for this purpose."
Call reported : " It appears that the first pass from the Deccan,
through the chain of mountains which divide the Peninsula, into
the Carnatic, is at Damalcherry, which lays directly west of
Madras, and is in the possession of a polygar, supposed to be a
friend ; the next is about thirty miles further south, and is called
Cuddapahnuttam, now in our hands. The third is called
Gejadavy, about forty miles south of the second. The fourth
is called Metteepettah, or Ahtur Pass, directly inland of Thiagur,
and about thirty miles from it. The fifth, and last, is near
Tureyore, and has been seldom, or never, used for incursions. The
three first, are those through which the Mahrattas or the Subah's
troops have commonly entered the Carnatic, and the other two
are only open to the Mysoreans ; but the possession of Thiagur
will render that at Ahtur very hazardous to an enemy. Through
the Damalcherry no enemy can enter if the Polygars oppose
him, and they are all well affected to the Nabob. While
the Nabob is master of Tripety, Chundergerry, and all the
neighbouring country, Cuddapahnattum is secured ; and though
Vaniembaddy is in the hands of Hyder Naigue, or the Mah-
rattas, and Gejadavy open to them, an enemy entering that way
must pass near Amboor (held by a friend of the Nabob), and in
sight of Sautgur ; and they must also pass near Vellore before
they can come into the Carnatic, to do any mischief — so that,
being possessed of Sautgur and Vellore, the three most dangerous
passes are either shut up or rendered very hazardous to pass
through or retreat by."
"From Santgur to Cuddapahnuttam Pass the distance is
fifteen miles, and the road, for the latter half of the way, is
flanked by hills on each side, within the reach of musketry,
which hills at last join together, and a very narrow passage (not
more than six feet wide, with very high banks on the sides) is
I7n.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 73
cut through one of them for 100 yards, where a gate closes the
entrance from the west, and to the right and left is carried on a
wall to defend the passage. After passing through the gate the
road is quite environed with hills, which continue very close to
each other as far as Cuddapahnattum, which is also in the
Nabob's possession, and about eight miles beyond the pass.
That any body of men, large or small, should pass through this
defile when opposed by a few men with musketry, I am persuaded
is impossible, and no artillery, or any other large carriages, can
pass, even without opposition, unless they are dismounted."
Call also visited Vellore, and states : —
'' I shall always think that Vellore, finished as it is begun, and,
as proposed, furnished with provisions and ammunition sufficient
to serve a moderate garrison for a long time, would be an under-
taking no country power in India could think of attempting; and
no European power that had not been long established on the
coast, with plenty of all necessaries and stores, while unassisted
by the Carnatic Government, could possibly accomplish it in
many months."
74 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE fiTfls
CHAPTER IV.
Siege of Madura. — Lawrence's proclamation. — Tanjore Rajah agrees to co-
operate.— Council of war. — Siege raised. — Preston left in command. —
Charles Campbell appointed to command the army. — French officer offers
to desert. — Rebels completely invested. — Preston marches towards Palam-
cottah. — Siege undertaken in earnest. — Hamilton of the Engineers killed. —
Assault made. — Preston badly womioled. — Pioneers from Manilla arrive in
camp. — Engineers at the siege. — Madura taken. — Palamcottah taken. —
Survey of passage between Ceylon and mainland. — Death of Stevenson. —
Madras Government entertain fears of Hyder Ali. — Survey of the passes. —
Caillaud's treaty with Nizam Ali. — Colonel Joseph Smith an'ives in India. —
Colonel Wood commands in Carnatic. — Call inspects forts and passes. —
Bonjour takes Vaniembaddy.- — Nizam moves towards Bangalore and Colonel
Smith marches to join him. — Nizam Ali commences hostilities against us. —
Colonel Smith takes command in the Baramahl. — Battle of Changama. —
Battle of Trinomally. — Confederates defeated. — Hyder moves to Amboor.
— Relief of Amboor. — Hyder attacks a convoy, and is repulsed. — Nizam
treats with Smith. — Ignominious peace with the Nizam. — Hyder goes to
west coast.
In 1759 the Nabob's Government, finding that the districts of
Madura and Tinnevelly were in great disorder, and that they
were unable to get any revenue from them, sent Mahomed Yusuf
with a strong force to take charge of the districts. He agreed
to rent the districts for an annual sum of seven lacs of rupees.
He had some considerable trouble in restoring order, but being
a good soldier, he eventually succeeded, and introduced a good
government. He was, however, unable or unwilling to pay the
I7r.a-| MADEAS ENGINEERS. 75
rent required of him. He probably contemplated independence ;
whether he was unfaithful or not does not seem to be quite clear.
At any rate, the Nabob and the English Government resolved to
coerce him, and in 1763 an army was sent against him. He
tried by negotiation, and by his influence with some of the
English, to clear himself ; but finding this of no avail, deter-
mined to fight.
His lengthy and gallant defence show that he had much money
at his disposal : hence it would seem that he really did intend to
found an independent kingdom. Orme says : " He first enlisted
under Captain Clive, a little before the battle of Covrepank
(February 1752); he was a brave and resolute man, but cool
and wary in action, and capable of stratagem ; he constantlv
procui'ed intelligence of the enemy's motions, and having a
perfect knowledge of the country, planned the marches of the
convoys so well, that by constantly changing the roads, and the
lines of bringing the provisions out of the woods, not one of
them was intercepted for three months." And again : "Mahomed
Isoof, an excellent partisan, whose merit had raised him from a
captain of a company to be commander-in-chief of all the sepovs
in the English service." *
It was in June 1763 that Major- General Lawrence recom-
mended that the expedition against Yusuf Khan (Usoff Cawn in
old records), should be no longer delayed. Colonel Monson
was to command, and Admiral Cornish was desired to land the
troops sent from Madras, as far as possible to the south.
Lawrence himself went to Cuddalore, and thence to Trichin-
opoly. On 8th July he caused a public notice to be affixed to
the gates of Trichinopoly to the following effect: —
" I, Major-General Lawrence, do hereby give notice that I
have joined the Nabob against the rebel Usoff Cawn ; whoever is
• On 5th Fehniary I7i"i9, it will be remembered, this man was presented with
an amethyst ring set with diamonds.
76 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri7a3.
taken with him will be deemed a rebel, and treated accordingly ;
but those who leave him in due time, or before his troops come
to any action, will be favourably received by the Nabob. As
the English are in peace with all nations, Europeans who are
found with him will be treated as rebels likewise, except they
leave him before his forces act against the English, in which
case they may be assured of a favourable reception."
A few days after, Monson reached Trichinopoly, and having
heard that UsofF Cawn had attacked a fort belonging to the
" Nalcottah man," ^lajor Preston, the second in command, was
ordered on the iJth to march against him. General Lawrence
requested that Major Call, the chief engineer, should join the
army at once, and accordingly he, with all the engineers, set out
on the 25th, and arrived at Trichinopoly on 2nd August. On
2 1 St July an interview took place between the Nabob and the
King of Tanjare, half-way between Trichinopoly and Tanjare,
when tlie latter promised to assist with troops and grain.
The artillery and stores were now sent forward in three
divisions well covered by Major Preston. Some correspondence
took place between Lawrence and the Council, regarding the
disposal of UsofF Cawn when he should be captured.
Lawrence thought that when taken he should not be sent to
Madras, but delivered to those who were to receive the
management of the countries he had usurped. Mr. Pigot and
Council, however, considered that UsofF Cawn would be a
dangerous man to be entrusted in the hands of the Nabob if his
intentions were to make him a State prisoner, "but if it be
agreeable to you to order the commanding officer to execute
him upon the first tree, in sight of the army, it will be quite
satisfactory to us."
On 2nd August, Monson marched from Trichinopoly, while
on the 6th, Preston strongly encamped some fifteen miles from
Madura. On the 11th, a reconnoitring party on our side was
attacked by a greatly superior force and obliged to retreat. We
1763.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 77
lost over 200 stand of arms, and 150 sepoys killed and wounded,
and forty missing.
The enemy also suflfered heavily.
In spite of this reverse, on the 20th we captured one of the
out forts, and three days after the rebels made their escape out
of Tirumboor, and abandoned Vallichinattum and Omnasatrum
forts.
Monson commended Preston greatly for the capture of
Trivandore and Tirumboor.
Monson began his march from the latter place on 28th
August, and found Usoff Cawn encamped under the walls of
Madura. The Nattum Pass had been taken possession of by
Mr. West with 2,000 of the Nabob's troops.
Madura was now partly invested, and Monson encamped
at Teppacolum (by this, it is presumed, is meant the fine
Teppacolum* south of the river, two or three miles east of the
town and fort).
'' On 2nd September, Monson went out with the European
cavalry, 200 or 300 Black Horse, a battalion of sepoys, a
European picket, and two guns on the west of the fort. He
fired a few shots from the guns, advanced the cavalry, and these
charged ; they were, however, deserted by the * Black Horse,'
and had to retire with considerable loss. Captain Donald
Campbell and Lieutenant Stevenson missing. Campbell was
wounded and taken prisoner, while Stevenson was badly wounded,
and died a short time after. Our loss was seventeen European
cavalry killed and wounded. Usofl" Cawn was out to see the
fight, met Campbell, and expressing his great regret at seeing
him wounded, treated him most civilly."
Monson and Call now reconnoitred the north side of the fort.
Call was of opinion that Madura could not be attacked with less
than fourteen guns and ammunition for ten days' firing. He
• A large tank built of Ashlar masonry.
78 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [I76a.
considered the best point of attack would be the north-east
corner, or near it, on the east face.
" It would be necessary to have an enfilading battery on the
other side of the river, on line of the east front of the fort
produced, and a post must there be established." " The
extensive esplanade made round the fort made it necessary to
break ground some 1,200 or 1,500 yards distant, and it was
clear that the works would be greatly interrupted by sallies."
Artillery required was stated to be ten 18-pounders or 24-pounders,
besides four 12-pounders for enfilading, ninety rounds per day
for each gun. Call also gave a list of gabions, fascines, &c,,
required.
On 7th September, a council of war was called, at which
were present Majors Piers, Chapman, Preston, and Call. The
question put was: " Shall attack be undertaken with the present
quantity of cannon, shot, and powder ? " The answer was :
" Guns and ammunition insufficient to undertake the siege with
any prospect of success, unless they can be supported with
2,400 24-pounder shot, 2,U00 18-pounder shot, 1,100
12-pounder shot, and 937 60-lb. barrels of powder. This would
suffice for thirteen days' firing."
The reduction of Madura could not be laid on one side ;
although Monson thought success very precarious, as he could
not camp within two and a half to three miles of the fort, while
Call stated that he could not break ground at less than 2,000
yards. To add to these difficulties, the country was greatly
flooded.
The Council in Madras, in replying to this report, thinking it
possible that the siege might have to be abandoned, directed
Monson in the following amusing manner : —
" If expedition has to be abandoned, a declaration is to be
sent to Mons. Flamecourt (in command of the French), setting
forth that we do so to avoid acts of hostility against the
French " ! !
1763.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 79
During the month of September the work was much retarded
by rains.
We opened fire on the fort on the 24:th September, and after
five days' firing it was reported that very little success had been
attained. There was a two-gun battery within 200 yards of
north-east angle, to ruin the face of it; two guns more at 500
yards to ruin the shoulder and re-entering angle ; four more
playing on a large bastion on the east front ; but little or no
impression was made.
On the 28th Call pushed on by night as far as possible, and
gained the glacis by a double sap. It now appeared that unless
we could keep up a constant heavy fire, we should have no
alternative but to retire to Tirumboor and Nattum, and wait till
the monsoon was over. Gaining the glacis by a direct double
sap was ineffectual, as the rebels opened three guns on our
fiauk.
On 2nd October we began a battery to ruin the flank. It
was hoped that this battery would be finished on the 5th, and
Monson reported that if he judged he had sufficient powder and
shot to destroy the flank and make a breach, he would commence
firing ; but if he could get none from Trichinopoly, he would
call a council of war.
On 27th October he stated that "it was unadvisable to con-
tinue the siege, as there is no likelihood of their being able to
get possession " ; so he purposed to take post on arising ground,
three miles north-east of Tirumboor, where he would cover
Marrawar and Nallacottahman's countries, and keep open com-
munications with Trichinopoly by Nattam Road and Tondi."
Preston proposed that " the army should be cantoned at
Tirumboor, Trivadare, Omastrum, Nattum, and Towarancuritchy.
Heavy artillery to be taken beyond Nattum, and hospitals
removed to Trichinopoly." Want of success owing partly to
insufficient supply of military stores, and partly to very bad
weather.
80 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1763.
On 3rd November, Monson reconnoitred the ditch (it was
unfordable, and twenty-eight yards broad) before the great work
on left of attack. " It was clearly too formidable to think of
filling it up at this season."
He thereupon entered into a correspondence with Usoff Cawn,
but iinding he meant nothing by his letters, broke off the
correspondence, and from the 5th began to take measures for
raising the siege. The pass of Nattum had to be secured, while
a part of the army took possession of the rebels' country before
the harvest was gathered. Military stores and guns were to be
collected at Towarancuritchy and Nattum, and when everything
was properly prepared, the fort was to be reinvested. Our losses
in this unsuccessful attack were somewhat heavy. On 24th
October alone eighty-four wounded sepoys arrived at Trichi-
nopoly. It was now settled that what was required was —
Four 24-pounders,
Four 18-pounders,
One 12-pounder,
in addition to previous armament ; and shot for twenty days'
firing, at ninety rounds a day for twelve guns.
On 18th November 1763, Colonel Monson set out for
Trichinopoly, leaviug Major Preston at Tirumboor in command
of the army.
The intentions of the latter were to march shortly to the south,
to deprive the rebel of any advantage he might derive from the
country. On the 25th, accordingly, he made up his mind to
march back to within sight of Madura ; but the men of the
96th Regiment refused to march. The officers of the regiment
• did all they could to assist Major Preston by influencing their
men, but without avail. The result of this was that the
President and Council of Madras resolved to receive non-com-
missioned officers and men of Her Majesty's regiments and
artillery into the service of the Company for periods of one, two,
1763-64.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 81
three, four, and five years, giving a bounty of five pagodas (17^
rupees) for each year, and they further proposed to withdraw
all His Majesty's troops, and reinforce the army with the troops
of the Company.
Owing to the refusal of the men of the 96th Eegiment to
march, Preston was compelled to remain at Tirumboor through-
out the month of December. This inaction was not altogether
unfortunate, as during December the rains were very heavy,
and it is probable the loss of men by disease would have been
great.
UsofF Cawn, during this time, received a reinforcement of 200
men from Dindigul ; but the Poligars (chiefs) of the country
generally were in our interest. At last Preston was enabled to
move, and on 29th December 1763 marched to Audacotavum
(about one mile from Teppacolum).
The enemy showed themselves at Teppacolum, but not long
enough to receive any harm from us.
During the time we remained inactive, Usofi" Cawn wrote,
representing his concern for his past behaviour, promising
obedience, and asked to be permitted to rent Madura and
Tinnevelly for seven lacs. The Governor replied that the only
means UsofT Cawn had for securing his life and effects, was to
surrender all the places in his possession, and rely entirely on
the mercy of the Governor and Council.
The position taken up by Preston had a fine command of
the different roads from Madura to all our other posts. As
soon as his position was strengthened, Preston proposed to
move six miles to the south, and establish a strong fort at a
remarkably high rock, with a mosque on it, on the high road to
Tinnevelly. This was called Secundra Mullai.
Usoff Cawn was in no way idle. By the 15th January 176i
the east face of Madura was entirely repaired, and above
3,000 workmen were constantly employed on other parts of the
fort.
6
82 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1764.
Major Charles Campbell (as senior officer) now applied for
command of the army. The Council considered that his
appointment was unavoidable ; but they regretted the necessity,
as they were so well pleased with Preston. Accordingly, on
26th January 1764, Campbell was appointed to command the
army, but Preston did not deliver it over till 13th February.
Preston learning that Usoff Cawn was receiving reinforcements
from Mysore, moved the army to the west of Madura, so as to
cut off communications between Madura and Dindigul.
The day after Campbell assumed command, Major Call, chief
engineer, arrived in camp, on the south bank of the river, north-
west of Madura. A new post was made out of a ruined pagoda
on the north side of the river, opposite the camp. We now had
four posts besides the camp, and it was proposed to form two
more. Usoff Cawn had several posts out of the fort, at
distances of 500 to 800 yards, and by means of them kept us at
a distance. Preston, at this time, was commanding at Secundra
Mullai. Call reported that no gabions, fascines, or pickets, had
been made, and that he required more carpenters, smiths, and
fascine makers. He further stated that " Usoff Cawn had 2,000
men at work, and expressed his astonishment how he got the
people to stay, or found money to pay them," and finally
remarked that " we should want all the troops we could assemble,
although we had the whole of the Manilla garrison." We had
400 Europeans and 1,200 sepoys, whereas it was considered that
we must have 800 Europeans. Usoff Cawn had made great
additions to the fort, and had got out-posts on three sides. It
was necessary that we should take all these, as well as all forts
within fifty miles of Madura. More sepoys, and more cavalry
were required, to enable us to cut off all communication for ten
miles round.
Call hoped to hear daily of the troops from Manilla or from
Bengal.
Monsieur Marchaud (who commanded the French in
1764.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 83
Madura) protested against the attack of the place. The result
of the protest was that Campbell was directed by the Council
to endeavour to seize Marchaud, if he was the same man
taken by Kichard Smith, near Devicottah, in March 1760
who was permitted to go on parole, and had never been
exchanged.
In February, Preston received an anonymous letter, apparently
from the officer commanding French Hussars, offering to desert
for 15,000 pagodas. He proposed to effect this by feigning a
a sally. Preston offered 8,000 pagodas. As no dependence
could be placed on the promise, Campbell posted 200 Grena-
diers and 150 rank and file. All the European cavalry,
1,700 sepoys, and six field-pieces, with 800 horse, were to lie
concealed, Campbell himself being near at hand with the rest of
the army.
On the 20th, three officers and forty-one hussars came out to
us, as proposed. Fourteen of the best men were taken into our
service, and the remainder sent away. Mons. Riquet was the
commanding officer. He was paid 1,500 pagodas in cash, 2,500
by a bill on Mr. Floyer, and 4,000 by a bill on the Honourable
Board at Madras. Two days after this the enemy abandoned
the advanced redoubt on the south face of the fort; we took
possession, and encamped the army on the same face.
Preston now took charge of the Teppacolum, and on the 2nd
March the rebels were completely invested. Each of our posts
was within gun-shot range of those on either side.
The Black Horse of the enemy, which up to this time had
been encamped on the glacis, was cannonaded and forced to enter
the fort. About this time. Major Call had a fall from his horse,
and broke his arm, but in spite of this he remained in camp,
surrounded by his work-people, employed in making fascines,
gabions, &c.
A fort, Putta Kotta, about fifteen miles south of Madura, was
captured at this time.
6 *
84
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1764.
The following were the different forts and posts depending on
the army : —
Captains.
Nuttum
Sattrum and Walshy
nattum
Trivadore
Trivambore
Tondy
Tondy Redoubt
Fort Defiance
Nattum Redoubt
Exegon
Damoodra Pillay Re
doubt
Tumanly Redoubt ..
Nemellie
Putta Kotta, 1 5 miles
on Tinnevelly Road
Sholavandan, 12 miles
on Dindigul Road
Total ...
1 —
Subal-
terns.
Guns.
Companies
of Sepoys.
Euro-
peans
I
2
6
—
2
2
5
—
—
2
3
—
1
3
4
2
7
—
—
5
—
1
5
3
29
1
2
4
22
1
2
2
22
—
1
5
12
1
2
3
—
1
I
4
—
1
10
27
55
85
Twenty of the companies of sepoys belonged to the Nabob.
In addition to the above it was proposed to erect two other
redoubts — one to the left of the Teppacolum, and the other in
front. This was the state of affairs on the 4th March 17C4.
Captain Hart now took Chinampettah by storm, our loss being
Ensign Carty killed, and fifteen wounded ; 300 of the enemy
■were killed and wounded.
Another detachment was on the march to attack a mud fort
south-west of Madura.
On 15th March we caught a hircarrah, who had been in Usoff
Cawn's employ for seven years. He said he would tell us all
about Madura.
1764.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 85
On the 16th, Preston marched towards Palamcottah. Camp-
bell expected him to he absent twenty days, and that on his
return they would be in a position to break ground. Since the
beginning of March the army had been without arrack, and the
sick list was 100 more than during February. This increase of
sickness was attributed solely to the want of arrack.
At this period, several lieutenants misbehaved themselves.
They were aggrieved at some promotions which had been made,
and asked leave to go to Madras. They were permitted to go,
although their conduct was characterised by Campbell as un-
reasonable and unmilitary. The result was that they were dis-
missed the service. Their names were Hunterman, Ward, and
Philips.
On the 27th Captain Fitzgerald, with his troop and 120 Tan-
jore Horse, while observing the enemy on the Teppacolum side,
near Fort Defiance, was charged by " Cawn Sahib's " horse, but
repulsed them with great loss. Our loss was five troopers, and
ten " blacks," and thirteen horses killed and wounded. The
enemy's horse would have been cut to pieces had they not
galloped under the guns of the fort.
Preston meanwhile had taken Soondavandy, after he had
nearly breached one of its towers.
He reported that the garrison of Shevalapoothoor had taken
refuge in the Poligar country of Stractoor, eighteen miles south
of Shevalapoothoor.
On 5th April, Preston was at Gaingoondain, and reported a
skirmish between cavalry near Palamcottah. He was now
ordered to return to Madura by 20 th April, but to leave a
detachment before Palamcottah. This Preston did, establishing
a strong post 2,000 yards from that place. Soon after Preston's
arrival Campbell attacked one of the enemy's redoubts, carried
it, killed fifteen sepoys and two gunners, and wounded many.
Our troops also brought off a lieutenant of artillery prisoner.
The redoubt had to be abandoned, as it was too near the fort
86 MILITARY HISTOEY OP THE [1764.
to admit of occupation. Our loss was trifling. Bad weather
and rain prevented any further attack for some days.
On 29th April, at 7 a.m., we opened with five batteries on
five redoubts ; and at noon Preston on one side, and Campbell on
the other, carried them with a loss of twenty Europeans and
many sepoys on our side. We took five guns and ten Europeans;
while Captain Kirkpatrick, with his troop of Hussars and Black
Horse, cut up numbers of the enemy, and pursued them to the
gates of the fort. Our troops behaved well, while the enemy,
although they fought under round and grape shot of the fort,
showed but little resolution.
We lost 7 Europeans killed
17 ,, wounded, and
30 sepoys killed and wounded, besides 7 horses.
Total 54
Enemy lost 400 sepoys, 18 Europeans, 20 topasses, killed
and wounded, and we took 16 Europeans and topasses prisoners.
At this time it was reported that the force in Madura con-
sisted of 150 Europeans, and 4,000 natives. The siege of
Madura was now undertaken in earnest. On 10th June we
were ready to open on the fort with nearly forty pieces of
cannon and mortars.
On the 14th, the enemy made a vigorous sally and upset a few
empty gabions, but were repulsed with a loss of fifty. We lost
Captain Smith and Lieutenant Maitland, and four Europeans
killed, and ten wounded. On the 16th, we lost Lieutenant
Whithear and two Europeans killed, and five wounded. By the
15th, the batteries on the crest of the glacis were nearly
finished, and on the 20th the mines for blowing in the counter-
scarp of the ditch were sprung.
The batteries for breaching the fausse brave were also
ready. The batteries had the desired eflFect, and it was expected
that the place would be stormed on the 22nd.
1764.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 87
On the 20Lb, Mr. Hamilton of the Engineers was killed, and
Ensign Bowman wounded. Owing to some intelligence received
from the fort through deserters, it was thought prudent to defer
attack till the 23rd. Our loss from the 22nd to the 24th
inclusive, was eight Europeans killed, and two officers and
thirteen wounded.
Major Campbell considered that the place ought to he stormed
at once. " There were six practicable breaches in the fausse
braye, good passages in the ditch, at least 500 yards of rampart
ruined, and the storming party could consist of 800 Europeans
and 3,000 or 4,000 sepoys."
Call considered " the walls of Madura were now assaultable ;
but thought assault should not take place at night as a mis-
carriage was possible, and would be most fatal. A lodgment
should be made on the north-west bastion, and a passage, covered
on the right against the flank of the west gate, should be made
across the ditch." Preston and Wood (Brevet-Major) agreed with
Call.
Campbell thought " assault might be immediately made with
success, but deferred to opinion of the others.''
On the 23rd, we failed in making an epaulement across the
ditch to the breach in the fausse braye. Opinion then became
unanimous, that the guns should play briskly on the 24th and
25th ; also at night on the west angle, two curtains and towers
adjacent ; and that an assault should be made on the 2Gth morning.
Meantime, passage of ditch was again to be attempted, and a
trench, by way of deception, was to be pushed nearer the north-
west gateway.
Accordingly early in the morning, the assault was made. We
were repulsed with great loss. The mud in the ditch was so
soft, that the troops had their arms, and most of their ammuni-
tion rendered useless, but they still went on. Preston was
gallantly leading on the right, when he was struck down badly
wounded. The troops, however, got up to the top of the tower
88 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 11764.
in several places ; but the enemy had under cover so many men
with long pikes, and threw such quantities of large stones, hand
grenades, and shells down the breach, that it was found
impossible (in spite of great gallantry) to gain the tops of any
of the breaches, we were, therefore, forced to draw off our
troops.
Our loss was very heavy. Captain Bullock, and Ensign
Vashan killed; and Major Preston, Coptains Kirkpatrick and
Fitzgerald, and Lieutenants Wear, Owen, McDonald, and Bruce,
wounded.
One hundred and twenty Europeans killed and wounded, and
fifty sepoys, besides many others bruised with stones.
A second assault was proposed at once by Campbell, Call,
and Wood ; but the heavy rain (country flooded), and a great
deal of ammunition spoilt, prevented this being carried out. It
was now considered desirable not to assault Madura, but merely
to blockade it very closely.
On 1 2th July the pioneers who had arrived from Manilla
came to camp, and were busily engaged in making redoubts and
a deep ditch all round the fort. The following were the
engineers at the siege : —
John Call, Major.
Abram Bonjour, Director, Captain (belonging to battalion).
Edward Cotsford, Captain.
John Adams, Sub-Lieutenant.
John McLean, Sub-Lieutenant.
William Stevens, Practitioner-Engineer, and Ensign.
Charles Delavaux, Practitioner-Engineer, and Ensign.
Hamilton, Practitioner, Engineer, and Ensign (lulled on
20th June).
William Toplady and W. Delafield, Extra Ensigns
(belonging to battalion).
On 19th July, Verdagerry, which commanded several passes
into Travancore, surrendered to Lieutenant Robert Kelly.
1764.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 89
The blockade of Madura was strictly enforced, and by
the 5th August the garrison was getting straitened for supplies,
and their horses were dying, while our people were engaged in
building "pandals" (huts are doubtless meant) for our army.
The garrison were under these circumstances naturally extremely
unhappy, especially as they had to eat their horses. UsofF Cawn
became very melancholy, but still determined to hold out.
On loth September Mr. Marchaud wished to have an inter-
view with Majors Campbell and Call. He offered to deliver up
Madura and Palamcottah, on condition that we should allow Usoff
Cawn, with troops and some pieces of artillery, to retire to
Dindigul. There terms were, of course, refused, and he was
told that nothing but surrender at discretion would be of avail.
Marchaud then asked if Usoff Cawn and a few of his troops
would be allowed to pass. This was again answered in the
negative.
Cotsford, of Engineers, was compelled by ill-health to leave
about end of August
On l7th September a letter was received from Usoff Cawn
himself, asking to be allowed to pass. The terms were again
rejected, and hostilities recommenced — fire being opened from
our batteries. The blockade still continued very close till J 3th
October; on that date, about 11 p.m., Mons Perigny (formerly
engineer at St. David's) came out with a flag of truce, and a note
from Mr. Marchaud, to say that he had made Usoff Cawn a
prisoner, and offered to deliver up the fort. jMadura was
accordingly taken possession of at 6 p.m. on 14th October.
Usoff Cawn and his family were taken prisoners, and the next
day Usoff Cawn was hanged. Although, being a rebel, he had
rendered himself liable to this fate, still, considering the gallantry
displayed by him, his life might well have been spared. The
incident was, it is thought, by no means creditable to us.
On the 18th, Campbell and Call set out for Palamcottah,
leaving Wood to command the army.
90 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1764-65.
They arrived at Palamcottah on 22nd October, and sent a
summons. The Commandant immediately offered to give up the
fort, and the next day it was taken possession of in good order.
Call settled with the King of Travancore, who claimed certain
parts of the country ; but as he had given no assistance he got
very little satisfaction.
Campbell and Call returned to Madura, and the campaign
came to a close.
When the expedition left for Manilla in 1762, Major Call was
the only engineer left in Madras. About this time John Adams
and John McLean were appointed, and in 1763, William
Stevens, Paul Benfield, Charles Delavaux, and Hamilton were
appointed to the Engineers ; so that after the return of the
troops from Manilla, and the capture of Madura, the corps
consisted of the following : —
Majjor Call.
Capt. Stevenson.
Capt. Cotsford.
Barnard.
Adams, about 1762.
McLean, appointed March 1762.
Stevens, appointed January 1764.
Benfield, appointed January 1 764.
Delavaux, appointed January 1764.
Hamilton having been killed at siege of Madura.
Early in 1765 it was resolved to survey the passage between
Ceylon and the mainland, and Mr. Stevens, one of the assistant
engineers, was deputed for the work. About the same time Mr.
Delavaux, assistant engineer, was ordered to fortify the palace,
&c., at Arialore — a place about twenty-five miles north of
Tanjore.
The object of surveying the passage between Ceylon, and the
mainland was to enable troops to pass by a shorter cut than
going round Ceylon.
1765.]
MADEAS ENGINEEES. 91
The instructions given to Mr. Stevens are somewhat curious.
"You must be careful not to give offence to anyone at
Ramisseram, and be guarded not to give cause of complaint to
the Dutch, Should they want to know your business, state that
you are examining the Nabob's country, and you will be furnished
with passports to that effect."
Mr. Delavaux, after completing his work at Arialore, left
Woodiarpolliem, on the 20th April 1765, to join Colonel Camp-
bell's army, and reached it on 2nd May. Mr. Stevens sent in
his report regarding the channel on 22nd February. He was
of opinion that no vessel above twenty tons could pass through
the channel. None of the channels ever had more than four
feet of water at the highest floods.
Colonel Campbell was apparently about to attack Ongole, and
on 24:th May an account of the fortifications was sent to him.
In June, Major Call had to examine the several Poligar works
that were to be destroyed, and having done so, directed Mr.
Stevens to destroy all barriers, &c.
Mr. Pybus, the resident at Masulipatam, reports on labour
and material for fortifying Masulipatam, and notes that the
rates for coolies are : —
A. p.
Men ... ... 5 dubs = ] 8
Women ... ... 3 dubs == 1 0
Boys ... ... 4 dubs = 1 4
48 dubs = 1 rupee.
^Major Call was in June called upon to proceed to Masulipatam
and report fully regarding the better fortifying of the place.*
All this time Mr. McLean appears to have remained as
engineer at Madura. On the 21st August 1765, we learn that
Captain William Stevenson, who was commanding engineer on
expedition to Manilla, died, and this occasioning a vacancy of
* On loth July, James Call waB appointed an engineer.
92 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1765-66.
engineer in ordinary, Mr. McLean was appointed in his place
with the rank of Captain-Lieutenant, for which he is to receive
twenty-four pagodas per month suhsistence."
Mr. Stevens, in August, is directed to destroy the Poligar
strongholds around Trivalore; and in September Major John
Call is finally ordered to Masulipatam with reference to the
fortifications.
Next month the Madras Government received a letter from
Fort William, which stated that for some time the river had
very dangerously encroached on the new fort, which induced the
authorities there to ask for Major Call's services, as they enter-
tained a high opinion of his abilities. Major Call reported on
Masulipatam, but did not receive the letter ordering him to
Calcutta till the day after he left Masulipatam on his return,
and not seeing any prospect at that time of obtaining a sea
conveyance he proposed to go in January, returning to Madras
in April.
Early in 1766 the Madras Government would appear to
have had great fear of Hyder Ali, who had taken in hand
Mauphuz Khan, the brother of Mahomed Ali, the Nabob of the
Carnatic.
Major Bonjour, on 3rd February 1766, was ordered to make
a survey of the passes of Sautgadda, Damalcherry, Vencata-
gerry, Rampoor, Chingajedevy, Ryacotta, Cauverypatam, Hooly
Durg, Cauverypoor, Suttamungalum, and nine others."
He proposed " to close those which are not essential for
communication, and to make the rest redoubts and forts pro-
vided with all sorts of magazines." He considered " Rampoor
important, being about size of Arcot ; but of all the passes those
of Damalcherry require the most attention, not only as being
dangerous by their extensive roads, but by their situation." " An
enemy might be in centre of the province before we would be
aware of their designs."
Captain Lieutenant John McLean was engaged at Madura on
176G-67.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 93
tlie repairs of the works, and building new barracks for the
troops up to the month of August or September, and then pro-
ceeded to Madras.
Before the close of the year he asked the Board to give him
his rank on the military establishment, and on 30th December
they agreed to give him a brevet of Captain, and ordered him to
proceed with the army as engineer.
On 12th November 176R, General Caillaud concluded a treaty
with Nizam Ali, by which we were to have the Northern Circars
(except Guntoor, which we were not to possess till the death of
Basalut Jung). "It was also agreed that an English auxiliary
force should be at the disposal of Nizam Ali," to settle the
affairs of his government in everything that is right and proper ;
" and as he was at that time concerting with the Mahrattas a
a plan for the conquest or plunder of Mysore, it was distinctly
understood that this was to be the first service on which the
auxiliary troops were to be employed."
Colonel Joseph Smith arrived in India in September 1766,
and was selected to proceed to Hydrabad for the purpose of
concerting the details of this co-operation, and commanding the
troops.
Early in 1767 Lieutenant- Colonel Wood was in command of
the English army in the Carnatic, and in February he instructed
Captain McLean of Engineers to reconnoitre the passes with
two companies of sepoys, lascars, &c. Not content, however,
with this, the Board directed Major Call to go to Cuddapah-
nuttam to examine all the passes that may be useful for the
expedition against Hyder.
He was also to communicate with " Mahade Row "* if pos-
sible. Mahade Row had, however, not the slightest intention of
assisting the Nizam and the English, against Hyder. The
Peishwa was first in the field, and having taken Sera, Hyder
* The Peishwa.
94 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1767.
purchased his retreat for thirty-five lacs of rupees in the month
of March. The Peishwa was now encamped near Colar, and
Lieutenant- Colonel Tod and another person, on behalf of the
Nizam., were sent to the Peishwa to prevail on him to persevere
in the war. They were received in the Mahratta camp with
ridicule, and got no satisfaction whatever.
The Mahrattas moved north on the 11th May. Meantime
Major Call was inspecting the forts and passes at Palmanair,
Cuddapahnattum, Vaniambaddy, and Amboor. He recommended
the occupation of all the passes, and the Board ordered him to
remain and instruct Major Bonjour, who was in command of a
detachment of the army, how he was to act. They also sent
Sergeant Hawkins with the lascars, and a lieutenant fireworker's
commission for Sergeant McHuge.
Major Bonjour took Vaniambaddy at the end of April.
Major Call appears to have exerted himself greatly at this
juncture, and received the thanks of the Board.
In the month of May Major Call informs " that Major
Bonjour will be unable to take Gejadary and Kistnagerry, the
former being very difficult of access, while the latter is well
garrisoned."
At this time the engineers appear to have consisted of the
following : —
Major Call, chief engineer.
Captain Cotsford,
Captain McLean,
Lieutenant Stevens,
Lieutenant Paul Benfield,
Ensign Thomas Barnard, and
Ensign McLeod.
Adams, Delavaux, and James Call appear to have died
between 1765 and 1767. Of these only four appear to have
been engaged on active service in the Carnatic in 1767, viz.
1767.) MADRAS ENGINEEES. 95
Major Call, Captain McLean, and Messieurs Barnard and
McLeod. Captain Cotsford and Lieutenant Stevens were
engaged in the Northern Circars, and Lieutenant Benfield was
at Cuddalore.
The Nizam, on J 1th May, moved towards Bangalore, and the
English, under Colonel Joseph Smith, marched to join him, but
found the Nizam's troops departing to a distance of twelve miles,
and Smith discovered that the Nizam was in correspondence
with Hyder ; so in spite of the Nizam's protestations, Colonel
Smith moved towards his frontier, but left three battalions with
field-pieces at the Nizam's request. This brigade remained with
the Nizam for some little time, but was at length allowed to
depart, leaving five companies. Finally these companies also,
were allowed to go, three days before Nizam Ali commenced
hostilities against us.
Meantime, the English moved a force into the Baramahl, from
Madras, and on 25th May Major Call reported the arrival of this
force at Cuddapahnuttam.
On 1st June, Major Bonjour retreated from Gegadavy to
Tripatore,but on receiving reinforcements, attacked Kistnagherry,
and McLean was sent to assist him.
Major Call was now re-called to settle with the Nabob
regarding the Madura country, and sent Lieutenant-Colonel
Tod to join Major Bonjour.
An attempt was made on the 3rd June to capture Kistnagherry
by surprise. The town at the foot of the fort was occupied
without any serious opposition ; a petard was prepared for
forcing gate of upper fort, but the men who carried it, as well as
the forlorn hope, being all killed by showers of rocks, the
party retired with the loss of nearly the whole of the Granadier
Company.
Colonel Smith now took command of the troops in the
Baramahl. Nizam Ali was on crest of hills which overlooked
Baramahl, and Hyder was two days march behind.
96 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1767.
Forces.
Nizam's
Hycler
Cavalry.
30,000 .
12,860 .,
Infantry.
.. 10,000 .
.. 18,000 .
Guns.
... 60
.. 49
42,860 .,
.. 28,000 .
.. 109
English Force : —
Europeans ...
Natives
Mahomed Ali
30 .
1,000 .,
800 .
5,000 .
.. 16
1,030 .
5,800 .
.. lis
On the 25th August the enemy, Ly surprise, took a number
of cattle, &c., and on the 28th, Hyder took Cauverypatam on
second day of siege.
On the 28th the English army moved towards Singarapet.
Colonel Wood, with a corps of British troops, had been ordered
from Trichinopolee to join Smith, by making for Trinomallee.
Hyder took up a position at Cauverypooram, apparently thinking
that Smith would be rash enough to attack him. Colonel Smith
reached Singarepet on the 30th. Hyder followed, and harassed
the British on their march towards the pass to Changama.
On 3rd September, Colonel Smith attempted the pass of
Changama ; he was attacked, but defeated Hyder with great
loss.
Colonel Smith was, however, compelled from want of pro-
visions to push on to Trinomallee after a short halt, which
place he reached on the 4th, the troops having been twenty-
seven hours without rest or food. He found no rice, and only a
little "paddy."
Colonel Wood joined him on 8th September without
molestation. Smith had to go out in quest of food, but
returned on the 14th. He now determined to attack, but found
the enemy very secure, from the interposition of a swamp.
1767.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 97
On the 16th he moved east for food. Owiug to these diffi-
culties he called a Council of War, who agreed unanimously that
Trinomally must he evacuated, the wounded and stores placed
in Chettipet, two marches to north-east, and that llie troops
should march into cantonments at Arcot or Vellore. The
Government objected to this, and Colonel Smith manoeuvred
about Trinomally.
Smith's army now amounted to 10.430 infantry, &c., and 1,500
very indifferent " horse." About noon on 26th September, the
confederates moved a column to Colonel Smith's left, and
commenced a distant cannonade.
A morass intervened, and beyond the morass a line of
redoubts.
This swamp extended from a long way beyond Smith's left, to
a hill beyond his right. He determined to move round this hill
to the right. The enemy thought he was retreating, and they
determined to cut him off. The confederates were thus march-
ing from south-west and the English from south-east, and their
advanced guards were almost in contact on their rounding the
hill. The confederates tried to occupy the hill, but were
repulsed by Captain Cooke.
The enemy formed, Hyder could only bring tliirty pieces
into battle. The English line cautiously advanced from one
strong post to another, and rapidly defeated the enemy. Hyder
drew off his guns in the redoubts, and asked Nizam Ali to do the
same; but he refused. The British advanced in line, and the
guns were then ordered to retreat, covered by Hyder's infantry.
Night closed in as the English reached the last ground aban-
doned by the enemy, within a mile of the redoubts; having taken
nine guns. Nizam Ali fled in a westerly direction through
Chaugama Pass, and left his commander-in-chief, Raccum-ud-
Dowla, to care for the retreat ; while Hyder provided for the
safety of his own army. During the night, an attempt was
made on the enemy, under Major Fitzgerald, but it failed
7
98 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1767.
through swampy nature of ground. At day-break the army
was in motion, and soon passed the redoubts, which had been
abandoned.
They found the road covered with the armies, and a train of
artillery wms still visible.
In the course of the day forty-one pieces were taken, belonging
to Nizam, and fourteen more were afterwards discovered in the
woods ; total taken, sixty-four guns.
Loss of the English was only 150 killed and wounded, while
the loss of confederates amounted to 4,000, and a large quantity
of stores
Tippoo, who was plundering near Madras, joined his father
at once; and Colonel Smith, having put his army under cover,
went to Madras to arrange about future supplies. English
army was cantoned at Conjeverara, Wandewash, and Trichi-
nopoly.
On 12th October, Mr. Marsden, a third lieutenant in the
Marine Service, was allowed to exchange from the Navy to the
Engineers, being appointed practitioner engineer and ensign from
12th November.
On the 27th of the same month, Mr. Montresor arrived from
England, with the rank of sub-engineer and lieutenant, and was
ordered at once to proceed on service.
On 5th November, Hyder captured Tripatoor, and Vaniem-
baddy on the 7th, and thence moved to Amboor.
Up to the latter part of October, Captain McLean, engineer,
was in charge of the garrison ; but as his services were urgently
required at Vellore, he was directed on the arrival of Captain
Cnlvert's battalion to deliver over charge to tliat officer.
Hyder arrived before Amboor on 10th November. On the
1 5th, the lower fort was dismantled, and Calvert retired to
summit of the hill with 500 sepoys, 1 officer, 1 sergeant, and 15
Europeans.
Finding the Killarlnr in correspondence with Hyder, Calvert
1767-68.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 99
imprisoned him, and protracted the defence for twenty-six days
He was relieved on the 6th December by the approach of the
English army.
The division of Colonel Wood was ordered to move from
Trichinopoly on Trinomally, and thence to enter the Baramahl
by the Changama Pass ; and Smith pursued Hyder, finding him
at Vaniembaddy on 8th December. Hyder retreated to
Tripatore, and thence towards Cauverypatam. Colonel Smith
was again reinforced by Colonel Wood. He now reconnoitred
Cauverypatam, but found it was too strong — having been
strengthened by redoubts during the year.
Hyder sent off his heavy guns on the 14th, and on the 1 8th
the Nizam, with the main body of his army, reascended the
Ghauts, and moved north. Hyder employed his light troops on
Colonel Smith's line of supplies, and attempted in person to cut
off a convoy under Captain Fitzgerald. He took with him 4,000
horse, 2,000 infantry, and eight guns; but Colonel Smith detached
reinforcements, and Hyder was repulsed, having his horse shot
under him. Hyder then ascended the Ghauts, and the English
had again to move in opposite directions for food.
Colonel Peach meantime (sent from Bengal), had landed in
the northern Circars, and had penetrated to Cummumet and
Warungol, and alarmed Nizam Ali. The Nizam opened com-
munications with Colonel Smith. Hyder discovered this, and,
assuming acquiescence, they parted — the Nizam going to the
north. Hyder also made pacific overtures, but being referred to
Madras, thought that his advances were rejected. Negotiations
with the Nizam terminated on 23rd February 1768 in a peace,
and a very ignominious treaty.
Hyder now found the Moplah chiefs were rising in rebellion,
so by the 20th January he re-fitted at Bangalore, and then
proceeded by long marches to the west coast, took Mangalore,
llonore, and Buswaing-droog, which had previously been taken
by the English from Bombay ; he then went to Bednore, hearing
7 •
100
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1768.
of discontent. He levied heavy fines, and by promises to the
Malabar chiefs, he received large sums of money, and withdrew
his garrisons; but carefully kept Palghaut.
Hyder did not re-commence his operations from Bangalore
before August.
On 25th March I76H, field deputies were appointed to attend
the army with the Nabob. They were Messrs. Call and Mackey.
Mr. Holland was also appointed as an assistant. A month after
this, we find the field deputies were at Arcot.
The English army had been formed into two divisions ; one
under Colonel Smith moved north as far as Paliconda, in the
valley of Vellore, to approach the Nizam's army at Punganoor,
to hasten the negotiations, and then returned to blockade
Kistnagherry. The second, under Colonel Wood, reduced forti-
fied places in Baramahl, Salem, Erode, and Coimbatore. Wood
captured fifteen forts. The order of their capture was as
follows : —
Capitulated February 1 768.
Taken by assault.
Surrendered
Taken by assault.
Tengricotta
Darampoory
Salem ...
Ahtoor
Namcul
Erode ...
Suttiamungalum
Denaikencotta ...
Pass of Guzzlehutty
do. Cauverypoor
Coimbatore
Palghaut
Darapooram
Aravacoorchy ...
Dindigul
On the 2nd May, Kistnagherry surrendered, and it was then
published to the army that two Field Deputies were to be sent to
aid ( ! ) Colonel Smith, and Mahonied AH ( ! ! ) was to accompany
Surrendered.
1736.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 101
them ; and " one of the deputies was appointed Commissary-
General: thus becoming, as a member of the Government,
Colonel Smith's superior; as Field Deputy, his colleague; and
as Commissary-General, his inferior."
On 14th Alay, Colonel Smith appointed Mr. Geils (Artillery)
to act as field engineer with the army.
On 8th June, Colonel Donald Campbell ascended the pass of
Boodicota.
On the 16th he reduced Vencatagherry, three marches north,
and sent a detachment back to reduce Peddanaik Durgum. He
then went against Mulwaggle, took the lower fort, but found the
upper one too strong.
Colonel Campbell opened a secret negotiation with the
Killadar, who agreed to deliver it up
Colonel Campbell moved off to Colar to facilitate matters,
leaving a force in the lower fort. A stratagem was adopted.
The Killadar had been told by Hyder to recruit, and he,
pretending that they were deserters from the English force, let
in a party of sepoys under Captain Matthews (dressed and
painted like a subadar), at 4 a.m. on 23rd June, and the place
was taken without loss.
On the 23rd Colonel Campbell arrived before Colar. Regular
approaclies w^ere carried on to the crest of the glacis, when the
fort surrendered at discretion. Lieutenant Henry Moutresor,
engineer, was here " shot in the arm, but the ball was extracted."
Lieutenant McLeod, also of engineers, was " wounded, ball not
extracted.''
Meanwhile the Field Deputies and army under Smith
reached Arlier, and Colonel Campbell was told to join head-
quarters.
Captain Cosby was sent on 28th June to beat up Muckhdoom
Sahib at Bauglore, eighteen miles south-west; but the day
dawned before he came in presence of the enemy.
On 3rd July, the whole army moved by Bauglore to Oossoor,
102 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1768.
which fell on the 1 1th, and a detachment under Cosby took
Anikul and Denaikencottah.
Colonel Lang was now sent to form a chain of posts, to form
connection with those conquered by Colonel Wood, south of
the Cauvery.
On 26th July, Mr. Lewis Smith was appointed a cadet in the
Engineer corps, and was directed to proceed with Lieutenant
Davis' detachment to join Colonel Smith's army.
Colonel Smith had recommended the Government to obtain
tlie services of Morari Row, and on 4th August, at Ooscotta,
Morari Row joined with 3,000 horse and 2,000 irregular infantry.
Colonel Wood was also now on his way to rejoin the main army
by the Tapoor Pass. .
On 4th August, Hyder had entered Bangalore.
On the 9th the enemy made their first appearance to reconnoitre,
and on the 22nd, Hyder attacked Morari Row's camp, but was
not successful, as he lost 300 men killed and wounded, and
eighty good horses, besides those hurt. Morari Row only lost
eighteen men and thirty horses.
Colonel Smith's aide de- camp. Captain Gee, was sent to
inquire the reason of the disturbance, and was cut down in the
dark by some of the Mahrattas. This was due to instructions
of Morari Row to his men ; they were ordered not to mount, but
to stand at their horses' heads, and cut down any mounted man.
Captain Gee was, of course, mounted, and in the dark he was
taken for one of Hyder's force.
On 3rd September, Hyder attempted to cut off' Colonel Wood.
Mahomed Ali, with the two Field Deputies, with escort, were
sent to Colar, and Colonel Smith moved to Maloor.
On the oth it was expected Colonel Wood would be at
13oodi(!Otta, fifteen miles distant from Maloor; so Colonel Smith
placed his baggage in Maloor on the 5th, and early on the Gth
was on march to Boodicotta. Hyder, calculating on Colonel
Smith remaining Maloor, tried to attack Wood in a defile.
1768.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 103
The hills were between Hyder and Colonel Smith, as well as
between Colonel Smith and Colonel Wood.
Colonel Smith sent persons to top of hills for intelligence, and
learnt that Colonel Wood was in sight. He saw that he could
reach and clear angle of defile sooner than Hyder. He quickened
his pace, and sent word across the hills to Colonel Wood. The
latter very foolishly fired a salute, and Hyder immediately
counter-marched.
Colonel Smith attempted a pursuit, but it was of no avail.
Colonel Wood, owing to Colonel Smith's displeasure, resigned
his command, and Colonel Lang took charge of his division,
which was ordered to pursue Hyder in direction of Bate-
mungalum, half-way between Vencatagherry and Colar ; while
Colonel Smith moved by Colar.
Pursuit was of no use, and they both returned to Colar, a post
being established at Miigomally, two marches north.
Hyder marched to Goorumcouda, arranged matters with Meer
Sahib, his brother-in-law, and then returned respectably reinforced
to Colar, where the battering train of the English was drawn out.
Hyder now made advances for peace, and was ready to cede
the Baramahl to the English, and pay ten lacs of rupees.
The English Government was unreasonable, and the negotia-
tions failed.
Colonel Smith had previously occupied Mulwaggle with his
own troops, but the Field Deputies had relieved the garrison
with a company of Mahomed All's troops, and Hyder at once
took the place.
Colonel Wood attempted to recover it, took the lower fort, but
was beaten ofi" in his attempt to escalade the rock.
On 4th October a convoy appeared to be approaching. Colonel
Wood moved out with a small force to reconnoitre, was attacked
by Hyder, and nearly cut oft". Captain Brookes recovered the
day by advancing by a circuitous route on the left flank of
enemy, and then attacked, shouting, " Smith, Smith."
104 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti768.
The belligerents both thought that Smith's division had
arrived, and Hyder was as much dismayed as the English were
elated. Colonel Wood's force was saved, and, in spite of some
Jl^perate attacks of Hyder, remained in possession of the
nlld
Hyder lost 1,000, while that of the English was eight officers
and 220 men, with two guns.
Both forces had expended nearly all their ammunition.
Colonel Smith was at Colar when he heard of this on the 6th,
and early on the 7th encamped at Mulwnggle.
On the 14th both divisions were in motion to the north, and
tried to bring Hyder to a general action. Hyder harassed each
division with his light troops, made a circuitous movement, and
on 5th November alarmed the Field Deputies, and Mahomed Ali
at Colar. Colonel Ctimpbell was in command, and Hyder,
finding his arrangements for defence judicious, retired on
the 7th.
Colonel Smith returned on the 8th, under heavy rain. He
was then directed to proceed to Madras to give his advice (it was
thought by many that he was recalled, so that Wood might
command the army), and on the 1 4th November tbe Nabob,
the Field Deputies, and Colonel Smith left under escort,
accompanied by Morari Row.
During this period, in addition to Colonel Call,* who was
one of the Field Deputies, the engineers with the army were
Lieutenant Geils, Lieutenant Montresor, and Ensign Marsden.
Captain McLean was shot through the head at Tingricottah,
on 12th February 17C8; and Lieutenant JNIcLeod, it is
presumed, died from effects of wound received on 2nd July the
same year, as no further mention of him can be found.
Cotsfurd and Stevens were in the north, the forming acting
as Resident of Ganjam, and as such, assisting Colonel Peach in
command of Bengal troops ; while the latter was employed in
* Date of colonelcy by brevet, 10th April 17G5.
1768.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 105
Strengthening forts at Ellore, Masulipatam, Bezwada, Rajah-
mundry, and Samulcottah. Mr. Paul Benfield is not mentioned,
but it is likely he also was with the army.
Colonel Smith's division moved east of Colar, and hearing
that Hyder was besieging Oossoor, Colonel Wood's division was
reinforced by 2nd Regiment of Europeans, and Captain Cosby's
sepoys, with a view to relieve the place. Colonel Smith's
division, under Major Fitzgerald, remained at Vencatagherry to
cover the movement of the Nabob. Colonel Wood marched to
relieve Oossoor on the ICtli, reached Bauglore on the 17th, left
his baggage, &c. in the pettah, and at 10 p.m. moved towards
Oossoor arriving 7 a.m. on the I8ih. He intended to have made
a night attack, but was thus foiled.
Hyder remained north west of fort till Wood's advance was
entering Oossoor. Meantime Hyder's infantry got between
them, and Bauglore. About 2 P M. repeated discharges of
cannon were heard, which obliged Colonel Wood to retrace his
steps. Bauglore was garrisoned by one of the best of Mahomed
All's corps, commanded by Captain Alexander. Hyder
approached in several columns. Captain Alexander attempted
to preserve two 18-pounders which had been left by Colonel
Wood, but was obliged to retreat into the small fort. The
enemy entered the pettah, and the camp-followers and inhabitants
tried to get into the fort ; but the gate was shut, and then
followed a dreadful scene, people and cattle crushed to death in
hundreds. Hyder made no attempt on the fort, but took the
18 pounders, and all the baggage, and sent them to Bangalore.
When Wood returned, Hyder was nearly out of sight.
The loss sustained was 2,000 people, 2,000 cattle, two
iH-pounders, and nearly all the stores, baggage, and camp
equipage. On the 20th, Wood returned to Oossoor, and on the
21st again to Bauglore, and same evening to Arlier. Hyder
re-appeared on the 22nd, and opened a cannonade, which Wood
attempted to return. Hyder made a show of retiring, and at
106 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1768.
10 P.M. Wood resumed his march, when Hyder attacked, and
continued to do so throughout the night, and next morning.
Colonel Wood's ammunition began to fail when, about noon,
Hyder drew off, and retreated south-east. This was caused by
approach of Major Fitzgerald, who had made a forced march
from Vencatagherry.
Fitzgerald wanted to follow Hyder to Bangalore ; but Wood
objected, the troops being insufficient. Fitzgerald addressed a
public representation to Colonel Smith that Wood ought to be
removed. The Government ordered Wood to proceed in arrest
to Madras, and Colonel Lang took command early in
December.
Fuzzul-ulla-Khan, commandant of Bangalore, had been sent
by Hyder to Seringapatam. With 7,000 men, and ten guns he
took all the English posts on the Coimbatore side, and com-
pleted his descent by 4th December.
On the 6th Hyder descended east into the Baramahl by
pass of Palicode, and thence south through pass of Ta-
poor. Colonel Lang sent a division under Major Fitzgerald on
10th in same direction (£,000 men), and Colonel Lang found
himself under the wall of Vencatagherry with 370 Europeans
and 900 sepoys, two 6-pounders, one 3-pounder, and two
howitzers.
Colonel Lang was now directed to withdraw the battering
train from Colar, but a garrison was left there under Captain
Kelly.
The posts in Salem and Baramahl fell without difficulty to
Hyder, and Fitzgerald was not in time to relieve any of them.
As Fitzgerald approached the Cauvery, he learnt that Hyder
was about to cross near Caroor, and was going to Trichinopoly
and Tanjore. Fitzgerald resolved to cover Trichinopoly, and
inclined to the east. Hyder then went in the opposite direc-
tion, took Caroor and Erode, and then marched against
Cauverypatam,
1768-C9.J MADEAS ENGINEEES. 107
It was commanded by Captain Faisan.
He had been besieged for a month by Fuzzel-ulla-Khan ;
after a protracted defence he capituhited, being reduced to the
last extremity for want of provisions.
Thus closed the year 1768. Hyder had recovered, in three
weeks after his descent, the whole of the possessions which had
been wrested from him in two campaigns, except Colar, Vencata-
gherry, and Kistnagherry.
Fuzzel-ulla-Khan was now sent to operate from Dindigul
upon Madura and Tinnevelly ; while Hyder recrossed the
Cauvery, and marched to east along the north bank.
Fitzgerald was at Munsoorpett opposite Trichinopoly. He
marched farther north to place himself between Hyder and
Madras. Hyder crossed to south-east in rear of Fitzgerald, and
levied four lacs of rupees from Tanjore.
The Government now made advances for peace. Hyder
returned a suitable answer, and Captain Brooke was sent to him.
Captain Brooke reported the result, and the Madras Govern-
ment sent him again with an outline of the terms. These,
however, were positively rejected; but Hyder said he was still
ready to receive a man of rank, with reasonable proposals, and
full powers. The Government accordingly sent Mr. Andrews,
and Colonel Smith once more assumed command of the army,
which was directed to re-unite on Chettapet. Colonel Smith
assumed command on 1st February, and Mr. Andrews passed
to Hyder's camp on the l4th.
On the 22nd, Mr. Andrews agreed to a cessation of arms for
twelve days, and proceeded to Madras to report Hyder's
ultimatum.
Before tlie campaign proceeds further, notice may be taken of
the proposed changes in the Engineers.
It was shortly intended to thoroughly re-organise the corps,
by obtaining some officers from England, and place it entirely on
a military footing.
108 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE U7M.
Accordingly all the engineers were called upon to make their
choice regarding their resigning, or remaining in the corps.
Colonel Call sent in the answers of the engineers as follows: —
Call himself, intended to quit India on account of his health.
He was requested to continue as Chief Engineer as long as he
remained.
Cot&ford chose the Civil Service, and was appointed Resident
at Ganjam.
Paul Beufield, the Civil List.
William Stevens, to remain in the Engineer Corps.
Henry Montresor requested to he continued in the Military
Line.
Barnard, to be retained on Civil List.
Thomas Marsden wished to continue on the Engineering List.
Mr. William Stevens was appointed Sub-Director, and
Captain, from 26th January, and
Mr. Thomas Marsden, Sub-Engineer, and liieutenant, from the
same date.
To resume. Hyder's proposals were rejected, and hostilities
were resumed on the 6th March.
Colonel Smith manoeuvred very skilfully, and more than once,
in his manoeuvres between Giujee, and Madras involved Hyder
in perplexity, and repeatedly out-manoeuvred him.
These movements had brought the armies 141) miles south
of Madras. Hyder sent off all his army, except 6,000 chosen
horse, and 200 infantry, to retire through pass of Ahtoor, while
he himself with his chosen body marched IbO miles in three and
a half days, and on 29th March appeared within five miles of
Madras, to the consternation of the English Government.
On the 23rd, Smith reinforced Lang's division, and sent him
in direction of 1 hiagur, and Trinomallee, with orders to take
post at either, and to act on the communications of the enemy
with the passes of Ahtoor, and Changama.
1769] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 109
When Smith heard of Hyder's movement, he ordered Lang to
attack, while they were in the pass ; but Lang found his force
quite insufficient for an attack on Hyder's main army.
Colonel Smith followed with celerity, and early on 31st was
met ten miles from his camp with an order to halt whenever
the letter mi^lit reach him. Hyder, finding Smith was so close,
said he could not negotiate with his army so near; so Smith, on
1st April, was ordered to retire. He sent word he would move
on 2nd. Hyder finding he did not move on 1st, moved to the
north earlv on 2nd ; and Government, alarmed for Black Town,
ordered Smith to march north, or to Madras, whichever he might
deem expedient. Smith obeyed with alacrity, but had not
moved half way, when he was ordered again to halt.
The treatv with Hyder was concluded the same evening, and
executed the following day.
110 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [mo.
CHAPTEE V.
Black Town fortified. — Army sent against Tanjore. — Capture of Vellum. —
Vellum occupied. — Siege of Tanjore. — Engineers suffer heavily. — Montresor
wounded. — Colonel Ross wounded. — Dispute as to right of engineers to take
rank in the army. — Force sent to reduce Ramnad. — Ramnad stormed. —
The Poligar killed. — Montresor appointed to the infantry. — Campbell killed.
— Montresor dies. — Tanjore assaulted and captured. — Magore taken. —
Survey of Northern Circars. — Coi-ps of Guides raised. — Dispute about rank
of engineers. — Artillery located at St. Thomas' Mount. — Chief Entrinper
complains against Captain Dugood. — Bound hedge for Madras — Memorial
of Engineers to Commander-in-Chief. — Tanjore restored to the Raja. — Paul
Benfield. — Lieutenant Robert Schoular appointed surveyor. — Vellum
destroyed. — Complaint of Chief Engineer. — Lieut. -Colonel Cosby commands
a force against Rajah of Carvetnuggur. — War with France. — Siege of Pondi-
cherry. — Major Stevens, Chief Engineer, killed. — Pondicherry delivered up,
19th October 1778. — Captain Maule remarks on Major Stevens. — Siege of
Mahe. — Mahe captured. — Forts destroyed. — Geils distinguished at Pondi-
cherry.— Sea-face of Fort St. George. — Full batta.
Colonel Call, on 13th March 1769, had represented the
necessity of fortifying Black Town.
He proposed a simple enclosure, composed of hastions and
curtains, varying in their size and length according to the
nature of the ground. The angles made by the prolongations of
the curtain to he very ol'tnse He went into consirlerahle
detail as regards method of carrying out the work, &c. &c
Early in the year the Chief Engineer was called upon to
survey the country round Madras, and during the whole of this
1770.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. Ill
year all the engineers appear to have been employed in aimilar
duties, as no military expeditions were undertaken
John Call * left Madras for England in early part of the year,
and Henry Montresor f took charge of the works at Madras in
his place. While so engaged he sent in a chart of India, and
the Board complimented him on his great merit and abilities,
and gave him a commission as Sub-Director and Captain of
Engineers, to rank from June 17 70.
In July, Montresor recommended that Pigot's and Lawrence's
bastions, Fort St. George, should be rebuilt, and St. George's
ravelin erected. The two bastions were in a very ruinous state.
He estimated th • cost at 143,500 pagodas. Mr. Benfield was
rec^^mniended as conti'nctor.
The Board agreed to Montresor's proposal, ond blamed John
Brohierfor weakening the works by deepening the ditch.
On 23rd March 1770, the Court of Directors ordered that the
establishment of engineers sliould consist of: —
1 Chief Engineer, with rank of Eieutenant-Colonel
1 Director, with rank of Major.
3 Sub Directors, with rank of Captain.
2 Sub-Engineers, with rank of Lieutenant.
2 Practitioner Lngineers, with rnnk of Ensigns.
Thev applied to the Board of Ordnance for an officer of Royal
Engineers, and Patrick Ross|, then a captain-lieutenant of
* He was eldest son of John Call, Esq., of Launcels, county of Cornwall. After
retirement from the Company's service he entered Parliament — being subse-
quently appointed one of the Commissioners to inquire into the state and
manaf^ement of Crown lands. He was created a baronet on 28th July 1791. He
married 28th March 1772, Philadelphia, third daughter and co-heir of William
Batty, M.D., by whom he had a family. He died 1st March 1801.
t On 10th June 17(10, Mr. Henry Montresor reported himself fit for duty, and
he was appointed to superintend the works at Madras.
I He appears to have joined the Royal Engineers in 1751 as sub-engineer and
lieutenant. In 17G1-G2 he was .stationed at Guadaloupe and Martinique. Guada-
loupo was taken from the French in January 17G0, but the complete conquest
of the island was not effected till May. On 4th January 17G2, when Ross was
112 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [mo.
nineteen years' standing, was placed at their disposal as Chief
Engineer.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross arrived at Madras on, or about, the
loth September, and the Corps of Enf^ineers consisted of the
following officers : —
Patrick Ross, Principal, and Lieutenant-Colonel, 1 5th
September 1770.
Archibald Mitchell, Director, and Major, loth September
1770.
William Stevens, Sub-Director, and Captain, 26th January
1769.
Henry Montresor, Sub -Director, and Captain, 25th June
1770.
Philip Pittman, Sub-Director, and Captain, 15th September
1770.
William Campbell, Sub-Director, and Captain, 15th
September 1770.
Thomas Marsden, Sub-Engineer, and Lieutenant, 26th
January 1769.
at Guadaloupe, war was declared between Great Britain and Spain. On
6th June 17G2 our fleet under Admiral Pocock,K.C.B., appeared before Havana.
The castle of El Moro (which commanded the harbour) was built on a rock
of great height, and fortified with batteries of heaviest artillery then known.
It was stormed on 30th July. On 11th August the Governor hung out a flag
of truce, and on the 14th we took possession.
The army consisted of 14,000 men under the Earl of Albemarle. Our losses
were very heavy. The army alone lost 1,800, and the losses in the fleet, though
less, were yet very considerable. This capture of the Havana was effected less
than two months before Manilla was captured by us under General Drainer.
In 1763 Ross was still a sub-engineer, and next year we find him named as
extraordinary engineer with, it is presumed, the rank of Captain-Lieutenant.
It is likely that Ross was engaged on active service in this war, which came
to an end on 10th February 1763, the date of the Treaty of Paris. This was
the era of England's greatest prosperity. We conquered Canada, Cape Breton,
and St. John, as well as Cuba ; at the Peace, Martinique, Guadaloupe,
Marie Galante Desuada and St. Lucia were given back to France. England
retaining Grenada, Grenadines, St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago.
Martinique was captured on 3rd February 1762.
1770.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. Il3
George Lewis Wittever, Sub-Engineer, and Lieutenant,
loth September 1770.
George Maule, Practitioner Engineer and Ensign, 31st
August 1770.
Witli the exception of Stevens, Montresor, and Marsden, all
these came from England.
Montresor, having been appointed Captain before the orders
for forming the establishment were received, was made a
supernumerary.
Stevens had joined as Ensign on 7th January 1764,
Montresor as Lieutenant on 8th September 1767, and
Marsden as Ensign on 1 2th November 1767.*
The establishment allowed for two ensigns, but only one
was appointed.!
The Chief Engineer was directed to remain at the Presidency
with two captains, one lieutenant, and one ensign ; while the
Director or Major was ordered to the Northern Circars, with
two captains, one lieutenant, and one ensign to assist him.
The Chief Engineer was made a member of the Board, and
Captain Montresor, who had previously been appointed, was also
to remain as a member.
Before the close of November, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross sent
in a plan for an arsenal. The estimate amounted to the modest
sum of 9,327 pagodas, or about 37,000 rupees.
Engineers with the army at this time were Captain Montresor
and two subalterns.
In 1770-71 Hyder was engaged in war with the Mahrattas.
The Rajah of Tanjore had previously paid tribute to the Nabob
of the Carnatic. Encouraged by the vicinity of the Mahrattas
• Alexander Mitchell (Major Mitchell's brother) was appointed, 25th January
1771, Practitioner-Engineer and Ensign, to make up the establishment.
t Thomas Marsden died at Tripassoor on IDth March 1771, and George Maule
was appointed Lieutenant in his place ; Alexander Dugood, who came out in the
military line in 17G8, was appointed to fill up the vacancy in ensigns.
8
114 MiLltARY HiSTORt OP THE
(his own countrymen), the Rajah resisted the demand. The
Nabob required from the British Government an army to
enforce it. After some hesitation, which arose from doubts as
to who was to meet the expenses, his request was granted.
The Raja paid the Mahratta commander five lacs of rupees,
obtaining in consideration a promise of assistance.
Trimbuck Row, the Mahratta cliief, threatened with a con-
siderable force to descend into the province of Arcot ; but a
payment of four lacs by Mahomed Ali to Trimbuck Row put a
stop to this movement.
It was not till September 1771, that an army was sent against
Tanjore, under Colonel Joseph Smith. The army assembled at
Trichinopoly, arrived at Vellum at 10 a.m. on 16th September,
and was soon visited by the Tanjore cavalry. Rain fell for two
hours. As soon as weather cleared, w^e advanced with
Matthews' cavalry, and Corps of Grenadiers. " The instant we
began to speak from the mouths of our sixes, they (Tanjore
Cavalry) set out for Tanjore."
We moved down and occupied the pettah. The fort was
regular, compact, stroni:, and garrisoned by 1,000 sepoys, '-iOO
topasses, &c. A battery of six LS-pounders was erected, and
opened against Vellum on 20th September. By night a breach
was made, but it was not deemed practicable by the engi-
neers. On this day Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, Captain
Campbell, and Mr. Maule, all of the Engineers, joined the army.
At midnight on the 20th, Colonel Bonjour was ordered to
advance to the breach with some Europeans, and a battalion of
sepoys.
He found the fort deserted, and opened one of the gates.
On 23rd September the army marched and encamped before
Tanjore, three miles E. by S. On the fall of Vellum the Rajah
ordered the pettah to be evacuated, broke up his camp, and
marched into the fort, leaving only his cavalry in the field.
Colonel Flint was posted with Europeans and grenadier
im.J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 115
sepoys at a mosque in the pettah, 800 yards from the fort, and
a company of sepoys at a village in their front.
On the 23rd and 24th, the engineers reconnoitred, and their
people prepared fascines and gabions.
It was determined to attack the south-west angle, and the army
moved nearer to the fort.
We broke ground on 29th September, and a battery was
raised for six heavy guns, and two l2-pounders, also one 10-inch,
and two 8 inch mortars, to ruin the defences of the front
attacked.
This battery was opened on 2nd October, but was not
found to have the desired effect, and Colonel Ross then advanced
a trench to a water-course 250 yards in front of it ; and on the
side of it nearest to the fort erected another battery of ten
guns, 370 yards from the walls.
This opened fire on the 11 th. The enemy kept up a brisk fire,
which killed and wounded many of our men.
On 7th October, at night, Colonel Ross was wounded on the
cheek-bone by a musket-ball, and Captain Montresor look
command of the engineers for a short time ; but befon the
20th, Colonel Ross was again on the works.
From the advanced battery, a sap was carried on to the < rest
of the glacis.
It was commenced on the 1 3th. The weather was vary
unfavourable for the besiegers — heavy rain every afternoon, and
the greater part of the night.
On the 14th night, Captain Campbell was wounded through
both thighs, but the bones were not hurt. The fort kept up
as heavy a fire as we did, and it was considered by Colonel
Smith that " whoever had the direction of their works, and
defending them, was neither deficient in knowledge nor
activity."
On the 15th, our approaches were carried within twenty paces
of the covered way, and on the 17th they had reached the crest,
8 •
116 MILITAKT HISTORY OF THTC [1771.
and the Engineers were busied in forming a battery to breach
the outer wall, which was of stone, very high, and the ditch
more than twenty-four feet deep.
On the 20th (Colonel Ross wrote) : —
" We have now sunk a shaft within a few feet of the crest of
the glacis, and are carrying on our galleries in order to place
our mines, so as to blow in enough of the counterscarp to make
the descent into the ditch easy ; and we are at the same time
sinking a four gun battery in the glacis, whose embrasures are
to be cut out of it, in order to batter the fausse-braye wall as
low as possible — the wall of the body of the place being
already destroyed."
On same date Colonel Smith says in a letter : " The soil is
very hard, and it will take time ; our engineers are too sanguine.
Colonel Ross is again abroad ; and Montresor, from a musket-
ball that went through his hat and grazed his head, but did not
brrak the skin, is much indisposed. Captain Campbell is
wounded through both thighs. Lieutenant Geils, a very active
young gentleman, is shot in the head, and Lieutenant Bonne-
veaux in the arm. In short, scarce one in that corps has
escaped. Lieutenant Wittever is sick, and only Mr Maule
remains."
On the 24th, the engineers reported that the mine for making
descent into the ditch, would be ready next day.
" The 10-gun battery began to play this morning to the right
of breach. It rained a great part of the day. The 4-gun
battery in covered way is to open on fausse-braye wall at mid-
night, as the engineers report that the mine by tliat time will be
loaded and secured, so as to receive no damage from shock of
firing."
"The 10-gun battery will continue to enlarge the breach.
It is believed the enemy have made a retrenchment behind the
breach."
" 25th. — The 4-gun battery could not be opened till
1771.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 117
i I A.M., as the mine was not secured till that time, on account of
a spring whicli interrupted the miners ; however, a brisk fire
has been kept up from the 10 and 4-gun batteries, and will be
continued till the breach is practicable."
" 26th. — The guns from both batteries firing night and
day, and the 4-gun battery has not made the impression on
fausse-braye wall that was expected. The garrison keep up a
very hot fire, and we lose both Europeans and sepoys every day."
On the 27th, General Smith received a letter from the Nabob,
informing that he had signed articles of peace in consequence
of the Raja accepting terms ofi'ered ; and hostilities at once
ceased.
On the 27th, the engineers had reported that the breach would
be practicable by next morning, both in the fort and fausse-
braye, and it was resolved to spring the mine to open a passage
into the ditch ; but before this could be done, Colonel Smith
received the letter before mentioned.
"During the siege there were frequent sallies; they were
always repulsed, but not without some loss."*
" The besieged kept up an incessant fire from the fort ever
since we came before it (till the peace was made), both from
musketry and artillery — particularly with the 18 and 24-pounders
taken from General Lally, and it is my (Colonel Smith's)
astonishment how their magazines held out."
" I was under the necessity of forming a pioneer company of
Europeans from the different corps, which was commanded by
Captain Wolf during the siege. A body of miners was also
formed under Lieutenant Barrow. Both these small corps were
indefatigable in their duty, and showed the utmost spirit and
activity on every occasion." " Two breaches were nearly practic-
able at the time the Nabob settled matters with the Rajah. The
* On 1st October enemy made a very spirited sally on our works, but it failed
although very resolutely pushed from half past 10 to 3. Enemy lost sevaa
i emadars and 100 horsemen killed, 200 horses killed and 200 wounded.
118 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE &771.
officers, &c., think that circumstances alone will be sufficient *
to plead for them, as it was in consequence of the dread of our
arms, and being on the crest of the glacis, that obliged the
Rajah to comply with the young Nabob's demands." " Captain
Montresor, who carries this packet to the Honourable Board,
will also deliver to you a plan of Vellum ; and I cannot, in justice
to this gentleman's character, avoid assuring your Honour, &c.,
that he has behaved during this siege with great activity, zeal
and spirit, and as a good and deserving officer. Colonel Ross
received a bad wound in his cheek, but was so fortunate as to
be able to go soon abroad again, and attend to his duty.
" He has been extremely active and diligent since his
arrival in camp, so indeed have all the gentlemen acting under
the Engineer."
Return of killed and wounded from date of leaving Trichino-
poly to 28th October 1771 :—
KiUed.
Wounded.
European Cavalry
2
—
Artillery
8
... 31
Infantry
.. 31
94
Sepoys
.. 86
... 195
127 320
Besides 2 officers killed and 16 wounded ; also 0 of Nabob's
troops killed, and 30 wounded, with 8 lascfirs killed and 37
wouuded.
Grand Total— Killed 143
Wounded . ... 403
546
♦ The Nabob had promised to present the army -with seven lacs of rupees, if
it succeeded against Tanjore.
1771.11
MADKAS ENGINEERS.
119
Engineer Officers : —
Lieutenant Colonel Ross
Captain Campbell
Lieutenant Geils (Artillery) acting as
Engineer ...
Lieutenants Bonneveaux, (2nd Regi-
ment), acting as Engineer
Infantry Officers : —
Lieutenants Weld (2nd Regiment) and
Nicol (Sepoy Regiment) ...
Artillery: —
Wounded,
do.
do.
do.
Killed.
Captain Alathew Home
Wounded.
Lieutenant McHugo
do.
„ Clawson
do.
„ Judson ...
do.
,, Douglas...
do.
Darrell (2nd Regiment)
do.
Sepoy Regiments : —
Lieutenant Barton ...
Wounded.
„ Campbell
do.
„ Davis
do.
„ Huckey ...
do.
Captain McKenzie ...
do.
Ensign Dixon
do.
In tins year, a great dispute arose as to the right of the
engineers to take rank and command in the army.
The engineers, nine in number, sent in a lengthy joint
remonstrance, and requested that their representation of the
state of the corps might be transmitted to the Court of Direc-
tors. The Board decided that, by the express words of the
commissions granted to the engineers, they had a right of
commanding in the field or garrison according to their
respective ranks.
Towards the end of November 1771, Lieutenant Colonel Ross
120 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1772.
was sent to Vellum to report on necessary works to put the fort
in proper order ; and he was directed not to interfere with the
garrison, but to confine his attention solely to the service on
which he was employed.
Major Mitchell and Captain Stevens, with Mr. Mitchell, were
engaged in the Northern Circars during this year.
In March 1772, a force was assembled nearTrichinopoly, under
Colonel Smith, to reduce Ramnad.
The Ramnad country was entered in the month of May.
On 20th April, Captain Pittman was appointed to proceed
with the troops as engineer. Lieutenants Geils and Maule were
also with the army.
Although a monthly journal of the operations was sent in,
as well as a sketch of the country through which the army
marched, they could not be found, and so details of the move-
ments are wanting. The army appears to have marched from
Trichinopoly by Sathrum. Veeramalai and Nathum, to Madura,
and then, it is presumed, down the valley of the Vygah to
Ramnad, a distance of about 150 miles.
Towards the end of May, the army appeared before Ramnad,
and the engineers at once commenced to make preparations for
the siege.
On 1st June, a battery for two 12-pounders was finished, for
enfilading the face attacked, and on the 2nd another for four
18-pounders was completed to form a breach ; a few days after,
Ramnad was stormed.
After the capture of Ramnad, the force marched into the little
Marawar country, and encamped before the barrier leading to
Calliacoil,* the Rajah's stronghold. A detour was made with a
strong force to the enemy's rear, under Lieutenant-Colonel
Bonjour; the enemy were completely surprised, and Calliacoil
was entered.
* Calliacoil is about ten pajles eaetrof Shevagunga,
1772-73.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 121
The enemy were dispersed with severe loss, the Poligar being
killed, and the campaign was brought to a close.
On 9th November 1772, Captain Montresor was appointed to
the infantry at his own request, after having surveyed the road
from Suthram, Nathum, Trichinopoly and Veeramalai, which
was required to complete the chart of routes of the army on the
Marawar expedition, drawn by Captain Pittraan.
"The intestine commotions of the Mahratta State in 1773
suggested to Mahomed Ali the present moment as the most
favourable for realising his long-projected design of p-^ssessing
the government and territory of Tanjore."
In July 1773, a force was assembled at Trichinopoly for the
reduction of Tanjore. General Smith again commanded.
The army marched on 3 1st July, and encamped on left of
Sugar-loaf Rock ; left again on 2nd August, reached Gingar-
putty on the 4th, and Vellum on the 5th; Tanjore in front six
miles east-north-east.
The Tanjoreans were encamped north of the fort. On the
6th, at 3 AM, General Smith marched with a detachment of
the army, accompanied by the chief engineer, Lieutenant-Colonel
Ross, to reconnoitre ground round Tanjore At daylight they
discovered enemy's tents, and part of their cavalry encamped
close under the walls. Reconnoitred till noon, and returned to
Monajee's tope
The Tanjore cavalry, 1,500 to 2,0U0 strong, moved out two
and a half miles from fort. Captain Rumley with the cavalry
was ordered to charge He routed and pursued them, inflicting
a loss of fully 100 killed and wounded.
In the afternoon of the same day, we marched to Queen's
Choultry
By 20th August we had broken ground, and had advanced
Lieutenant-Colonel Vaughan to a commanding spot on west
side, where there were two pagodas, 350 yards apart ; and our
working parties were running a parallel from one to the other
122 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [177H
about 700 yards from the walls. Our loss in this transaction
was inconsiderable. Major Fletcher marched at 9 p.m. to attack
the enemy on east side of the fort.
21st, — The engineers continued their parallel north along the
west face, for a distance of 400 yards, and on the 22nd it was
lengthened by 220 yards.
On 23rd August it was carried still further, and it was intended
to erect a redoubt on the left, but that night there was not
sufficient time. The enemy made an attack on the trenches, but
were repulsed.
On this day we got possession of two pagodas about 500
yards north of the North Gate.
Captain W. Campbell, of the Engiueers, was killed on the 24th.
*' Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, Captain Campbell, his brother, and
Lieutenant Fletcher, with the Pioneer Company, left our post at
the pagodas, and were on their way to the trenches which had
been attacked in the morning, when Captain Campbell was shot
through the head, and one of the pioneers killed." General
Smith in his despatch remarked, " I am much concerned for poor
Campbell ; he was a very good man.""^
" By the 26th, our guns, mortars and howitzers were sent to
the batteries. All this time, an incessant fire was kept up by the
enemy, without our returning a shot from our batteries."
"Colonel Bonjour and Major Home offered their services to
assist the engineers. Lieutenant Barrow, while engaged assisting
the former, was killed by a cannon-shot."
"At 6 A.M. on the 27th, our batteries opened fire from seven
18 pounders, seven 12-pounders, and eight mortars and
howitzers."
" By 1 1 A.M. we had silenced the enemy's guns, except an
18 and a 24-pounder on south-west angle. A battery was
constructed to dismount these "
* Promotions in consequence of Campbell's death : George Maiile to be Captain,
Alexander Dugood to be Lieutenant.
1773.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 123
" A secure post was established at Mnnnarcoil Pagoda on
Negapatam Road, three miles in front of the East Gate."
" On the 31st, a trench was run from onr iipproaches, 120 yards,
nearly parallel, to the covered way, and about 250 yards from
the walls to a rising ground on the left, where a battery for four
guns was begun."
"On 1st September, the battery was finished with exception
of platforms ; and on the 2nd, another battery for guns was
commenced, with a trench of communication; enemy still keeping
up a fire from ten or twelve guns."
" By .5th September, the approaches had been carried to
the crest of the glacis."
" On the 7th, our line of communications extended ahmg
the glacis as far as was necessary, and a return was made to
secure our left."
" The ditch was ascertained to be 150 feet wide, and three and
a half feet deep."
" Covered way six feet high, and fifteen feet broad. Half the
ditch next to us was dry, and the water, mud, and weeds six
feet deep."
" From the 7th to the I2th, the engineers were going on with
their batteries, and the descent into the ditch ; the latter by a
gallery under the glacis."
"On the 11th, the Tanjoreans marched out to attack the post
on the east, but they were repulsed."
''On the 10th, the sap battery was being constructed; it was
not to be opened out, till everything was ready to fill up the
ditch. Three Europeans were this day killed by one of our
own shells; one had about two pounds of iron taken out of his
hip."
■'11th. — Miners going on with descent into the ditch.
Materials for filling up the ditch in great forwardness."
" 18th.— Sap battery of eight guns finished this night "
Captain Montresor had been dangerously ill for a few days.
124 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1773.
and died at I p m. He was stated to have been " a good officer,
and a loss to the service."
He had been lately transferred to the infantry at his own wish.
He came out with rank of lieutenant, and was an engineer officer
for five years.
" Nth. — Began to breach this morning at daylight from two
4-gun batteries, in front of the parallel. Sap battery of eight
guns opened in the afternoon."
"On the 1 6th, a passage twelve feet wide was completed across
the ditch."
" On the 17th, the Chief Engineer having reported the breach
practicable, the storming party made the assault, and by 1 p.m.
union flags were flying on the enemy's cavaliers, and four
companies of British Grenadiers, and six battalions of sepoys
were in possession of the town."
The attacking party was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
Vaughan.
Our losses during the siege were 6 officers killed, besides
4 who died, and 14 wounded ; IG Europeans killed, DO wounded ;
native troops, 29 killed and 74 wounded. Total 193.
Extract from General Smith's letter : —
" Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, our chief engineer, has great merit.
Our works were carried on with spirit, security and judgment,
and the officers of the highest rank in this army say they were
the best they had ever seen in this country ; and I have also the
pleasure to say, with justice to all the officers and men on this
expedition, that they have exerted themselves in the discharge of
their duty with the utmost spirit and alacrity, so as to recommend
them to the favour of the Honourable Board."
From the 17th to the 2Tth, the engineers were employed in sur-
veying and levelling the trenches, and clearing away the passage
over the ditch ; and on the latter date Lieu tenant- Colonel Ross
sent in a letter with survey of attack of Tanjore.
Engineer officers p:esent at Tanjore 1778: — Lieutenant-
1773-74.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. l25
Colonel Ross, Captains Campbell and Maule, Lieutenants
Mitchell and Dugood, and Assistant-Engineer Lieutenant
Geils.
Lieutenant G. L. Wittever, Engineers, died 1 1th June 1773.
By 11th October, army had reached Trivellore, fourteen
miles from Negapatam, and about 21st October they took
possession of Nagore, and the troops cantoned there on 27th.
On 12th November, General Smith returned from the army,
and took his seat at the Board. Lieutenant-Colonel Ross
accompanied the army to Nagore, and made a survey of the place.
While 'I'anjore was being besieged, the Dutch at Negapatam
took possession of Nagore, a seaport of Tanjore.
The Nabob asked for assistance to expel the Dutch. The
Presidency were unwilling at first to give it, as it might be con-
sidered a violation of treaties between English and Dutch.
However, Sir Robert Harland, H.M.'s plenipotentiary, approved
of assistance being given, and our troops at length marched. The
Nabob's troops were placed in front, and those of the Company's
were only to assist in case of necessity, so as to seem not to have
acted against the Dutch. The Dutch, however, relinquished the
territory and town of Nagore, upon the Nabob replacing the
money paid by them to the Raja.
Captains Pittman and Stevens were during this year employed
on the survey of the Northern Circars ; Captain Pittman
working from Vizagapatam south, and Captain Stevens north
from Masulipatam.
In March 1774, Major Mitchell resigned; Captain Stevens
was promoted to Major, Lieutenant Alexander Mitchell to
Captain, John Theobald to Lieutenant, and James Johnson and
George Banks to Ensigns.
In October, Ensign John Munro was appointed to act as
engineer at Ganjam.
Up to this time it appears that the Chief engineer had the
privilege of corresponding with the Court of Directors, but on
126 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1775.
the 13th September he was ordered only to do so through the
President and Council.
General Smith, in April recommended that a corps of guides
should be raised to survey roads and passes in the Carnatic,
and Lieutenant Geils was appointed to command it.
The dispute about the rank of the engineers still continued.
The Board said — " We are ordered to give rank in the army to
the Corps of Engineers, agreeably to the dates of tlieir com-
missions, in the same manner as the Corps of Engineers in
H.M.'s army, but that they shall rise only in their ranks in their
own corps."
Lieutenant- General Clavering, of Bengal, was asked for his
opinion.
On 18th February 1 775, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross received a
letter from Lieutenant Colonel Lillyman, of Corps of Engineers
at Calcutta, saying that General Clavering had issued orders for
the Engineers to take rank with the array generally, according
to the dates of their commissions.
On 28th March 17 75, St. Thomas' Mount was first fixed on
as a station for the Artillery. " The Board are concerned to
learn that the Company's Artillery cannot be located at
Tripamadore. General Smith to consult with Colonel James
(Principal Artillery OiEcer) on the properest place at the Mount
for erecting sheds for them." The Chief Engineer, Lieutenant-
Colonel Ross, with the officers of Artillery, selected the spot for the
Artillery bungalows, and on 25th April the former sent in a plan.
In August, the Chief Engineer made a complaint against
Captain Dugood, of the Engineers*; a Board assembled to
enquire into it, and the result was that Captain Dugood was
placed under arrest and brought before a general court-martial
on the following charges : —
]st. Neglect of duty.
* Dugood was appointed Captain ; James Johnson Lieutenant ; and W. Gent
Enaign in room of Captain Pittman, who died March 1775.
Sea 7c JPOftf to J /r,ch
177S. MADBAS ENGINEERS. 127
2nd. For having observed a conduut aud couversation
tending to the prejudice of good order and military
discipline.
3rd. For having attempted, by means unbecoming the
character of an officer and gentleman, to injure the
character of Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, particularly
in a representation to the Honourable the Governor in
Council.
We learn later on that Captain Dugood was found " Not
guilty " of any of the instances of the charge.
The Chief Engineer recommended that a bound hedge should
be made round Madras, from St. Thome to the north of Black
Town, composed of palmirahs, bamboos, calderas, milk hedge,
prickly thorn, &c., and he was directed to mark it out at once.
Ihis year a great deal of work appears to have been done
to the fort. In fact, it was about this period that Fort St.
George took its present form. The works seem to have been
pushed forward with considerable vigour. In April, the average
number of people employed on the works was 2,700, and by the
middle of June the number had risen to nearly 3,200. The
works were continued tliroughout the year, but the numbers of
those employed gradually diminished, so that in December only
1,800 were engaged on it.
In July of this year it is mentioned in the records that the
Chief Engineer inspected Captain Baker's wells north of Black
Town. The wells here alluded to are those now named " Seven
Wells " and used for supply of fort.
In October, memorials of held officers of Artillery, and
Engineers were sent to the Commander in- Chief, and forwarded
to the Board, also a letter from Colonel Ross, and Major Stevens,
stating —
" That, owing to insufficiency of establishment, it is not
possible to conduct their business, particularly in time
of war, therefore they state that sixteen assistant
128 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE [1775
engineers are necessary for the requirements of the
service."
On 1 1 th April this year, Lord Pigot, the Governor,
restored Tanjore to the Rajah, in accordance with the orders of
the Court of Directors, in spite of the intrigues of the Nabob and
others to prevent it.
The Mr. Paul Benfield, wlio was so notorious in connection
with the affairs of Tanjore, was the same man who was on the
engineer establishment when Colonel Call was Chief Engineer,
After the appointment of Lieutenant- Colonel Ross and the
military establishment, he undertook a large quantity of work on
contract. Mr. Burke, in February 1875, in his celebrated speech,
consigned Benfield and others to everlasting infamy, but in spite
of this, the result was that sixty lacs of rupees were secured to
Benfield.
Marshman, in his History of India, states that Benfield
" occupied an inferior post not worth more than 200 or 300
rupees a month." The case is not so. Benfield was apparently
allowed to contract on a large scale, and he undertook the works
of Furt St. George in 1775, 1770, and 1777. The Chief
Engineer gives the amount of work done by Mr. Benfield under
his contracts in those years as 603,857 pagodas; equal to twenty-
one lacs of rupees.
In January this year, the Chief Engineer remonstrated against
the appointment of a junior oflBcer to command the garrison of
Fort St. George. The Board informed him that " he would
have been appointed to command, but his services would have
been wanted shortly elsewhere, and Major Burghall ' (apparently
of Bengal Engineers, doing duty at Madras), " next in rank, was
wanted at Trichinopoly, to which place he had been ordered to
proceed."
This year, the fortifications of Vellum were destroyed by
mining. The mines were sprung, and the work concluded, on
28th April.
1777-78.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 129
In July the Chief Engineer complained to the Board of the
hardship of serving under Colonel Braithwaite. The Board
replied that " the engineers are not under the immediate
command of officers of the garrison."
On 22nd August, Lieutenant- Colonel Cosby was appointed
to command three battalions at Sholingur, eight coss north of
Arcot. Captain Miinle accompanied him as engineer, and
Lieutenant Priugle, as captain of Guides.
Ensign Digby Brooke was also ordered on this service, but his
appointment was cancelled at the request of the Chief Engineer.
Tins force was intended, in conjunction with the troops of the
Calastry and Vencatagherry Rajahs, to take the field against
Bom Rauze, a Rajah of the first consideration.
" This extensive tract of country had never yet been pene-
trated with tlie least success by an enemy, and from its peculiar
advantages (its capital being in the midst of hills and ravines)
had deterred any serious hostile attacks even from Hyder, or the
Mahrattas ; nor were batteries mounted with cannon wanting to
complete its defence, or a large force well disposed to avail
themselves of these advantages ; yet such was the superiority of
the English, and the art of tactics brought into use, that, by
diverting their attention, and turning their flanks, while other
forces were making more serious attacks on their prijicipal
barriers, they were driven from one to the other, till the English
gained such a footing in the country as to thoroughly alarm the
chiefs. The Rajah was induced to capitulate, and allowed
Cosby to take possession of his capital, till everything was
finally adjusted, and military roads cut through the country.
The whole afi'air only took six weeks, and our loss was small.
Colonel Cosby received the thanks of Government for the
celerity with which the work was done — which far exceeded
their expectations."
In J 7 78, the works of Fort St. George were still carried
on, ab lUt 1,500 people being employed ; and it was resolved to
180 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [me.
expend a monthly sum of half a lac of rupees on the
works,
Lieutenant-Colonel Koss, on 6th March, wrote that " when
the works now in hand are complete, Fort St. George will be an
entirely new place — except the finished part of the north front,
chiefly executed under Colonel John Call."
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross now went on leave to England, and
Major Stevens took up his duties.*
In June 1778, news was received of war with France.
On 80th July, Colonel Braithwaite was ordered to march
from VVandiwash towards Pondicherry, and halt one day's march
distant for orders.
On 3rd August, Major-General Hector Munro was to take
command of the army, march to Pondicherry, and summon the
place. t
On the 8th, Munro was at the Red Hills, near Pondicherry
(four miles j.
By the 20th, the force on the Red Hills was reinforced; and
on the 21st, possession was taken of the Bound Hedge.
Redoubts were raised, and every preparation made to open the
trenches as soon as possible.
On 31st August, a close reconnaissance was made, and it was
resolved to carry on two attacks ; one to the north, against the
North-west bastion ; the other to the south, against the Dauphin
bastion, and a battery was commenced on the south-west to
enfilade the works with four 24-pounders, and some mortars.
Notwithstanding that the enemy fired continually on this
work, the battery was completed on 4th September.
* Simon Stuart and Charles Salmon appointed Practitioner-Engineers ; Salmon
to rank below Ensign Bellasis.
t Major George Burghall, Director of Engineers, set off with the anny. On
17th August Major Stevens (amved with three captains of engineers and other
officers of the corps) took charge of the operations, and Major Burghall was
allowed to go, and resign the service
1778.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 131
On the 6th, ground was broken to the north, and in the night
a parallel was made within 600 yards of the town.
On the 7th, an enfilading battery was erected to the north west,
containing four lii-pounders.
On the 8th, an approach was made from Ariancopang river,
and carried within 400 yards, where a parallel was formed.
On the 11th, a battery of ten 24 -pounders was begun to the
southward; and on the 14th, another, for ten 18-pounders, was
commenced to tlie north, several mortars were also placed in both
attacks; and on the morning of the 18th all the batteries*
opened.
The fire from the fort was very heavy, but towards evening
our batteries had apparently the advantage.
On the 24th, a magazine in one of our batteries blew up.
Meantime our other batteries kept up a heavy fire, and a breach
was beginning to be made in the angle of one of the bastions.
The approaches both on north and south attacks were carried
forward as quickly as possible, new batteries were erected as the
approaches advanced, and by (jth October the state of our
attack was as follows : —
" On south attack, our lodgments were extended between
the two djtches, and a passage to the counterscarp of the inner
ditch was about to be commenced."
" On north attack, we had formed a lodgment on the crest
of the glacis, embracing the angle opposite the bastion
attacked, and batteries had been erected to take off the defences
of those works that flank the said bastion."
Heavy rain and want of tools retarded the operations very
much, for General Munro writes : — " Though the rains retarded
our operations, yet the reduction of Pondicherry would have
taken place much sooner had we been provided with cannon,
stores, (fcc, sooner than we were ; for though the army began to
* Twenty-eight guns aud twenty-five mortar«.
132 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1778.
assemble near tlie fortress on 8th August, it was not till
6th September that the engineer would give directions for
breaking ground, for want of proper tools to carry on the
approaches."
"Powder shamefully bad, part of it condemned four years
ago."
" On 7th and 8th October, the works, both on north and east
attacks, were advanced."
" 9 th. — A new approach was carried on to the north, towards
the salient angle of the ravelin, near the bastion attacked, in
the south attack, the gallery was much retarded by the violent
rains, which did damage to the trenches."
"On the 1 1th, the sap battery to the north was so damaged
by rain, and by the enemy's fire from St. Joseph's bastion,
that we were obliged to mask it. The gallery to the south was
advanced very near the ditch."
" 12th and 13th. — Thebatteriesin the north attack were repaired,
and the gallery to the south advanced to the ditch ; but the
violent rain so sw^elled the water in the ditch, that it ran
into the gallery with such force that it seemed likely to
destroy it."
" 14th. — The bridge of boats that was intended to be used for
the passage of the ditch on the south attack being completed,
and a float being prepared for the same purpose to the north, it
was intended to assault the place about 3 a.m., 15th ; but about
11 A.M. on the 14th the water forced itself into the gallery with
such violence, that it broke it down, and damaged some of the
boats. The face of the bastion attached to the south, was
entirely destroyed, and the faces of the adjacent bastions almost
as bad. The face of the North-west bastion was also in ruins."
" Major Stevens, the Chief Engineer, went immediately to give
directions to repair the gallery, and on his return to the south-
west enfilading battery, he was unfortunately wounded by a
cannon-ball, and died the same evening." General Munro
1778.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 133
wrote : — " In him society has lost an honest man, and the Com-
pany a most vahiable and gallant soldier."
"Though the assault could not take place, an attack was
made on ravelin to the north about 2 a.m. The ravelin was
surprised, and the enemy's party of twenty-two Europeans mostly
killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, and we spiked four cannons
and four mortars, and destroyed a good many arms, and a
quantity of ammunition."
" By the 16th, the gallery was repaired, and it was resolved to
assault the place next morning, and the necessary orders were
to have been given to the troops in the evening ; but about
II A.M. Monsieur de Velette, Aide-de-Camp to General Belle-
combe, come with a flag of truce from the Fort, with a letter for
General Munro, to treat regarding capitulation. General Belle-
corabe agreed to deliver up Pondicherry at noon on the 19th.
" The French made a most gallant defence ; indeed, the
greatest gallantry has been displayed on both sides."
" The garrison became prisoners of war, but the colours of the
Battalion de ITnde were restored to it, in compliment to the
gallant conduct of that Corps. The colours of the Fort were
sent home with the despatches to the King."
General Munro in his final despatch says : —
" In justice to the troops, I inform you that officers and men
paid the greatest attention to their duty, and on every occasion
showed a spirit and resolution that will always do them the
greatest honour."
Return of killed and wounded since commencement of the
siege : —
Killed. Wounded.
Artillery and Engineers ... 19 73
European Infantry ... ... 48 120
Sepovs 155 491
22^ + (;cS.l = 906
Also 10 of the Nabob's troops.
134
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[8771.
Eight ofl&cers were killed and 26 wounded.
Of the Engineers : —
Major Stevens, Chief Engineer, killed.
Captain James Johnstone, wounded.
Of the Artillery : —
Captain Augustus de Morgan, killed.
Lieutenant- Fireworker John Baillie, wounded.
„ „ Hugh Mallet, „
,, ,, George Saxon, ,,
Of European Infantry: —
1 Captain killed.
1 ,, wounded.
5 Lieutenants wounded.
2 Ensigns wounded.
Of Sepoy Officers : —
2 Lieutenants killed
3 Ensigns killed.
3 Captains wounded.
5 Lieutenants wounded.
6 Ensigns wounded.
The garrison of Pondicherry lost 680 killed and wounded.
European Officers
„ Infantry
„ Artillery
Citizens
Sepoys ...
Native Workmen
The Engineer officers present were —
Major Stevens ; Captains Maule, Theohald, Johnstone ;
Ensigns Gent, Digby Brooke, Thomas Bellasis, and Salmon.
Killed.
Wounded.
7
19
46
143
29
69
3
7
52
94
64
148
200
-f 480=680
PLAN Ol-' THE
FOET OF PONDICHEEY,
MAJOK-GENEEAL HECTOE MDNEO,
Is 8EITEMBER ASP OCTOBER. 177ft.
REFEBENCER.
A. St. Laoi-ent Bastion.
B. Little Ba,tter\'.
C. Goudelom- Bastion.
D. Hospital IJustiou.
\:rllifrii Art/irl;
E. La Reine Bastion.
F. ViUenour Bastion.
G. Sauspem- Bastion.
■i. Four Gnus Batterv.
H. Valdaour Bastion.
I. St. Joseph Baatiou.
•1. Siip BattLTv of Eiijlit Guns.
K. Noi-th-west Bastion.
.".. Twi. Guns Battery for tiring
L. Miirlras Bastion.
upon the Jlrill'im, French
M. IJi-1l-!iiis Bastion.
ship, in tlie Roads.
N. \u]:'U Bastion.
li. Redoubt.
1 ). Mockades.
7. Entiladiug Battery, four 12-pra.
H. Comera Battery of Four Guns.
Q. Madras Gate.
'.1. Battery of one Gun in the
R. \aWaoui- Gate.
S. Villc-uourGate.
T. Goudelour Gate.
\ . Government House.
TI. Bu,naeks.
W. PriHOu.
X. Masaziuo,
10. Fletcher Battery.
Y. Arsenal and Artillery Bar-
11. Mortar Batterv.
12. Eight Guns Battery.
13. Four Guns Battery.
A. Engineers' Houae.
AA. Hospital.
BB- Powder Magazine.
CC. Betel Go.loivu.
DD. Bazar.
Scale- €/-' Ycbrd'S- -
m8-79.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 135
Captain Geils also served as engineer, and distinguished
himself.
On 7th December, Captain George Maule forwarded to General
Munro a return of engineers as " Commandant, which had
devolved on him by recent loss of a member of the corps whose
zeal for the Company's interest and ability in conducting his
duties will find, I am convinced, testimony in your remem-
brances."
Major Stevens' executor wrote to ask some assistance for
Major Stevens' family, who were in narrow circumstances, and
received the following reply : — " The Committee have a thorough
sense of the great merit possessed by the late Major Stevens,
and will most cheerfully recommend the situation of his family
to the Company, in hopes that they will confer on them some
mark of their favour"
Captain Maule recommended " Mr. Wickens for the Engi-
neers, as also Ensigns Brunton, Marishall, and Gordon, who
served as engineers at the siege ; likewise Mr. Galway, who draws
well and otherwise qualified."
On 1 0th December 1778, Ensign Alexander Beatson was
appointed Acting Engineer at Masulipatam ; and Ensigns Mari-
shall, Brunton, Galway, and Wickens, Assistant Engineers
Pondicherry having been taken, it was resolved to send an
expedition against Mahe, a settlement of the French a few miles
south of Tellicherry on western coast.
The force was under the command of Colonel Braithwaite,
and consisted of two European battalions, three Native
regiments, three companies of Artillery, besides engineers and
pioneers.
On 28th February 1779, the last division of the army reached
Anjengo in Travancore, having marched, it is presumed, from
Trichinopoly to Madura, and thence through the Arriangow
pass into Travancore. The embarkation was completed on 2nd
March.
136 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [m9.
Our fleet oonsisted of the
Sea Horse, Commodore Parton.
Cocentry.
Revenge.
Resolution.
Royal Charlotte.
With a prize sloop of the navy as a hospital ship, and trans-
ports.
On the march to Anjenjo we lost five Europeans by death,
and about fifty sepoys by death and desertion,
Colonel Braithwaite arrived at Mahe on 14th March and
found thai Major Kelly, who was Acting Chief Engineer (he
belonged to Artillery), had occupied two hills in our bounds
and was advancing into the French bounds.
" loth. — A site was selected for a battery to reduce the
Fort of Comachy, a new work formed by the scarping of a high
chalk-hill, and only accessible, either as to the lower or upper
fort, by rope ladders which were very long, and which the
enemy drew up after them
" M. Picot, the Governor, was summoned, who answered that
he would defend the place ; so the bnttery was pushed on with
alacrity. It was within 500 yards of the enemy's guns. The
French fired a few guns from Fort St. George, and Chimbun,
but without effect Our battery would have opened on the
20th with four 18-pounders, but on the 19th M Picot sent out
proposals to surrender, which very much astonished Colonel
Braithwaite." " He informed M. Picot that Fort Comachy
should be immediately surrendered, and our colours hoisted as a
signal; this was done, and at 2 p.m. on the 19th, Captain
McLeod with sepoy grenadiers took possession of it, and next
day Fort St. George, and (Jhimbun were occupied, and the same
evening Forts Mahe, Daupbine, &c
" The cause of this sudden surrender was want of men,
1779.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 137
money, communications, and provisions ; otherwise the place
was deemed almost impregnable, consisting of a number of
forts on almost inaccessible heights, strongly fortified in them-
selves, and protecting each other."
"We thus obtained Mahe without firing a single shot, not
even a musket, and the French themselves only fired about
forty shots." "Our battery of four I8-pounders was nearly
finished for attack of Fort Comachy ; but if Mahe with its
forts had been defended, it would have been a difficult task to
capture it. The discontent of the surrounding Nairs with
Hvder's government was the cause of its surrender."
The engineers employed on this expedition were —
Major Kellv (Artilh;ry), Acting Chief Engineer.
Ensign Digby Brooke, Engineer.
,, Bellasis, „
„ Dundas
„ Machlin
„ McFarrand
„ Marishall
„ Hay
Gordon
Assistant Engineers.
Pioneer Officers : —
Lieutenant Abbott.
,, Johnson.
Ensign Francis Baillie.
,, Bannerman.
,, Mullock.
It was determined to destroy all the forts; and for this pur-
pose Ensign Digby Brooke, two pioneer ofiBcers, and one
hundred pioneers, were retained to do the work. Major Kelly
with the other engineers and pioneers were sent back. Every-
thing had been done that art could do to add to the natural
strength of the environs of Mahe, and had reinforcements
arrived, Mahe would have required a very large force to reduce
138 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1779.
it; but the French could place no faith in their allies. Mahe
was extremely well-found in artillery and stores, for there were
more than 100 pieces of cannon all in excellent condition.
Hyder was furious at its capture, as through the place Hyder
was enabled to get a large quantity of European stores, and
reinforcements of Frenchmen. To this is partially attributed
his onslaught on the Carnatic iu 1780. Colonel Braithwaite
speaks highly of Major Kelly, and expresses his "approbation
of Major Kelly's merits, I found he had been very active before
my arrival, and his exertions have since been unremitted." The
mines for the destruction of the forts were carried on under
Lieutenant Brooke, and the first explosion took place on His
Majesty's birthday, when the whole sea- face of ^lahe was blown
up ; and by September the several forts and works of this colony,
which had lately been put in order by the French, were in ruins.
Towards the close of the work, Lieutenant Digby Brooke of the
Engineers was killed by the explosion of one of the mines. At
this time, Captain Geils was engaged in destroying the works at
Pondicherrv, and by the end of October the work of destruction
was complete.
Sir Hector Munro, early in 1779, recommended Captain
Geils very strongly for his conduct at the siege of Pondicherry,
and asks that he should be appointed Field Engineer with the
rank of Major.
The Board accordingly appointed him Field Engineer on the
coast with the allowances of Major, but did not see their way
to give him the rank. Colonel Baillie (so unfortunate in 1780)
was commanding at Pondicherry during the progress of demoli-
tion.
In March 1779, the works planned for the defence of the sea-
face of Fort St. George, Madras, were constructed in accordance
with Major Maule's proposals of the previous December, with a
line of cisterns along the east curtain.
In consequence of an order passed by the Board regarding
1779.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 139
allowances drawn by the engineers, Major Maule ( Acting Chief
Engineer) addressed a remonstrance to the Board : —
" The Corps of Engineers being on an inferior footing as to
emoluments, with all others in the array, not enjoying alike with
them off reckonings, &c., the indulgence of full batta to all
engineers doing duty out of Madras, Masulipatam, Cuddalore,
and other chiefships, has been for several years past granted to
them in consideration of such deficiency. The cause for this
indulgence still remaining, I hope you will be pleased to see the
matter in the same point of view, and continue the only allow-
ance that can bring the Corps of Engineers nearly upon a
footing with the other officers of your army."
Full batta appears first to have been granted to tlie engineers
in 1771, at the first siege of Tanjore.
140 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
CHAPTER VI.
Banks and Bonneveaux taken prisoners by the Mahi-attas. — Movements of the
EngUsh fleet under Rodney in 1780. — Combined French and Spanish fleets.
— Rodney reinforced, but combined fleets had left for Europe. — Simon
Stewart and Mr. W. Rylands, of Engineers, made prisoners. — Colonel Baillie.
— Corps of Engineers in 1780. — Hyder All descends hito the Camatic. —
Baillie's defeat. — Munro retreats to Marmelong.
It was in 1778, that we declared war against France to show our
resentment for their having acknowledged the independence of
the colonies under the title of United States, hut it was not till
the spring of 1779, that Spain united her forces with France
against us.
The Spaniards declared war on 18th June 1779. Captain
Bonneveaux, Infantry, and Lieutenant Banks, Engineers, were
entrusted with a packet of papers, the chief purport of which
was to inform the authorities at Bomhay, Madras, and Calcutta
of the Spanish declaration of war. They were ordered to travel
across the Arabian Desert, and so to India. On the 10th July,
they left London for Harwich. Across the Continent they
travelled in Bonneveaux's " own town chariot turned into a post-
chaise " as far as Venice, where they embarked. They narrowly
escaped a cruiser in the Mediterranean, and arrived at Aleppo
on 24th August. Twelve days' march from Aleppo, they were
1779.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. Ill
attacked iu the desert by a party of robbers, three times their
number. They had the good fortune to beat off their assailants ;
but lost twenty-two camels, and fourteen of their men were
wounded, including Bunneveaux himself (in two places, with
a fracture of the skull). Bussora was reached on 4th October,
Bonaeveaux arriving in a very bad state of health owing to his
wounds. After a stay of a week, at this place, they engaged a
" dongee boat " to take them from the Persian Gulf to Muscat.
At the latter town, they changed into another boat, the owner of
which engaged to take them to Bombay for 1,100 rupees.
Unfortunately on 2ud December 1779, when about two days'
sail from Bombay, they were captured by a Mahratta fleet.
This fleet consisted of two " grabs," each mounting twenty
12 and 18 pounders, and three armed boats with 300 or 400 men
on board them. Kesistauce was out of the question, as their
boat was merely armed with four 3-pounders without the imple-
ments necessary to work them.
The Mahratta chief promised to send them in one of his boats
to Bombay without baggage for 2,000 rupees, to be paid on
arrival ; but after he had got them in his possession, he thought
no more of his promise. Thus it happened, that the papers
entrusted to them were not thrown overboard at the time, and
after capture they were too closely watched to do it. They
were taken otf Bancoote (Fort Victoria), some seventy or eighty
miles south of Bombay, and carried into Viziadroog three days
after, where they were stripped of everything and very badly
treated. This, it appears, was greatly due to the villainy of an
English deserter named Charles Constantino, living there, who,
pretending to offer assistance, was, by his intrigues with Abba
Saib, the Mahratta chief, the cause of their detention. He
broke open all the letters, and by false translation insinuated
that their business was of the greatest importance, and detri-
mental to the interests of the Mahrattas, Finding also, that
Bonneveaux iiad bonds upon the Mabob ^Carnaiic) to a large
142 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [177^60.
amount, he secured them with their seals, and got them sent out
of the way to a fort called Russaulghur, in hopes of carrying
some plan into execution to his interest by " countersigning our
signatures." Russaulghur is a fortress in the Concan close to
the Western Ghauts, latitude 17° 45' N., longtitude 73° 40' E.,
thirty-four miles south-east of Fort Victoria. They were
detained at Russaulghur for about three months, when they were
sent to Pouna. During their detention at the fort, they
were treated very badly, and had often reason to believe that
the Alahrattas intended to destroy them. It was only after
reaching Poona, and " owing to another deserter named Thomas
Barnes (a man very different to Constantine, and worthy every
mark of our attention from his assiduity in serving us), that
we have been acquainted with this wretched villainy" {i.e.
Constantine's).
They reached Poona on 11th April 1780. Hei'e two men
rendered them a great deal of assistance in their troubles. A
Captain Beadle in the service of Nizam Ali, at Poona, on
business, and Monsieur Warnett from France. The former did
everything he could, and advanced them money to the amount
of loo rupees, while the latter supplied them with necessaries to
make their situation a little comfortable, and did his utmost with
the Government for " our bettei'raeut," but without effect, and
he was finally forbidden to see them. When it was represented
that Bonneveaux required his medical assistance, their answer
was, " If we died it was our fate."
On the 20th July 1780, the Governor at Madras wrote a
letter to the Mahratta Regent, Nana Farnavis, asking him to
release the prisoners, who consisted now of six besides Banks
and Bonneveaux. This letter was sent by some means to Banks,
and It was delivered to the Regent as though it had been sent
direct without his knowledge. This occurred towards the end of
October 1780. It did not produce any immediate effect, but
they formed "great liopes upou it from this small circuuisLance
1780.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 143
our provisions, which used to be served out all in a lump the 1st
of each month, have not yet been delivered (12th November) ^
and yesterday our guardian, on delivering me the third rupee we
have had this month in lieu of it, told me that Nana Farnavis
was about doing something regarding us. I hoped it was our
release." Nothing was, however, done till 12th June 1781,
when, with the exception of Bonneveaux, all were released.
Unfortunately for Banks, the order was countermanded on the
I4th. He was re-captured twenty-five miles from Poona, and on
the 15th Bonneveaux " had the mortification to see him once more
partaker of my misery." All the rest got away to Goa. Finding
Nana Farnavis was so obstinate as to giving him his liberty,
Bonneveaux thought seriously of making his escape, and to
enable him the easier to efi'ect this, he went to a separate house,
and led a retired life. On 2oth August " trusting to Providence,
a pair of pistols and two servants, one an Italian and the other
a Rajpoot, I left Poona on horseback in an Arabian dress. I
steered various points in the compass till I arrived at Beer in
the Nizam's country, from which place I sent back my European
with a horse to bring Captaiu Banks." Beer, or rather Bheer, is
the principal town of a soiall hilly district in the Nizam's
dominions, seventy miles east from Ahmednuggur.
On 19th October I7til we find Bonneveaux at Fort St. George.
He wrote a long account of his trials to Lord Macartney, the
Governor, and asked for " 2,000 pagodas to pay the sums I bor-
rowed at Poona, and on my road, and to aff'ord me clothes and other
indispensable necessaries." The Council in reply granted him the
2,000 pagodas, and " are satisfied that he had done everything in
his power to save the Honourable Company's packet entrusted to
his care, and that his destroying them was an act of necessity."
On 16th February 1780, he had been put under charge of Mr.
Norwing, a Portuguese gentleman, who had the civility to remove
the guard ; Bonneveaux took advantage of this to redeem the
piiviile Ictieis, wiiiuh were recovered all broken open. The public
144 MILITAKY HISTOKY OF THE
[1780.
packet was also recovered at Russaulghur about the same time,
and burnt. Banks does not appear to have got away till the
early part of 1782, for it is not till May 1782 that he addressed
Lord Macartney regarding his sufferings and the expenses he
had incurred. In this letter he states, " You are well acquainted
with the natives of India, and able to form an opinion how
the unfortunate European is treated. I therefore need only say
that I have experienced every ill from a cruel and revengeful
people, in stripping me of all my things, giving me food unfit to
eat, and from the rigidness of my prison during the greatest
part of my captivity my constitution gave way to a malady (the
bloody flux), the effect of which, foi' want of wholesome neces-
saries, I feel even at this time." He asked for 2,000 pagodas
and his pay up to 1st June 1782, and mentioned that he had
drawn upon the Government for 4,000 rupees advanced to him
by General Goddard.
The Government granted him the 2,000 pagodas, as also his
bill for pay and batta, amounting to pagodas 3,400.34.50,
deducting 4,000 rupees advanced him by General Goddard. He
was promoted to Captain from l4tli December 1778, the date on
which Stevens was killed at siege of Pondicherry.
In the early part of 1780, Rodney crossed the Atlantic, and
reached Barbadoes in middle of March ; learnt that the Comte
de Guichen was off St. Lucie, blocking up a British squadron in
Gros Islet bay, and at once set off from St. Lucie with an
inferior force. De Guichen, however, made off, and sought
refuge at Martinique, anchoring in Port Eoyal bay. However,
in April, Rodney had a battle with De Guichen. It was
indecisive, owing to misconduct of some of Rodney's captains.
Reinforcements now came from Spain for the enemy s fleet,
got safe into Guadaloupe, and there De Guichen joined
them.
The combined fleets had now thirty-six sail-of-the-liue, and
proceeded to Martinique. Rodney had only seventeen sail, and
1T80.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 145
fully expected them to attack him He took up a strong position
in Gros Islet bay, and waited for them, occupying himself in
assisting the Governor of St, Lucie in putting the isle in a state
of defence. He expected reinforcements from Europe, and
intended to attack when they arrived. The enemy unaccountably
remained idle at Martinique for a month.
When Kodney's reinforcements arrived, he found that the
enemy had gone. De Guichen had left for Europe. In August
he reached Cadiz, where he united his fleet to another, under
D'Estaing, which was lying there. It was at this time that
Lieutenant Simon Stewart and Ensign William Wynne Ryland,
of Madras Engineers, were on their way out to India, on board
the Mount Stuart Indiaman, which, with other vessels, was
captured by the combined Spanish and French fleets on 9th
August 1780, somewhere near the coast of Spain. Stewart was
detained some months a prisoner in Spain, sustaining the loss of
his baggage. Stewart pursued his voyage " on parole," from
Lisbon, in a Portuguese ship bound to Bombay, " which was
the most direct and eligible mode I could adopt, in order to
avoid the risk of being again captured." Stewart was
allowed by the Government a gratuity of 300 pagodas (about
1,000 rupees).
Hyland returned to England, and procured his exchange. He
did not arrive in Madras till August or September 1782, when
he was appointed ensign from 14th October 1780.
On 3rd November 1779, Colonel BaiUie was appointed to
command the force for Adoni, and on the 20th he took command
at Epperla.
On the 2Gth it was at Ariacopalah.
Captain Theobald, of Engineers, was appointed engineer to
Colonel Baillie's detachment; and Ensigns Bruce and Wickens,
assistant engineers.
On 5th December, Baillie was at Innaconda, and on the 24th
we still find him at that plucc.
10
146 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti78d.
At this time the Corps of Engineers consisted of the
following : —
Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Ross.
Major George Maule ... ... 14th December 1778.
Captain John Theobald ... 14th July 1778.
„ James Johnstone ... 15th August 1778.
„ George Banks ... 14th December 1778.
Lieutenant William Gent ... 14th December 1778.
Ensign Simon Stewart .. 4th January 1778.
„ Thomas Bellasis ... 8th February 1778.
„ Charles Salmon ... 4th May 1778.
„ John Wickens ... 19th August 1778.
„ Francis Antony Marteili 18th January 1780.
„ Richard Baker 21st February 1780.
„ Bruce.*
„ Brunton was appointed in 1778.
It was in July 1780, that Hyder Ali descended into the
Carnatic, through the Changama Pass.
The forts at Trinomally, Chittapet, Amee, Ginjee, Chillum-
brum, Cauverypank, and Carangooly, were all given up to him ;
and, in less than a fortnight, he possessed a chain of our frontier
garrisons that completely secured his convoys from the Mysore
country.
His cavalry penetrated to the environs of Madras, while he
himself commenced the siege of Arcot.
The English formed a camp at Poonamallee, under Lord
McLeod.
The Council wished our army to assemble at Conjeveram, but
Lord McLeod represented how inadvisable this was ; and as the
Council insisted upon Conjeveram as the place of rendezvous,
Lord McLeod resigned the command, and Sir Hector Munro,
* In April 1780 Ensign Bruce was appointed to take sections of ground about
Pondicherry.
1T80.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 147
acquiescing in marching to Conjeveram, took the command.
Colonel Baillie, who was with a small force at Gomerabunder,
in Gunt )or, was ordered to join Munro at Conjeveram, and
Colonel Braithwaite's detachment in the south was also directed
to hasten thither.
Colonel Baillie had upwards of 200 miles to march, while
Braithwaite was distant about seventy ; the latter joined in the
course of ten days.
On the 26th August, Munro began his march, and reached
Conjeveram in three days.
On 24:th August, Colonel Baillie reported his arrival at
Arnee.*
On the 27th, it began to rain most violently, and continued to
do so till 6th September, so that the roads were in very bad
order, and the country covered with water.
On the 31st, Munro learnt that Hyder had left Arcot, and was
crossing the Palar.
Baillie was stopped about five miles to north of Tripassoor
by a small river that was so deep (owing to the heavy rains
which still continued) that he could not pass it.
3rd September. — " The rains still continuing most violently,
Munro learnt t that Hyder had quitted Arcot on the 29th, and
that he was now encamped at Bala Chetty's Choultry, five
miles in our front, Baillie crossed the river on the 3rd.
On the 6th, the enemy moved their camp to the north-east ;
Munro also moved two miles on road to Tripassore. Tippoo,
with part of Hyder's army, attacked Baillie at Perambankum,
but he succeeded in repulsing him, although not without con-
siderable loss. After the action, Baillie sent a message to
Munro, that, owing to his losses, he was unable to advance,
and hoped to see Munro at Perambankum. Munro, however,
* Arnoo is about twenty miles north-west of Madras on road to Nellore, and
about sixteen miles from the coast between Pulicat and Ennore.
t By letter from Captain Prcndergast.
10 *
148 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1780
feared to leave Conjeveram uncovered, as he had all his stores
there ; so, with the concurrence of the principal officers, he
resolved to send a strong detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel
Fletcher to reinforce Baillie, who was now fourteen miles
distant.
At 9 P.M. on the 8th, Colonel Fletcher left, and joined Baillie
at Peramhankum at 6 a.m. on the 9th. Colonel Baillie now
advanced from Peramhankum on evening of the 9th, keeping his
baggage on the right flank, and his left towards the enemy. He
was much harassed in his march by Tippoo's division, and was
so much retarded, that during the night he only advanced four
miles, and then unfortunately took post. Hyder meantime
decamped about midnight, leaving his camp-fires blazing, and a
few thousand horse to hover round Munro's camp to conceal his
enterprise. Early in the morning, he laid his whole force in
ambush, behind the woods and village of Polilore.
At sun-rise Munro, found that Hyder had gone, and he at once
marched towards Polilore. At day-break, Baillie continued his
march ; at first, no material damage was sustained, but when the
advanced guard turned off on the left, to the road leading to
Conjeveram, through Polilore, Tippoo opened some guns upon
them from embrasures cut in the bank of some water-courses.
A halt was made, and these guns were seized, but a larger force
appearing, they were compelled to abandon them.
Baillie then disposed his army in an oblong square, with field-
pieces at proper intervals, and the baggage, &c. in the centre.
Unfortunately the ground was commanded almost on all sides.
Soon after this, they were beset by the whole of Hyder's army,
as well as Tippoo's division, which completely surrounded
them.
The small force gallantly supported a very unequal fire, until
two tumbrils of ammunition blew up, which, of course, silenced
the British artillery. Hyder's guns drew nearer and nearer at
every discharge. Colonel Baillie's detachment, seeing their
1780.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 149
artillery silenced, naturally became dismayed. The enemy made
a movement for a general charge, and advanced on all quarters to
close attack. All the camp-followers rushed in confusion through
the ranks, and threw the whole into disorder. The sepoys
relinquished every hope of success, and, notwithstanding the
extraordinary exertions of their European officers, were not to be
rallied. The Europeans quickly united again in compact order,
headed by their gallant commander, and, being joined by all
the sepoy officers, placed themselves on a rising bank of
sand in their vicinity, and resolved to defend themselves to the
last.
" History cannot produce an instance for fortitude, cool
intrepidity, and desperate resolution to equal the exploits of this
heroic band. In number now reduced to 500, they were
opposed by 100,000 barbarians, who seldom or never grant
quarter. Distinct bodies of horse came on successively to the
charge, with strong parties of infantry placed in the intervals.
Several of these attacks were repulsed. Fresh columns
incessantly poured in upon them with redoubled fury, and at
last so many were brought to the ground, and their fire was
consequently so weakened, that they were unable to withstand
any longer the tremendous shock, and the field soon presented a
picture of the most inhuman cruelties, and unexampled carnage.
Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher, and twenty-nine European officers,
with 155 European soldiers, were killed, and Lieutenant-Colonel
Baillie, with thirty-four officers, and almost all the European
privates, were wounded. Only sixteen men and officers remained
unhurt — these, with the wounded, were made prisoners."
The whole of the sepoys were either killed, taken, or dispersed.
Captain Theobald was the Commanding Engineer with the force,
and, as I cannot trace his name among Hyder's prisoners, he
must have been killed on the field of battle. Ensign Brunton,
uf Engineers, was taken prisoner and carried to Seringapatam,
where he died,
150 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1780.
Munro returned to Conjeveram, and resolved to fall back on
Chingleput.
He threw the heavy guns and stores, which could not be
moved, into the large tank, and at 3 a.m. on the 11 th left Con-
jeveram.
He marched all day, and at 11 p.m. reached a river, one and a
half miles from Chingleput, so deep, that the rear of the army
had not crossed till 9 a.m. on the ]2th. He found no provi-
sions at Chingleput, so at 6 p m he marched towards the Mount,
and arrived on the 14th at 12 p.m.
On the 15th, the army marched to Marmelong, where they
encamped. The primary cause of the disaster at Perambankum
was the unexpected and unprecedented fall of rain, which fell
almost uninteruptedly from the 26th August to 6th September.
This rain caused a small river to rise so high, that Baillie's
detachment was prevented from passing from the 27th August
to 3rd September.
The secondary cause of the defeat was the blowing up of the
tumbrils. Had it not been for that, Baillie's force could have
held out till the arrival of Munro, who was at the close of the
a£fair only two or three miles distant, and would have attacked
Hyder in the rear.
I have been unable to ascertain the names of the engineer
officers with General Munro's force, but Captain Pringle was
the Captain of the Guides, and Munro speaks very highly of his
services.
In 1779, a Civil Architect was appointed from home. His
name was Philip Slowey. The Chief Engineer was much
opposed to this appointment.
Towards the close of this year, Ensign Martelli asks to be
appointed to the Artillery. This change was allowed, and a Mr.
George Bong, who had served as an engineer in the Swedish
service for several years, was appointed Ensign and Practitioner-
Engineer in his room.
1T80.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 151
Up to this time, companies of pioneers and miners were
formed, when required, by volunteers from European and
Native Infantry, and when no longer immediately required they
were broken up.
In September 1780, orders were, however, issued for the for-
mation of two companies of pioneers, each to consist of two
sergeants, three corporals, five havildars, five naiques, and 100
privates.
Fifty of the privates were armed with pistols, and remainder
with pikes six feet long.
162 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781
CHAPTEK VII.
Sir Eyre Coote'a campaign. — Battle of Porto Novo. — Battle of Polilore.
— Coote's Despatch. — Battle of Sholinghur. — Hyder attacks our advance
force at Veracundalore. — Vellore relieved. — Chittor captured. — Southern
campaign. — Braithvpaite attempts Patacottah. — He is wounded. — Nixon
takes command. — Siege of Negapatam. — Negapatam capitulates. — Sir
E. Hughes goes to Trincomalee. — Capture of Trincomalee. — Vellore
relieved. — Hyder lays a snare for us. — Defeat of Braithwaite. — Cudda-
lore capitulates.
On the 5th November, Sir Eyre Coote arrived from Bengal, and
on the 1 3th the army marched into cantonments, formed into
three divisions, and every preparation was made for the ensuing
campaign.
By the 14th December all was ready, and on that day the
army encamped at the Mount.
On l7th January 1781, the army took the field.
On the 19th, Coote encamped south of the Palar nearChingle-
put. Two days afterwards, the fort of Carangooly was taken by
a detachment of Europeans, sepoys, and lascars, under Captain
Davis, by Coote's orders.
On the 24th, Coote relieved Wandiwash, and recommended
Lieutenant Flint and Ensign Moore for promotion on account
of their eminent sei vices in defence of Wandiwash. They
defended it from 12th August 1780 to 24th January 1781.
1781.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 153
Flint rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the
Company's service, retired 27th June 1798, and died in
London in 1820. For this gallant defence Flint obtained no
recognition.
Hyder was engaged in the siege or investment of five diffe-
rent posts commanded by English officers, Amboor, Vellore,
Wandiwash, Permacoil, and Chingleput. Amboor surrendered
on 13th January, but the others held out.
Hyder raised the sieges of Permacoil and Vellore.
On 1st February, Coote having heard of the arrival of the
French fleet, relieved Permacoil, and then marched to Pondi
cherry, to impede communication with the shore.^
On the oth, the army encamped on the Red Hills, when
Hyder's army appeared in great force. Hyder declined battle,
and on the 8th the French fleet left the coast
Coote's army consisted of —
1,200 European Infantry.
400 European Artillery.
5,000 Sepoys.
800 Native Dragoons, and
62 pieces of ordnance.
It seemed as if Hyder wished to cut us off from Cuddalore,
so Coote at once marched for that place.
On the 10th, Coote reconnoitred the enemy and offered battle,
but it was refused. The army accordingly remained at Cudda-
lore in a state of inactivity from the middle of February till the
end of June. t
Major- General Stuart joined the army by sea in May.
The army having become discouraged by this inactivity, Coote
* In June, Ensign Wickens, Engineers, was in the Fort of Carangooly.
t Captain Thomas Geils obtained his commission as Major of Engineers by
brevet ; it was granted to him by the Court of Directors in their letter of
2nd February 1781, and the commission was made out accordingly on 17th
July.
154 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1781.
determined to attempt some enterprise. At this time Hyder
was in Tanjore, and had laid siege to Thiagur — a hill-fort fifty
miles west of Cuddalore Coote attempted to relieve it, hut was
ohliged to return to Cuddalore.
The next attempt made was against Chillumhrum. The
place was assaulted; hut after severe fighting Coote was ohliged
to draw oflF his troops with the loss of a hrass 12-pounder, eight
officers and 250 men killed and wounded.
Coote, however, determined to make another attempt on Chil-
lumhrum, and, to make sure this time, he marched to Porto Novo
to procure hattering cannon from Sir Edward Hughes' squadron,
which had arrived there.
Coote had no sooner arrived at Porto Novo, when he found
himself surrounded hy the Mysore army under Hyder himself.
Hyder had made a forced march from Shamaram in Tanjore,
advancing with his cavalry ninety miles in one day. Coote
sent his heavy baggage and encumbrances on hoard the fleet,
and at 4 a.m. on 1st July our line was put in motion.
Hyder's army consisted of 50,000 horse, 30,000 regular
infantry, forty-seven field-pieces, in addition to the guns of
their batteries, two troops of French hussars, and a battalion of
Europeans, forming altogether an army of over 80,000 fighting
men.
Coote's army, consisting of 8,000, advanced about a mile into
a large plain, and was formed in two lines. Our troops were
first menaced by Hyder's cavalry, who, as we advanced, retired,
and at length disappeared behind the woods and sand-banks in
their rear, unveiling six masked batteries of six to ten guns
each. On this being discovered, a halt was made to reconnoitre
the guns.
Our line was then ordered to file ofi" to the right, when the
enemy at once opened fire furiously.
Having cleared the range of these batteries, we kept along a
sand-hill between us and the enemy's line, moved through a
1781.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 155
narrow pass in the centre of the sand-hill, and formed on a plain
the other side.
By this time, there was a severe contest going on hetween
enemy's grenadiers and horse under Monsieur Lally, and our
second line, under General Stuart, for the possession of a hill
on our left flank, which was at length gained at the point of the
hayonet. Captain Moorhouse of the Artillery here greatly dis-
tinguished himself.
The first line, meanwhile, having formed up ahout 10 o'clock,
a dreadful cannonade commenced from all quarters, and continued
till 3 P.M. It was then that the army suffered its greatest
losses.
At this crisis, Munro recommended Coote to make a brisk and
immediate attack, and Coote soon after gave the order to
advance By this time, the steadiness of our troops, and the
excellence of our artillery had visibly slackened the enemv's
fire, and thrown their ranks into disorder. In order to facilitate
the removal of their guns, they had posted a line of infantry far
outflanking ours in a deep furrow fronting us, which stood till
we came within JiOO yards, but then became panic struck and
gave way. Our guns poured in grape-shot amongst the fugi-
tives, and as they had to ascend the sand-hills before they were
screened from our fire, great numbers of them fell.
Continuing the pursuit, we reached the top of the sand-hills,
where, being stopped by a deep nullah, a few more shots put an
end to the carnage and fatigues of the day.
We lost seventeen European officers and fifty Europeans,
besides twenty native officers and 500 sepoys killed and
wounded.
Many of Hyder's principal officers were among the killed
and wounded, amongst them Meer Saib, one of his bravest
partisans.
About 4,000 Mysoreans fell at the battle of Porto Novo, but
it was difficult to ascertain the exact numbers. Monsieur Lally
156 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781.
was wounded. Hyder and his army reached Chillumhrum
before they thought of rallying
Tippoo was now besieging Wandiwash. On 18th July, Tippoo,
after being repulsed in storming the place, had to raise the siege on
the approach of Coote, and the British army arrived on the 20th.
This was the third time Wandiwash had been relieved by
Coote.
Coote now determined to effect a junction with Colonel
Pearse, who was marching from Bengal with a strong reinforce-
ment. On 2nd August, Coote ej0Fected a junction with Pearse,
who had with him ten battalions of Bengal sepoys, and twenty
pieces of cannon.
This union increased our force to 12,000 men. After return-
ing to the Mount, the army was formed into five brigades of
infantry, and one of cavalry. General Munro commanded the
right wing, and Colonel Pearse the left. The cavalry were led
by Colonel Cosby, and the infantry brigades by Lieutenant-
Colonels Elphinstone, Owen, Edmonston, and Blair. The
Bengal Artillery were on the right under Colonel Elliot, and the
Madras Artillery on the left under Major Mackay. Captain
Dugood commanded the engineers.
All the detachments in the Tanjore country were ordered to
draw themselves together, and Colonel Braithwaite was sent to
command them. The southern arniy amounted to 5,000 men.
The main army made every preparation for a march to the
siege of Arcot and relief of Vellore, and began the march on
the 16th August; on the 20th they took Tripassore.
Hyder was then encamped at Conjeveram. As the British
army advacced, his irregulars obstructed its march, and on the
27th August, he appeared in full force behind the woods and
village of Polilore (the same place where Baillie had been
defeated). Hyder superstitiously thought that this was a lucky
spot for him, and determined to hazard a second general engage-
ment.
irsi.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 167
The enemy's position was first announced by some guns
opening on our advanced guard Our line was irregularly
formed on broken ground. A front had no sooner been pre-
sented, than fresh batteries were opened from other quarters.
Colonel Pearse's brigade was formed in a position to oppose the
fire on our left flank ; while the remainder of the line under
Munro changed front to the right, and then to the left. The
second brigade, under Colonel Edmonston, was ordered to
attack Polilore. Munro* was ordered to make a movement
to the right, but shortly after, the order having been
countermanded, he was directed to make an advance on the
village.
The enemy were at length dislodged from every strong posi-
tion on their left. Colonel Owen then got orders to move from
our right to assist our left in throwing the enemy's right flank
into confusion, and soon the enemy were put to flight, and the
action finished at sunset Hyder claimed the battle as drawn,
and as Coote after the battle retreated to Tripassore for pro-
visions, it certainly must have looked like one, but there is still
the fact that Hyder was driven from his position at Polilore, and
it was merely want of provisions which forced Coote to retire.f
Our losses in this battle were;}:: —
Killed. Wounded.
Europeans... ... 28 ... ... 25
Natives 105 207
133 232
besides fifty-eight natives missing.
* The newly-formed pioneers were with Coote's army throughout his
campaign in 1781. One of the companies was commanded by Lieutenant Innes.
t Major Stubbs says that Sir Hector Munro, on the right, sat sulkily under
a solitary tree, dechning to give any orders on account of an affront ho had
received from Cooto. lie had made a suggestion to Coote, and the General had
told him he was giving advice when he ought to be doing his duty.
{ Coote's Despatch.
158 MILITABT HISTORY OF THE [1781.
Hyder was supposed to have lost 2,000 killed and wounded.
Major-General Stuart lost his leg hy a cannon-shot, in the
beginning of the action.
After the battle, Sir Hector Munro received permission to
leave for Europe, the state of his health being bad.*
On 19th September, the army again marched towards Vellore,
close to Pulicat and Sholinghur mountains, which protected our
right flank.
Hyder's camp was pitched on a gentle declivity, with strong
ground, and a tank in his front — his left flank being under the
Sholinghur hills. The British army advanced, and encamped
with its right flank covered by the same hills, and parallel with
enemy's line ; while between the two lines was a long range of
low rocks.
Early on 27th September, Coote advanced to these rocks, and
reconnoitred, and then ordered the army to advance in
front.
This was done ; and when they came in view of the enemy,
they marched to the right, till they were covered on that flank
by a large tank. A cannonade began on both sides. The 2nd
Brigade, under Colonel Edmonston, with all the cavalry, moved
round the tank without being seen, and fell suddenly on camp
and left flank of the enemy. At the same time, the rest of the
army advanced, which threw Hyder's right wing into confusion
Hyder ordered Tippoo to rally the cavalry, and charge the left
of our line. He attempted to do so, but they were so warmly
received by the Artillery, that the army was thrown into general
disorder, and Hyder thought it time to draw off" his guns. As a
last effort, he sent a desperate body of 1,000 cavalry, who had
vowed to break the English line.
They advanced on 13th Bengal, and 17th, 18th, and 2 1st
Madras, on our left, but these troops reserved their fire till they
* Departure said to have been influenced by Coote's harsh reply to him
during battle of Polilore.
;IT81.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. l69
were within fifty yards, when a volley was delivered with great
execution. The cavalry forced their way, however, through the
intervals, but the sepoys went to the right-about, and gave them
another volley in their rear.
By this time, all the enemy's guns, except one, had been drawn
off, and his line completely routed.
The cavalry and 2nd Brigade, continued the pursuit till sunset,
and the action came to an end. The enemy lost upwards of
2,000 killed and wounded.
Our loss, including officers and men, did not exceed 100 killed
and wounded. As usual, owing to the want of provisions, Coote
was not able to take advantage of his victory, and would again
have had to retire, had he not become friendly with Bom Rauze,
the Carvetnuggur chief.
Coote determined to wander through his territory in quest of
a daily subsistence. The army, guided by Bom Rauze, began its
march on 1st October through the Sholinghur Pass, the 2nd
Brigade being posted there as a guard.
After a fatiguing march of two days amongst the hills, they
reached Atamcherry (about fifteen miles north of Sholinghur).
Here the army subsisted well for several days.
On the 12th, however, Coote learnt that a large body of the
enemy's cavalry and infantry had entered the territory, and were
plundering; he instantly marched with the cavalry, and three
battalions of infantry, and, after supporting a share of fatigue,*
which, at his years, entitles him to admiration, completely
surprised the whole of their party in their camp, and took all
their provisions, saddles, swords, and forty horses. As soon as
rice could be collected for the relief of Vellore, Colonel Owen was
ordered to advance, and take post at the pass of Veracundalore,
with 100 Europeans, five battalions of sepoys, a regiment of
cavalry, with two 6-pounders and eight cavalry guns, besides a
* During this expedition Coote was on horseback for thirty-two hours.
160 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781.
detachment of pioneers, under Lieutenant Innes — (Veracun-
dalore, twenty miles in front of us), — to distress Hyder by block-
ing up his supplies of provisions, which came from Chittoor to
his camp on Timery Plains, thirty miles distant. Hyder soon
began to feel great inconvenience from his situation, and having
made a forced march, and reached Owen's camp on 2ord October,
surprised him. Our troops formed line with difficulty, and were
at once beset on all sides. The tents and baggage were
designedly set on fire, owing to want of time, and the chief object
became the possession of the pass between Owen and the main
army. Detachments were sent from both armies for this pur-
pose, but ours succeeded, and, though pressed upon both flanks,
our troops stood until one attack took off one of our guns, and
dispersed the battalion that had charge of it, Captain Moore
no sooner heard of this, than he, with the European Grenadiers
and 21st Sepoys made a dash to the rear, recovered the gun,*
and left 150 of the enemy dead. By this, the sepoys were much
encouraged, and had now got within the defile close to the main
army, which had moved to Owen's support.
Hyder now thought it useless to pursue, and drew ofi* his
troops. Colonel Owen soon after joined the main army, which
encamped at Madowaddy. We lost in this affair, seventeen
European and Native officers, and 300 rank and file killed and
wounded.
On 26th October, Coote moved to Polipet, while a detachment
was sent to Tripassore with sick and wounded.
At Polipet a fortunate discovery was made of an immense
quantity of rice hidden under ground, which at last enabled
Coote to relieve the distress at Vellore — that place having been
supplied on November 8rd with provisions for three months.
Colonel Lang, with part of the garrison, was withdrawn, and
Captain Cuppage left in command.
* Captain Moorhonse, Madras Artillery, aeeisted at this.
1781.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 161
The ariuy now proceeded to the attack of Chittoor. The
garrison made a gallant defence for some days, but capitulated
on a breach being made in the rampart. A garrison was left in
the place.
" Captain Dugood, of the Engineers, a valuable and experienced
officer, was killed by a random shot at this siege, and Coote
received a contusion in the neck from the splinter of a stone
which the shot had raised as they were reconnoitring."
From a careful examination of the information available, I am
led to believe that the following Madras Engineers were present
with Coote : —
Captain Dugood.
Captain Johnstone.
Captain Gent.
Lieutenant Wickens, in September sent to Negapatam.
Ensign Baker.
Ensign Ogg.
Ensign Bong, in December sent to mine fort at Pulicat, and
make arrangements for destroying it.
The monsoon having now set in, the army broke up on 2nd
December on the Cocolore plain, and marched to cantonments in
the environs of Madras, and the campaign of 1781 was brought
to a conclusion.
In the month of August, Colonel Braithwaite was commanding
tiie Southern Army in Tanjore, and was encamped south of
the Yenaur. Hyder held many forts in the country, and
seemed determined to retain them. Braithwaite attempted to
storm Tricatapully, but was beaten off. He reported that Hyder
had formed an alliance with the Dutch at Negapatam.
Braithwaite determined to reduce Patacottah, the southern
extremity of the kingdom, with the hope of obtaining provisions,
and opening communications with Admiral Hughes by way of
Adriapatam. He appeared before it on 28th August, made a
practicable breach by the 30th, and ussuulied it. His force was,
11
162 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781.
however, repulsed, and Braithwaite himself received a musket-
ball in the fore part of his right shoulder. Colonel Braithwaite
being thus hors-de-combat, sent a message to Colonel Eccles
Nixon at Trichinopoly to come at once, and take command.
Colonel Nixon arrived on 4th September. In a few days he
took Manarcoil, after a siege of two days. By the I7th
September he had taken Mahadapatam. The garrison repulsed
our utmost efforts in the breach, but quarrelled among them-
selves, which made us easily masters of the fort.
Major Geils was the chief engineer with this force, and ou
24th September Lieutenant Wickens was sent to join Colonel
Nixon's army to assist at the reduction of Negapatam.*
It was the Governor, Lord Macartney, who decided upon the
capture of the Dutch settlements, especially Negapatam and
Trincomalee.
Sir Eyre Coote was opposed to the measure, but in spite of
this Lord Macartney persisted, and asked Sir Hector Munro
(who was at this time at Madras waiting for a passage to
England) to take the command. This he at once agreed to do,
and on the 2 1st October Sir Hector Munro took command of the
Southern Army, and sat down before the place.
On the 27th, he made a disposition for the attack of the
enemy's redoubts and lines to the westward. The attacking
party was — commanded by Colonel Nixon — 100 marines, 100
seamen from the fleet, and two battalions of sepoys.
To favour the attack, another party, consisting of twenty-eight
seamen, the Madras detachments, and Captain Scott's sepoys,
under Captain Scott, were ordered to force the redoubt on sand-
hill to the eastward. The party marched, but the attack failed.
The next day another attempt was made, but again without
success. On the 29th, Munro requested the Admiral to send
* A detachment of pioneers, under Lieutenant Abbott, was serving under
Colonel Braithwaite, and was present at siege of Negapatam.
1781.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 163
some intelligeut person in a boat to look at the enemy's lines
and redoubts to the east, having resolved to make the third
attempt from that quarter.
The Admiral sent Lieutenant Hughes in a boat, but his report
having differed from previous ones, Munro sent Major Geils,
the chief engineer, to the Admiral on board the Superhe, who
sent Lieutenant Hughes with him to examine the enemy's works.
They reconnoitred the works, and having given in their report,
Munro ordered attacks to be made at 2 a.m. on the 30th, and
these happily succeeded, with small loss.
From the 22nd to the 30th materials had been got ready
for our batteries ; orders were now given to break ground
before the north face of the fort.
On 1st and 2nd November, an approach was carried forward
120 yards, under cover of some trees, to the left of the
parallel.
" 3rd. — Finished from 500 to 600 yards communicating with
it through a dry tank to the enemy's works.
"4th. — Employed in rendering the above still more com-
plete.
" 5th. —Began the 10-gun battery, but the enemy, making a
sally early in tlie night, so far impeded the work, tliat only
embrasures for six of the guns were finished. This was called
Seamen's battery.
" 6th. — Laid the platforms, and completed the battery in the
night, consisting of four 18-pounders and four 12-pounders
of ours, and two 12-pounders taken from the enemy. Ad-
vanced an approach to a mortar battery from centre of the
parallel.
" 7th. — Opened the batteries, which did considerable damage in
the course of the day, five guns on right taking left face of the
bastion to right of gateway, and enfilading those of its right
face ; the other five guns, being inclined, did the same to bastion
on left of gateway.
11 *
164 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1781-82.
"8th. — 12-gun battery commenced to-day, called Marine
battery.
" 10th. — Opened from four guns of Marine battery, which did
great execution against circular bastion on north-east angle and
breached bastion to left of gateway. Enemy made a sortie about
4 P.M., but were repulsed with great loss.
" 1 1th. — Opened both batteries. This would soon have made
breach practicable, but a flag of truce was then sent out. A
large battery of ten 18-pounders was completed within 300 yards
of the rampart, and a formidable breaching battery also con-
structed in another convenient situation."
The garrison was then summoned to surrender ; but the
Governor resolved to stand the siege, and soon after his troops
made two brisk sallies from the fort, which were both repulsed.
Meanwhile, the batteries opened fire furiously, which soon
demolishing the nearest bastion, the commandant was induced
to ask for a parley, and a capitulation was agreed to, and signed
on 1 1th November.
The Southern Army then returned to Tanjore, and the com-
mand again devolved on Colonel Braithwaite. A short time
after, the fortifications of Negapatam, the citadel excepted, were
entirely demolished.
During the siege about 250 Europeans and 300 Natives were
killed and wounded.
During the operations at Negapatam, Sir Edward Hughes
had stationed a 64-gun ship to blockade Trincomalee.
On 2nd January 1782, the Admiral left Negapatam with his
squadron, having re-embarked his seamen and marines, with
some Company's artillery, 500 volunteer sepoys, and a detach-
ment of pioneers under Lieutenant Abbott.
Major Geils was chief engineer.
On 4th January, the squadron anchored in Trincomalee
Bay. The next day the Marines, with two 16-pounders, and
Artillery were landed about three miles to the north of Trin-
aj MADRAS ENGINEERS. 165
comalee Fort, and by evening the whole force had landed, under
command of Captain Gell, of the Minorca. Trincomalee Fort
was taken by surprise the same night. The principal part of
the garrison retired to Fort Ostenburg, on the top of a high
hill, which commands the entrance to the harbour.
On the 7th, Major Geils, the chief engineer, with the field
oflBcer, reconnoitred the heights near Ostenburg Fort, endeavour-
ing to find a passage for the troops and field-pieces ; and on the
8th the whole moved off towards the fort, and with great labour
and fatigue on the 9th, got possession of a hill not more than
300 paces from it, but found it impracticable to get heavy guns
up. Under these circumstances, the Admiral summoned the
Governor to surrender, and that he might get as exact informa-
tion as possible of the real state of the place, he ordered Major
Geils t« carry the summons. This he did, and reported on his
return that it might be taken by assault, but desired, at the
same time, that a second summons might be sent by him, in
order that he might be more exact in his observations on the
defence of the place. It seems strange that Geils was allowed
in without being blindfolded. This was done on the 10th, but the
Governor still persisting in his resolution to defend his post to the
last, it was determined to assault it. Accordingly, at gun-fire on
the 11th, it was assaulted with bravery, and the enemy driven
from their guns and posts in a very short time, but not without
considerable loss on our part — one officer and twenty men being
killed, and two officers and forty men wounded. The enemy
lost only thirteen men killed, including two officers.
The Governor, 9 officers, 250 infantry, 50 artillery, 55 Euro-
pean seamen, 60 Chinese and Malays, and 10 artificers were
taken prisoners.
Two of the enemy's ships were found in the harbour richly
laden.
Sir Edward Hughes resolved to remain with his squadron,
having garrisoned the two forts with the detachment of
166 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri782.
volunteer sepoys and artillery, under the command of Captain
Bonneveaux.
On 30th July, Captain George Banks and Mr. Eobert Watson,
and Mr. Crawford Lennox, of the Engineers, were ordered to
proceed to 'Jrincomalee, while Mr. Collins Tyson was to relieve
Mr. Watson at Negapatam.
While Coote's army was in winter quarters, it had chiefly been
employed in escorting grain to Poonamalee and Tripassore, for
the relief of Vellore.
Early in January, Coote marched by the Sholinghur Road
with the right flank of the army, on the Pollam Hills. Hyder
tried his utmost to clog oar eff"orts, and cut ofi" the escort ; but
all his endeavours proved inefi'ectual, and we relieved Vellore on
Ilth January, with six iDonths' rice.
During the skirmishes on the march, we lost three subalterns,
and seventy men killed and wounded.
Hyder then resolved to lay a snare for us on our return to the
Presidency. Our route lay alongside a tank, and Hyder gave
orders for the sluices to be opened, and caused the ground below
it to be swamped for a breadth of about 500 yards. This
ground he caused to be trampled down till it became almost
impassable for infantry ; opposite to this ground was a semi-
circle of rising ground, about a mile in length.
Upon this, Hyder placed large batteries of 24-pounders and
field artillery, cautiously masked by brushwood.
On the J 3th, we left Vellore, and returning the same road
without the least suspicion of these hostile preparations, our
line entered the slough, which it was permitted to pass, till the
European Brigade, then nearly in the centre, had got quite
entangled in the mud ; upon this, upwards of fifty guns opened
furiously on us. Our troops, however, showed great firmness,
and with great regularity and briskness pushed forward, and
formed the other side. Hyder being thus frustrated, drew off"
his guns, and retreated under the walls of Arcot, leaving us to
1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 167
continue our march to Poonamalee, where we arrived on the
20th January 1782, having lost on this expedition six ofiBcers,
thirty Europeans, and 100 sepoys killed and wounded.
While Coote was engaged in foiling Hyder, Tippoo, with an
army of 20,000 horse and foot, and twenty guns, accompanied
by M. Lally and 400 French soldiers, entered the Tanjore
country, and unexpectedly surrounded a detachment of the
southern army, commanded by Colonel Braithwaite (consisting
of 1,400 infantry, 200 horse, and eight guns and one howitzer),
which was encamped near Combaconum.
Braithwaite's force consisted of : —
Cavalry 200
Infantry attached ... ... ... 150
European infantry ... ... ... 50
European and Native Artillery ... ... 80
Sepoys 1,200
1,680
And 21 officers, including the General.
Six 6-pounders,
Two 3-pounders (gallopers).
One howitzer.
On 13th February, Colonel Braithwaite (having lost his
aide-de-camp by death on the 7th), nominated Lieutenant
Charles Salmon, of the Engineers, to that duty. He was not
present at Braithwaite's defeat, but on the 17th, was on his way
to join him, when the disaster occurred.
On the 19th, he wrote a minute account of the defeat, h\m
which the following particulars have been extracted.
The army surrendered on 18th February, at 12 o'clock, at
Ariangoody, four miles from Pandanalore.
" I (Lieutenant Salmon) was proceeding to join Colonel
Braithwaite, as his aide-de-camp, and had got as far as Shola-
veram, halfway between, at 9 a.m., when I heard a very heavy
168 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782.
cannonade, and, soon after, quick plaioon-firing. As I had
2,000 pagodas with me, besides a very slender escort, and no
intelligence, I thought it prudent to return to the fortified pagoda
at Combaconum, where we had two companies of sepoys, inform-
ing Colonel Briiithwaite, at the same time, of the steps I had
taken. The next morning I had a ' chit ' * from him.
" ' We have had a very hard day of it ; have kept our ground,
but are surrounded. Do what the bearer tells you.' On
questioning the bearer, he assured me he had no instructions
except to deliver the ' chit.' He left the camp at 10 p.m., and
said they seemed in great confusion, and were preparing to move,
and that he beard a great deal of firing two hours after. It
appears the Colonel attempted to retire in the night, but it was
then too late, being surrounded and closely watched by the
enemy. He marched about 10, with two battalions of sepoys,
leaving the cavalry and 13th Battalion on the ground, who were
ordered to make a show of entrenching, and two hours after to
follow him.
" His intention was, I believe, to retreat to Negapatam, as he
advanced to Mayaveram ; but he soon found that the enemy had
got between him, and the 13th Battalion ; he therefore returned,
and re-joined them with great difficulty, being obliged to fight
all the way back.
" It was day-break when the Colonel re-joined, when guns
were opened from every quarter on them. They sustained this
cannonade, and were also engaged with the infantry, till 1 1
o'clock, when the Colonel, finding if he remained any longer on
that ground his destruction would be inevitable, marched oflF,
and pushed for Manargoody, about a mile from camp, and he
had nearly gained it, when one of the battalions of Tanjore
Grenadiers, seeing a large body of the enemy advancing to
charge them, made a run for the pagoda, leaving their guns
* A note.
1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 169
behind them. This occasioned great confusion, when the
enemy cut in amongst them, and did great execution. Colonel
Braithwaite, at this time, received a sabre-wound across the
back from a horseman. The 18th Battalion in the rear did
extremely well, and made their way good to the pagoda. The
sepoys, who had been two days without provisions, and fighting
almost the whole time against such a superior force, were so
disheartened, that they called out for " cowl " (quarter). There
was a consultation of the officers, and the result was that they
offered to surrender at discretion. All the officers, except Lend,
are wounded. Mr. Stuart's ' boy ' * is come in, who says he
saw his master killed. Some sepoys of the 1 0th say he is only
wounded."
This action lasted twenty-six hours, before the troops were
vanquished. Of twenty-one officers, twelve were killed and seven
wounded.
The Southern Army was so weakened by this disaster, as
to be incapable, for some time, of appearing openly in the
field.
Lieutenant Salmon, having written to Captain Alcock, com-
manding at Tanjore, and to Mr. Sullivan, the Civil officer, and
having sent all the money to Tanjore, was ordered by Alcock to
retreat on Tanjore. This he at once did, and succeeded in
bringing into the fort the two companies of sepoys, from the
fortified pagoda at Combaconum, as well as the three which
Ensign Salmon had at Triviar.
Tippoo marched at once to Porto Nov(;, where most of the
French fleet had put in after the last action, in a very shattered
condition. All the infantry, and marines of the fleet, were dis-
embarked, and joined Tippco on 10th March, who with this
reinforcement marched against Cuddalore, which capitulated, by
orders from the Presidency, without a shot being fired.
* Servant.
170 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1781.
CHAPTEE VIII.
Expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. — Suffrein proceeds to India.
— Captain Byres made prisoner in the Hannibal. — Admiral Hughes at
Madras. — Naval action off Sadras. — Byres writes to Coote regarding
exchange.— He appeals to the Governor. — Coote's army. — Naval battle at
Battacolo.— Boss rejoins as Chief Engineer. — Coote's campaign. — Battle
of Arnee. — Our Grand Guard cut to pieces.— Naval action near Nega-
patam. — Eeinforcement forTrincomalee. — Suffrein attacks Trincomalee,
which capitulates. — Court-martial thereon. — Banks honourably
acquitted. — Naval action near Trincomalee. —Peace with Mahrattas
and negotiations with Hyder. — Yellore relieved. — Colonel Lang sent to
command Southern Army. — Expedition against Cuddalore. — Coote
taken ill. — Expedition abandoned. — Tippoo defeated at Ponnany and
wounded. — Expedition to destroy Wandiwash and Carangooly. — Nega-
patam destroyed. — Movements from Bombay. — Force under Colonel
Lang. — Siege of Caroor. — Aravacoorchy captured. — Taking of Dindigul.
— Colonel Fullarton takes command of the Southern Army. — Death of
Coote. — Darapooram captured. — Stuart takes up position before Cudda-
lore.— Assault on enemy's works. — General Stuart's after-orders. —
Council of War. — Naval engagement between Suffrein and Hughes. —
Governor complains of Stuart's dilatoriness. — General Stuart resigns
command of Company's troops. — General Stuart arrested by the
Governor. — Arrest of General Burgoyne. — General Stuart sent prisoner
to England. — Armies march to winter quarters. — Pandalumcoorchy
attacked. — Assault repulsed, and the place abandoned. — "Comby"
taken possession of. — Fullarton resolves to take Pulghaut. — Pettah
occupied. — Palghaut captured. — Coimbatore surrenders. — Colonel
Campbell surrenders Mangalore. — Losses of Engineers.
At the beginning of 1781, the British Government projected
an attack on the Dutch possessions at the Cape. The expedition
1781.] MADBAS ENGINEEES. 171
was committed to the charge of Commodore Johnstone, with ten
sail-of-the-line, three 50-gun ships, and three frigates, with a
small land-force under general Medows. Colonel Patrick Ross,
Chief Engineer of Madras, being in England, went with the
expedition, as well as Ensign William Collins Tyson, also of
Madras Engineers. It was intended that the proposed expedition
should be kept secret, but the French heard of it through a verv
skilful spy of theirs called Delamotte* (afterwards detected and
hanged). They accordingly prepared a more powerful squadron
at Brest. Johnstone left Spithead on 13th March 1781, and
on the 22nd, Admiral SufFrein started from Brest in pursuit.
The British Commodore had, according to orders, put into
Porto Praya, Cape Verde islands, for provisions, and was lying
there unsuspicious of danger. On 10th April, the French
squadron was seen in the distance. When this was discovered,
the Commodore and 1^500 of his men were on shore; but before
the French could come near enough, all these were on board,
and the English ships ranged in the best possible manner. At
11 o'clock, Suffrein led into the bay, and attacked with great
vigour, but was met by a gallantry equal to his own.
After two hours of fierce fighting, the French withdrew with
the loss three times as great as ours, owing to the rapidity and
precision of our fire. They, however, managed to capture the
Hinchenbrooke, East Indiaman, but she was retaken by the
English next day. Johnstone prepared to pursue, but found
that the I^is, 50, Captain Sutton, wa'^ so crippled, in rigging
and masts, as to be unable to obey. While he was waiting, the
precious moments slipped by, and he determined to advance only
at the a similar speed as the merchantmen. Suffrcin's pace was
delayed by a similar cause. Johnstone was so annoyed at
having been forced to let the enemy escape, that he brought
Captain Sutton to a court-martial ; he was honourably acquitted.
* Thi.s man i.s a principal character in Thackeray'.s last and unfinished novel.
Denis Duval.
172 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE FlTSl- t
Johnstone, on his way to the Cape after this, captured a Dutch
East Indiaman, and heard that Suffrein had reached the Cape ;
hut at the same time he learnt that a squadron of five large
Dutch vessels, laden with the richest produce of India and
China, were lying in Saldanha Bay, about 100 miles north of
the Cape ; he at once made sail for them. The enemy were
well armed with twenty to twenty-four guns each, although of
course not strong enough to engage with Johnstone. They were
unable to escape, or to unload their cargoes, so they ran their
ships ashore, and set fire to them. Our men boarded them,
put out the fires on all hut one, and as high water floated
them, towed them off in triumph.
As it was now impossible to attack the Cape with any chance
of success, Johnstone divided his squadron, sending part to
reinforce Sir E. Hughes, under Commodore Alves, returning
himself to England with the remainder. After the engagement
at Porto Praya, Tyson returned to England in the HastingH, so
I presume he was wounded in the engagement.
The fleet having met with severe weather while steering for
Bombay, Commodore Alves selected four men-of-war, and his
best sailing transports, with 700 of 98th Regiment under
Lieutenant-Colonel Fullarton, and, accompanied by General
Medows, pushed for Trincomalee, where they joined Hughes in
the beginning of February 1782, about a month after he had
captured the place.
Colonel Eoss,* however, went on to Bombay with the re-
mainder of the squadron.
The fleet, after passing the Cape, had proceeded by the
Mozambique channel, touching at Johanna, one of the Comoso
islands between Mozambique and the north of Madagascar.
Meantime Suffrein proceeded to the Mauritius, and having
been strengthened by a powerful reinforcement from that place
* He did not reach Madras till the middle of May 1782, fourteen months after
leaving England,
1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 173
went on to India. His fleet consisted of twelve line-of-battle ships,
four frigates (including a captured one of ours, the Hannibal) ,
one bomb, one cutter, five captured vessels, and eight large armed
transports with 3,000 troops under Monsieur Duchemin.
While on his way from the Mauritius he effected the capture
of the Hannibal, 50, Captain John Byres of Madras Engineers,
with some other officers being on board, were made prisoners.
It appears that having been appointed a Sub-Director and
Captain of Engineers in June l78l, he embarked on the
Deptford, and arriving at St. Helena found H.M.'s frigate
Han7iibal, Captain A. Christie, about to sail singly and
immediately to Madras. Captain Christie ofiered him a passage.
They left St. Helena on 22nd November, and on 22nd January
1782 were surrounded, and taken by the Fi'ench fleet under
Suifrein, fifteen or sixteen days before the latter appeared
before Pulicat.
Suflreins object was to blockade Madras by sea, while Hyder
Ali attacked it by land. On 8th February, however. Sir
Edward Hughes appeared with nine line-of-battle ships, one
frigate, and one fire-ship, and anchored abreast of Madras, taking
on board as marines, 300 officers and men of the 98th.
On 15th February, the French steered towards Madras Roads.
When they saw Hughes' fleet and his firm attitude they declined
an engagement, and stood lor the south. Sir E. Hughes
pursued. On the 16th, he found the enemy had separated during
the night. He captured six vessels, five of which had been
taken north of Madras; the sixth was the Laurision, captured
by the Isis (so much damaged at Port Praya). Many French
officers, and 300 men of the Regiment of Lausanne, and a
valuable cargo of military stores were captured. On the 17th a
hot action took place between the two fleets off Sadras. It was
not decisive, but was well fought on both sides. Our squadron
vrent to Trincomalee, and thence soon returned to Madras. In
our fleet 127 men were killed and wuunded.
174 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1782.
The French fleet put into Porto Novo. Tippoo Sahib, after
his signal victory over Braithwaite, marched at once to Porto
Novo, and on the 10th March 1782 all the infantry and marines
of the French fleet joined him, when he immediately marched
against Cuddalore, which capitulated, as already mentioned in
the previous chapter.
Captain Byres, with two other officers. Major Russell and
Captain Young, having remained prisoners on board a French
man-of-war till 22nd March, must have been present at the
naval action ofl" Sadras. Byres (in a high fever) was then sent
on shore by the French Admiral on his parole at Porto Novo,
with the other two officers to go to Tranquebar, but not beyond
its limits. He was in hopes of being exchanged with an officer
taken in the Lauristo7i, and wrote accordingly to the Com-
mander-in-Chief, Sir Eyre Coote.
The French, finding that some of their men had been sent to
Bengal, threatened to send the officers to Batavia, or the Isle of
France. However, after a time, Byres was allowed to go to Madras
on parole, on account of his illness, on 29th May, and again
addressed Sir Eyre Coote on 1st June, asking to be exchanged for
the Chevalier de Roncour, a captain in Legion of Lauzun, who was
captured prior to the landing of the French troops on the coast.
On the I8th June, he received a reply that Sir Eyre Coote was
sorry " for his irksome situation, but that the officers and
soldiers captured in the beginning of the war, and even now in
chains, experiencing the most unheard-of cruelties, claim my
prior attention whensoever a cartel may be finally settled."
On Sir Eyre Coote returning to Madras, Byres waited on him,
and said, " He hoped the cartel settled in Europe would be
adopted in all its parts as it had been in part, a number of
French surgeons having been permitted to go." The Commander-
in-Chief said, "Were you my brother I would not exchange
vou, nor will I exchange any prisoners with the French till all
those taken in the beginning of the war by Hyder Ali are first
1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 175
exchanged." Byres then asked to be allowed to serve in the
north, where there were no French ; but Coote replied, that he
could not allow him to serve, as we were liable to be attacked by
the French anywhere. On oth October 1782, Byres appealed to
the Governor, Lord Macartney, but was not, I believe, released
from his parole till the end of the war.
Meantime, Coote's army had been kept by the Counci] for
three months at St. Thomas' Mount, when, by a march to Porto
Novo, it might have opposed the junction of the French and
Tippoo ; or at any rate prevented the fall of Cuddalore.*
At last Coote, after being joined in end of April 1782 by
78th Highlanders, 800 strong, marched south by Carangooly and
Wandiwash towards the confederates, then encamped on Red
Hills of Pondicherry.
After the junction had been efifected between Tippoo and the
French, Monsieur Suffrein sailed to Battacolo, a port in Ceylon,
about seventy miles south of Trincomalee.
The British squadron was reinforced by two ships of the line
and some Indiamen.
Sir E. Hughes, having equipped his fleet, and taken on board
remainder of 98th to complete his marines, sallied forth in
search of the enemy. General Medows accompanied the
Admiral as a volunteer. The British Admiral fell in with the fleet
(French) just as they had set sail from Battacolo, on 9th April,
and on the l2th a memorable and bloody battle ensued.
This action was perhaps the hottest in which the navies of
either country were ever engaged. The battle continued till the
close of day put an end to it.
In the British fleet 137 were killed, and
430 wounded ;
Total 567
• Wickens was present with Coote's army ; Johnstone was at Negapatam,
and Salmon at Tanjore, Banks being at Trichinopoly.
176 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 11782.
Both squadrons remained where the action had been fought,
but neither were in a position to renew the battle.
Their ships were greatly shattered, and the men overpowered
with fatigue.
In this manner both fleets lay till the 19th, when the enemy
stood off towards Battacolo to refit, and Hughes, a few days after,
entered Trincomalee. Great sickness prevailed in the English
squadron, and Hughes was obliged to remaiu at Trincomalee till
June.
About the middle of May, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross took up
his post as Chief Engineer, and shortly after requested that
he might be allowed pay from the time the squadron
entered Saldanha Bay. The Governor in reply expressed his
approval of Lieutenant- Colonel Ross's conduct during the
voyage from England, but said that his request must be referred
home.
To return to Coote. After two days' march from Wandiwash
we got a full view of the enemy, and in order to separate the
confederates, Coote suddenly changed his route to the west, and
encamped before Chittapet. This had the desired effect, for
Hyder hastened to its relief, leaving his French allies behind
him. Coote then struck off for Arnee. This caused Hyder to
redouble his expedition in pursuit, and on 2nd June, when
we were about three miles from that fort, his advanced
parties came up with our rear-guard, and opened upon it
with twenty guns. Colonel Elphinstone maintained his
ground, and Coote formed the army into a single line by
causing the troops to face about and file off to the left of
the rear battalion, having posted a brigade of infantry and
the cavalry under Colonel Owen to protect the baggage in
the rear.
As soon as the line was formed, it made a rapid advance upon
the enemy's guns.
The Mysoreans soon retreated, but renewed the cannonade,
1782.1 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 177
whilst the British were obliged to halt till Owen came up with the
baggage. This being done, we again advanced on the enemy,
who retreated across the River Cheear ; but they were so closely
pursued, that seven tumbrils were taken by the 73rd. A
battalion of the Bengal sepoys on the left advanced likewise,
and captured a gun. Coote, seeing both these regiments in
pursuit, ordered the European Grenadiers to their support, with
the light infantry, a regiment of cavalry, and some guns, which
pursued the enemy a little further, and then returned to the
line.
About 150 officers and men were killed and wounded in this
affair. The British army encamped that night on the field of
battle, and next day sat down before Arnee to besiege it; but
the scarcity of grain again forced Coote expeditiously to
Madras.
On our return from Arnee at Niddingul, we lost our grand
guard, consisting of one regiment black cavalry, two guns, and
1 00 infantry.
Hyder sent in sight a few loaded elephants and camels to
attract their attention, keeping his main body of cavalry con-
cealed in the woods. The bait induced the officer in command
to quit his post. Hyder's cavalry immediately rushed out on
them, and, notwithstanding a gallant defence, the whole were cut
to pieces
The army proceeded to Wandewash, and on the 20th June
reached the Mount.
The casualties on this expedition, were at —
Arnee . . . . .150
Seaforth's corps, from heat and fatigue . 160
And the Grand Guard . . . 300
Total . 600
Admiral Suffrein now determined to lay siege to Negapatnra.
12
178 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782.
Sir Edward Hughes apprehended his design, and towards the
end of June moved his squadron to Negapatam.
On 5th July, the French fleet, of twelve ships of the line,
besides frigates, came in sight ; on the Gth, a very warm engage-
ment took place.
The French Admiral, from the misconduct of some of his
captains, had to withdraw, and pushed for Cuddalore. Our fleet
returned to Negapatam, and then to Madras, where Hughes
remained refitting till the 20th August. In the meantime, he
despatched two of his best sailing ships, with 200 men from
the 42nd and 78th, commanded by Captain Hay MacDowell, to
reinforce Trincomalee,
This ofiBcer superseded Captain Bonneveaux.
The detachment arrived in safety, and the ships rejoined
Hughes on 12th August.
With this detachment Captain Banks was sent ; also Mr.
Robert Watson, and Mr. Crawford Lennox, all of the Engineers.
On Captain ^MacDowell's arrival, he found the two forts, but
particularly the lower one, in a very weak state of defence, and
the stores and ammunition so injudiciously distributed, that the
greatest part of the powder lay in one of the forts, while the
balls were lodged in the other. Captain MacDowell had scarcely
begun to remedy this evil, when he found himself besieged by
Suffrein,who had sailed from Cuddalore toBattacolo, and thence,
having received reinforcements, quickly laid siege to Trincoma-
lee. MacDowell made as good a stand as he could, and then
capitulated on 30th August.
A court of inquiry was held to examine the conduct of oflBcers
lately at Trincomalee and Fort Ostenburg. The following officers
attended : Captains MacDowell, Bonneveaux, and Banks (Madras
Engineers), Captain-Lieutenants Sutcliffe and Saxon (Artillery).
The Court reported that there were grounds for a court-martial
respecting surrender of Trincomalee.
Captain Bonneveaux, Commanding and Acting Chief Engineer
1782.] MADBAS ENGINEERS. 179
(before arrival of Captain Banks), tried for neglect of duty in
not putting forts into a proper state, considering the number of
people employed and money charged. Acquitted.
Captain AlacDowell, tried for surrendering Fort Trincomalee
to the French under Monsieur Suffrein on oOth August 1782.
Acquitted.
Captain Banks, Sub-Director of Engineers and Chief Engineer,
tried for not taking measures in time to defend Trincomalee.
Honourably acquitted.
Captain-Lieutenant Saxon, for not availing himself of guns,
shots, &c. Guilty ; suspended for six months.
Three days after Trincomalee had capitulated, Sir E, Hughes
appeared off the place, and another action took place between
the fleets on 3rd September.
The French lost 1,100 men killed and wounded, while we
only lost 348.
Suffrein publicly disgraced seven of his captains for mis-
conduct, and his fleet, in a very unmanageable condition, set
sail for Trincomalee. That night the L'Orient sank, and two
others stuck upon the rocks, but were got oft' again, after
sustaining considerable damage.
The British fleet v?as too disabled to pursue.
Peace had now been made with the Mahrattas, it having
been ratified at Poona in the middle of May. It was stipulated
that Hyder should at once evacuate the Carnatic. If he should
decline to do so, both parties to the treaty were to unite, and
eflect his expulsion. An expedition was accordingly taken to
Wandewash for the purpose; of negotiating with him. Hyder
found himself so well supported by the French, that he rejected
our proposals, and, after a month's fruitless negotiations, we
returned to Madras.
Another excursion to the relief of Vellore succeeded, and
seven month's rice was thrown in on .")th August, and on the
^Oth, the army again retired to the Presidency.
12 ♦
180 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782.
Colonel Lang was now sent to command the Southern Army,
with a detachment of 600 of 78th, and the Madras Europeans.
These went to Negapatam by sea, and joined the Southern Army,
which now again began to appear outside Tanjore.
Hyder, meantime, lay encamped at Cuddalore, until his army
had consumed all the forage in the neighbourhood, and then he
was forced to retire nearer to Trinomally.
Lord Macartney now resolved on the reduction of Cuddalore,
and collected vessels to carry rice, &c., for the siege. Hughes
engaged to occupy SuflFrein.
Coote began his march south on 26th August, with ten days'
rice for the army, and arrived at Pondicherry Red Hills on 4th
September, where he was to wait for supplies from the rice ships.
On the day on which (]oote distributed his last ration of grain
to the troops. Lord Macartney's rice ships, which ought to have
been at Pondicherry on the 10th, had not then passed Madras,
and Coote, with great reluctance, had to abandon the expe-
dition.
Coote was suddenly taken ill, and was not only obliged to
quit the army, but to retire to Bengal for the recovery of his
health. The command devolved on General Stuart, who began
his retreat to Madras on evening of 10th September.
On 15th October, a violent monsoon storm came on, and
flooded the camp. At this time the British fleet was in Madras
Roads, and, the gale increasing, put to sea. The admiral,
who was at the time giving an entertainment on board the
Superb, was under the necessity of carrying his guests to sea
with him.
After the storm abated, the army broke up, and marched into
cantonments on Choultry Plain, and St. Thom6, and Hyder
retired to Arcot and its environs.
Sir Eichard Bickerton now made his appearance in the Madras
Roads with a reinforcement of five line-of-battle ships and ten
Indiamen, with 23rd Light Dragoous, 101st and 102nd
1782.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 181
Regiments ; and 18th Hanoverians, also 200 recruits for 73rd
and 78tb, and 500 newly-raised men for the Company's service.
These joined the army, and Bickerton sailed for Bombay, where
he arrived as soon as Sir Edward Hughes' squadron.
At this time, owing to a very severe famine, provisions were
very scarce, and the allowances to the army, after the arrival of
these reinforcements, had to be reduced while the main army
was in cantonments at Madras
Colonel Humberston Mackenzie endeavoured to draw Hyder
from the Carnatic, by operations on the Western Coast.
Colonel H. Mackenzie overthrew 1,500 of the enemy in battle,
took Trincolore, and then marched to Calicut. His force, having
been increased to 900 Europeans and 2,000 Bombay sepoys,
joined by 1,000 irregulars sent by the King of Travaucore,
besides eighteen guns, made an attempt to penetrate into
Mysore.
He proceeded to Palghant with great expedition, but there
learnt that he would be opposed by a superior force under
Tippoo, accompanied by M. Lally. He resolved on a retreat;
but it had no sooner commenced, than furious attacks were made
by matchlock infantry, and cavalry, who hung upon his rear,
and took baggage and cattle. At Ponauy, Colonel Mackenzie
tood post, and threw up entrenchments. Twenty-four hours
after, Tippoo arrived, and made a general attack on 28th
November. Colonel McLeod at this instant arrived with two
battalions of the 42ud, and took command. Tippoo was
completely defeated, and he himself wounded in the thigh.
His troops dispersed Tippoo hastened back to the main
army, but before he reached Vellore, Hyder's death was announced
to him.
Hyder had been for some time in declining health, and upon
7th December 1782, Tippoo was proclaimed Nabob of Mysore.
Hyder had lately made overtures of peace to us ; but Tippoo
no sooner found himself at the head of the Mysore army, than
182 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782.
he dropped the negotiation, gave every assurance to tlie French
of his attachment to them, and of his determination of prosecute
a vigorous war against the English.
At end of July 1782, the Corps of Engineers was composed of
the following Officers : —
Lieutenant- Colonel Patrick Ross, lately returned from
Europe.
Major George Maule, doing duty at Madras.
,, Thomas Geils, at home, supernumerary.
Captain James Johnstone, Negapatam.
,, George Banks, Trincomalee.
„ John Byres, prisoner on parole.
,, William Gent, Ganjam.
,, William Prescott, Masulipatam.
Lieutenant Charles Salmon, Tanjore.
,, Simon Stuart, prisoner on parole.
„ John Wickens, with the army under Coote.
Ensign Elisha Trapand, Bencoolin.
,, John Adam Kissleback, Nellore.
„ George Bong, Pulicat.
,, Charles Parsons Ogg, sick at Madras.
„ Jacob Hemming, sick at Madras.
,, William Collins Tyson, Negapatam.
„ John Guthrie, Pulicat.
„ Daniel lennings, Madras.
„ Robert Watson, Trincomalee.
,, Crawford Lennox, Trincomalee.
At this time Lieutenant Beatson was assistant engineer at
Masulipatam, although not an officer of Engineers.
Lieutenant Colonel Ross, after his return,* asked for a brevet
of colonel, to place him in his proper position in the army, just
before Colonel James, of the Artillery, who had meantime
* Lieutenant-Colonel Ross at this time recommended that Robert Prescott
and John Xorris should be removed from Infantry to Engineers, they having
applied for the transfer and being well qualified.
1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 1S3
received the brevet rank. He instances precedents to justify his
demands.
The Committee state that they are unable to grant his request,
but that it will be referred to the Court of Directors.
On 27th December 1782, Lieutenant- Colonel Ross was
ordered to proceed with the army, with such a number of
engineers as he might think necessary.*
This order does not appear to have been acted on till
January 1783.
The army marched from Vellont on 25th January, and took
up their ground at Tannaveram on the 26th.
On 6th February, the army arrived at Carangooly. Lieutenant
Wickens, of the Engineers, sank several mines at Carangooly,
to complete the demolition of the place.
On the 9th, the army arrived at Wandewash.
On the 18th, General Stuart writes: — "This evening our
mines were sprung in the fort, three of which took place com-
pletely, all the iron guns were broken, or rendered unservicable ,
and the small brass guns brought away. About the time of
springing the first mine, by some accident the powder magazine
blew up, and five or six people were killed and sixty wounded.
Lieutenant Wickens was bruised by a fall he got at tlie time of
the explosion."
The whole force of Tippoo was at this time close at hand,
and Stuart's army was much harassed by rocket boys.
On the 4th, he writes : —
" I did everything but hang one of the rocket boys, he went
through the gallow's ceremony, and was pardoned only at the
last."
On the 15th, the outworks at Wandewash were blown up, and
all the gates were burnt ; the fire continued burning all night.
The place was now a perfect ruin.
• On 8th November 1782, Messrs. Samuel Saunter and Michael Russell were
appointed practitioner engineers.
184 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783.
On the 17th, the army encamped at Carangooly, where eleven
mines were now ready.
By the 19th, Carangooly was effectually ruined, and every-
thing within the walls thrown down. The place was in flames
for fourteen hours.
On 20th February, the army was at Chingleput, and on the 3rd
it encamped at Poonamalee.
In this expedition we sustained some considerable loss
Negapatam Fort, at the close of 1.782, was being briskly
destroyed — Captain Johnstone, of the Engineers, being engaged
on the work By March 1788, the demolition was complete. The
communication between Madras and Negapatam being inter-
rupted by the enemy's troops, Johnstone, together with Captain
Donald Campbell (son of Colonel Charles Campbell), embarked in
a vessel, and proceeded by sea. As they approached Madras, they
were chased by a French frigate, and taken near Fort St. George.
The captain of the frigate ordered them to follow, and steered to
the north The order was for some time obeyed ; but at length
night fell, and a fresh and favourable breeze aiding the attempt,
they put about, and ran for Madras, and dropped anchor safely
in the roads.
Since the conclusion of peace with the Mahrattas, the Bombay
Presidency found themselves able to make more strenuous exer-
tions in favour of Madras than they had hitherto done. On i2th
December 1782, General Mathews sailed from Bombay; on
the 18th, he landed on the Malabar coast, and took the fort of
Kajanumdroog by storm, and from thence marched and laid siege
to Onore. The breach was deemed practicable on 5th January,
and it was assaulted at noon, with success.
On 27th January, he tookBednore, a fort well built and strong,
containing seventy pieces of cannon, and immense quantities of
powder and ball, with 8,000 stand of arms.
Mangalore was his next object. Tippoo, on hearing this, at
once left the Carnatic, and, previous to his departure, blew up
1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 186
all the forts he possessed in the Carnatic, except Arnee, which
was left in charge of Sid Sahib, who had orders to attend the
French at Cuddalore with 2,000 cavalry. In returo for this, the
French sent a corps of 000 men with Tippoo's army, under
Monsieur Consigny.
Meanwhile, Mathews reduced Mangalore, Anantpore &c.
leaving Major Campbell with the 42nd Highlanders to garrison
Mangalore. He, also, occupied all the other forts he captured.
Thus, instead of destroying the forts he took, and concentrating
his force, he frittered away his army in garrisoning a number of
places, so that in Bednore, where was Iiis principal division, he
had but 400 Europeans and 1,200 sepoys. Tippoo's whole force
surrounded Bednore, and the French troops, with Tippoo's
Engineers, began their approaches towards Bednore. Thev met
with every opposition that could be suggested by men of
experience and valour ; but after a Council of War, it was agreed
that they should capitulate on honourable terms. The garrison
accordingly surrendered on 2nd May, but the terms of
capitulation were disregarded. After the fall of Bednore, every
other place gave way in succession to Tippoo, until he arrived
at Mangalore, which, owing to the gallant defence by Campbell,
put a stop to his victorious career.
About the time General Mathews landed on the western coast,
Colonel Lang, with a force of about 6,000 men, was in camp at
Manserpett, in an inactive state It was not until 22nd
February, that he was instructed to act on the offensive. At that
time he was at Coiladdy.
On 9th March he was directed to cooperate with Mathews.
It was at this time that Colonel Fullarton arrived at Negapatam
from Tranquebar, to join Colonel Lang. The news at this time
received from Mathews, was to the effect, that the enemy had
advanced within thirty miles of Bednore, and that he was obliged
to act on the defensive, but intended to maintain Bednore.
General Stuart recommended the attack of Cuddalore, and
186 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE IH783.
annihilation of French on this side, as the best means of drawing
Tippoo away from the west coast, and thought that Colonel
Lang should be ordered to take possession of Chillumbrum and
Palamcottah, and engage the Warriorepolliem Poligars to our
interest.
On 4th April, General Stuart was urged by the Council to
march shortly to Chingleput, and thence against the enemy.
General Stuart agreed to obey the orders of Government to
march, but threw on them the responsibility of fixing a date,
and considered that the time had not yet arrived, as supplies were
not sufficiently ready. General Mathews, at this time, called
urgently for reinforcements ; and on 13th April, the Council
asked the opinions of General Stuart and Colonel Pearse.
General Stuart protested against reinforcements being sent to
West Coast, gave in his plan, and requested that it might be con-
sidered. Sir Edward Hughes now arrived with sixteen ships-of-
the-line, two frigates, a cutter, and a fire-ship, and it was determined
that the army was to march towards Cuddalore on the 20th or 2 1 st.
General Stuart insisted that Colonel Lang should join him, and
that together, they should attack Cuddalore. The Council at first
objected to this proposal, but finally agreed, with the proviso that
garrisons were left sufficient to maintain our footing to the south.
The engineers with General Stuart's army were : —
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer.
Captain Johnstone.
,, George Banks.
Ensign Hemming.
,, Norris.
„ Dyce.
„ Saunter.
„ .fennings.
Lieutenant Wickens was aide-de-camp to Chief Engineer.
Colonel Lang, meantime, had marched against Caroor. He
1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 187
sat down before the place on 20th March, and was under the
necessity of carrying on regular approaches. The place had a
good glacis, covered-way, deep dry ditch with revetment, and
very high wall. Lieutenant Charles Salmon was the engineer.
Every inch of the ground was disputed, until at last we gained
the crest of the glacis, and made a lodgment The enemy
suffered severely in attempting to prevent this.
Our losses were as follows : —
1 Lieutenant and 6 Europeans killed.
15 Sepoys ,,
I Lieutenant and 35 Europeans wounded.
48 Sepoys „
Total killed and wounded, 106.
Caroor was taken on 2nd April.
Lang next marched to Aravaooorchy. On the 16th, a battery
of three 18-pounders was opened against the fort ; by noon
there was a tolerable breach, which was instantly stormed by
Captain Maitland, at the head of 100 Europeans, and four com-
panies of sepoys. Enemy lost 400, while ours was trifling —
only six killed and wounded.
On 4th May, Colonel Lang, still commanding, took the lower
fort of Dindigul by storm, at 4 a.m. After we had made a breach
in the upper fort, they asked for " Cowle,"* and the Colonel was
in possession of the whole fort, which is very strong, bv 10 a.m.
Colonels Ross, Lang, and Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Owen,
were in April appointed colonels, but they w. re to rank under
His Majesty's colonels ; consequently Colonels Fullarton and
Forbes became senior. Colonel Fullarton was ordered to take
command of the Southern army, and Colonel Lang to join the
Main army.
By this time, General Stuart's army had proceeded south, and
on 2nth April took possession of Permacoil.
* This means they asked "for quarter."
188 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783.
Here the rest of the army joined him on 2nd May. While
encamped on the banks of the Palar, they heard of the death of
Coote (who had come from Bengal to take command), in the
Madras Roads. The vessel in which he came was chased by a
French cruiser for the greater part of the voyage, and this
operated so strongly upon the anxious mind of Coote, as to
bring on a stroke of palsy, of which he died on 26th April, and
Major-General Stuart now became Commander-in-Chief over all
the British forces in India. From Permaeoil the army advanced
to Killinore, and received a supply of rice from Condamoor, after
which it proceeded to the Red Hills, Pondicherry, where an
advanced party of the French were surprised. A very long time
had been wasted near Permaeoil, waiting for the sailing-
squadron, and arrival of our store-ships and reinforcements^ under
Major-Generals Bruce and Waugenheim. It was the beginning
of June before General Stuart was able to proceed ; but at
length, on 4th June, the British camp was pitched on the banks
of the Poniar, five miles west of Cuddalore bound hedge.
The Chief Engineer was employed in making a post at
Kilanore Pagoda tenable. It was intended for the storage of
rice. On 23rd May, General Stuart wanted to know what orders
had been sent to Colonel Fullarton — again insisting on his
junction; and on the 31st, sent positive orders to Colonel
Fullarton, by Trichinopoly, to move towards the Culeroon.
Shortly after, the President disapproved of Colonel Fullarton
being ordered to join the main army,* and reminded General
Stuart of the reinforcements he had had. (At the end of April
600 Europeans had been sent by sea to reinforce him )
The President complained of his inaction, and recommended
him to advance on Cuddalore.
Colonel Fullarton, on taking command, proceeded to Dara-
* On 21st April, Colonel Fullarton had been ordered to send a detachment
to main army if General Stuart should require it
1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 189
pooram, and encamped before it on 23rd ^May, after a march of
twelve hours. At 3 a.m., Colonel Fullarton proceeded with some
Europeans and two battalions of sepoys to take possession of a
very strong post on the west side of the river, within 300 yards of
the fort ; had his men under cover before daylight ; at 8 a.m.
opened a small mortar-battery, and before 3 p.m. a three-gun
battery. A breach was effected about 6 p.m., and the place was
taken at day-break on 1st June. Colonel Fullarton had put
Caroor into a state to be readily destroyed, but finding it useful,
deprecated its destruction.
On 17th June, Colonel Fullarton was ordered by Lord
Macartney, the Governor, not to obey in future any orders of
General Stuart, unless confirmed by the Council.
General Stuart, with his army, made a judicious diversion,
and passed the Poniur river in view of the whole French line,
who did not venture to oppose our passage. Our army passed
the Bandapollam Hills on 6th June, and took up a strong camp
not two miles from the south face of Cuddalore, situated on a sandy
desert, with its right flank resting on the sea, and its left posted
against the Bandapollam hills, its front being screened from the
fort by plantations of palmira trees, and the brushwood of the
bound hedge.
Stuart omitted, however, to take possession of the bound
hedge ; and during the night of the 7th, Monsieur de Bussy
quitted the north side of Cuddalore, and fixed himself in the
southern hedge, where he immedialely began with the utmost
assiduity to throw up strong redoubts and lines of entrench-
ments, at the same time advancing his guards and pickets close
to our sentries.
Six days elapsed, during which the armies remained watch-
ful of each other — the French busily engaged in fortifying
themselves, and the British employed in debarkation of some
troops, and landing stores and ammunition.
'I he Pionet'is, &c., under the orders of the Engineers, were
190 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783.
engaged in making fascines, gabions, charcoal, mallets, tool-
handles, &c.
On the 11th June, the engineers were employed in carrying
down materials and tools to a bank and choultry in front of the
left-hand picquet, close under Bandapollam Hills.
During this interval, the Chief Engineer and other field
officers were engaged in recounoiteriug. Lieutenant- Colonel
Kelly passed secretly over the Bandapollam Hills, through
almost impenetrable. thickets, where he saw the whole dispo-
sitions on the enemy's right, and the construction of a new
battery on a commanding hill to cover that flank.
On the 7th, the Chief Engineer and the Quartermaster-
General had a narrow escape from being shot. They were
pushing forward to reconnoitre, when Colonel Ross's horse-
keeper was wounded by a cannon-ball, and one of the troopers
of the escort was shot.
General Stuart called a Council of War, composed of General
Bruce and Colonel Stuart, also tlie Chief Engineer, and the
officers commanding the Bengal and Coast Artillery, to know if
everything was ready for an attack. Finding everything prepared,
the capture of the outposts and redoubts was resolved on. The
General's orders were as follows: — " Major-General Bruce and
Colonel Edmonston to command the picket on the right.*
Colonels Stuart, Cathcart, and Blane to lead the picket on the
leftjt and the centre picket,^ or grand guard, to be led by
Colonels Elphinstone and VVaugenheim, joined by J 01st Hano-
verians, two battalions sepoys, Madras European regiment with
a party of Madras pioneers, under Colonel Kelly. Colonel
Gordon to command troops off duty, and the reserves, who
were to form in front of our camp. The rest of cavalry to be
under Colonel Campbell, and wait on the General.
* With the 78th and one battalion sepoys.
f Grenadiers, 73rd, and two battalions sepoys.
I One regiment cavalry and one battalion sepoys.
ymm^^^"^
it before the Attack of the Enemy's lines. C C C. — Route of
'lliot's Battery of Six 18-prs. F. — Major Mackay^s Battery
advanced. I. — Position of Kelly's Brigade after dispersing
'ol. Eljihinston. M. — Rally of the Centre Division after they
'araUel of the British. P. — Sally by the Enemy on the 25thi
tluded.
v^
BATTLE OF CUDDALORE.
Gained by 11,000 British Troops, under Major-General Stuart, over 11,000 French and Mysorians, under Mons. Bussy, on the IZth June, 1783.
KEi'KJKENUES.
Cot K^,7^'" ^"fu"'"' T- ^""'^^ "^ "^^ ^°°P' '"'^'^" '** ^"^'- ^ ^ S.-Di3po.ition 0/ the BrUM Troop, the Night before the Attack of the Enemy', tine.. C C C.-RouU of
of Four 12^.. a.-clpt'ZlZl^- iTjy.yjI^i^'!'! ""t *t:^"f * ofJh^Fr^h Battery li. upono. hill. E.-Col. Elliofe Battery of Six 18-prs. F.-Major Mackafj Battery
Battery of Sxx 18-pr,. ^.~The large French Bedout, to which the lOlet and Hanoverians advanced. l.—Po,ition of Kelly e Brigade afUr dieperaing
„-_„ . ■«""';/'"' -f^"' Pontxon of the Orenadiere and 73rd Begiimnt. J^.-Advan^e of the Centre Divieion under Col. Elphimton. H.-Mally of the Centre Divinon after they
•■L ^^r..1 .. ."TT.f the grenadier, and Bighlandere, eupported by the Sepoy, and EeUy'. BHgade. 0.~Fir.t ParaUel of the BritUh. F.-Sally by the Enemy on the 2&th.
' " ' resorted m the Evening,, for Convertaiion, after Peace vxu coneluded.
Tippoo'. Troop,.
retreated.
Q.~Choultry and Tree, to which the British and French
1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 191
"The artillery attached to right wing, and 6-gun hattery on the
right to be directed by Captain Montague.
" Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot to command battery of six
18-pounders on our left, \Yithin 800 yards of French redoubt.
" Another battery of four 12-pounders, placed still further to
the left, to be commanded by Major Mackay."
The General took post in Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot's battery.
The attack began at 4 a.m. on 13th June. Lieutenant-Colonel
Kelly followed the circuit he had made the preceding day over
the Bandapollam Hills (a party of Madras Pioneers were under
his command), and gave the first alarm by a brisk attack upon
the battery on high ground to west of French redoubt, and
succeeded in taking it.
The British flag was instantly hoisted as a signal, and Colonel
Elliot and Major Mackay at once opened a furious cannonade
on the large redoubt in the centre of the enemy's camp. Colonel
Kelly now turned their own guns upon them from the height of
which he had taken possession, completely enfiladed the whole
line, and threw them into such confusion that Tippoo's sepoys
were dispersed, and left an opening for the Grenadiers and
Highlanders to fall on the right flank of their European line;
while the centre division, under Colonel Elphinstone, attacked
the large redoubt in front ; and the right wing, under General
Bruce, made a corresponding movement from their position.
Our left wing had moved round a part of Bandapollam Hills
under a very severe cannonade, and lay behind a small hedge
(on the ground from which Tippoo's sepoys had fled) until the
10 1st Hanoverians had advanced to attack redoubt in front,
which kept up such a furious discharge of round shot, grape
and musketry, that these two corps were forced to give way,
after some of them had mounted the breastwork. The enemy
rushed from their works in pursuit, when the Grenadiers and
73rd, who were by this time advancing, availed themselves of
this mistake, enltred the redoubt from which the French had
192 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783.
sallied, and commenced a heavy fire on their rear. The French,
aware now of their error, moved confusedly ofif to the next
hattery on their left.
Thus the brunt of this obstinate battle was sustained by the
Grenadiers and Highlanders, supported by Colonel Blaue with
rest of left wins:, and Kelly's brigade, who with undaunted
courage advanced towards the enemy's left flank, carrying every
thing before them as they proceeded, though with dreadful loss,
as flanking batteries had been placed by the enemy at every
convenient spot, behind which they might retire, and which
incessantly poured out grape shot and langredge, accompanied
by musketry and grenades.
Four more of these batteries and guns were carried by this
valiant body before they halted; but at last, finding themselves
under the guns of Cuddalore, they desisted, and fell back on
the large French redoubt, wliich, being situated on an eminence,
commanded all the rest.
This contest did not end till 5 p.m., when a cessation of
firing took place, and both lines lay on their arms to be ready
for a renewal of the fight next day.
Eighteen pieces of artillery were taken. The loss on both
sides was very heavy. We lost —
14 European officers .. killed.
40 ,, ... wounded.
6 Native oflBcers ... ... killed.
14 ,, ... ... wounded.
161 Europeans ... ... killed.
387 ,, ... ... wounded.
17 ,, ... ... taken prisoners.
62 Native Infantry ... killed.
277 ,, ... wounded.
1 „ ... ... taken prisoner.
18 Native Artillery ... killed.
42 ,, ... wounded.
Total 1,020, of whom 251 were killed.
1783.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 193
The French lost —
14 officers killed.
25 „ wounded.
116 Europeans killed.
259 „ wounded.
361 of Tippoo's Natives killed and wounded.
Total 775, besides 6 officers and 35 Europeans taken prisoners.
This last statement is the French account, and probably under
the mark.
The following order was issued by General Stuart: — "The
Commander-in-Chief having taken minutely to investigate
the conduct and execution of the orders and plans in
attacking the enemy's outposts, lines and redoubts on the 13th,
with the comparative strength, numbers and position of the
enemy, composed almost entirely of the best regular troops of
France, takes this occasion to give it as his opinion to this
brave army in general, that it is not to be equalled by anything
he knows or has heard of in modern history, whetlier we look
to extent and entire success, or to the national importance of
that day's complete victory. He takes this opportunity to
return his thanks to Major-General Bruce, Lieutenant-Colonel
Cathcart, ^Major Moore, and Corps of Grenadiers, and to Colonel
Stuart, who supported them with pickets of the left, and under
whose command the French redoubt was successfully entered and
carried ; to Colonel Gordon, who commanded the reserve ; to
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, to whose abilities he
is so much indebted ; to Lieutenant- Colonel Kelly ; to Lieutenant-
Colonel Elliot and Major Mackay, under whom the artillery
was so well directed that day. To Captain Lamont and the
precious remains of 73rd, and in general to the officers and corps
of H.M.'s, and of the Company's troops," &c.
After the business of the 13th our army lay on its arms for
13
194 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1783.
thirty hours, and then steps were taken to fortify the position
acquired, the right of which was within a mile of Cuddalore.
The Corps of Engineers was now formed into the foHowing
brigades : —
/■Captain Banks.
1 St Brigade \ Ensign Hemming.
2nd Brigade
^Ensign Norris.
Captain Johnstone.
Ensign Dyce.
Ensign Saunter.
Ensign Ogg.
(li,nsign Ugg.
^^d^"^^d^ lEnsign Jennings.
The Engineer of the trenches was ordered, in future, to make
out a report of working parties employed by him.
In the parallel there were Bengal and coast sepoys.
In the redoubt. Pioneers and Lascars.
As an encouragement to followers to assist in providing
materials, the following rates were paid : —
For gabions, 4 J feet by 3 J diameter ... 5 fanams.
3J feet by 2^ „ ... 4
Fascines, 12 feet long ... ... ... 2 ,,
„ 9 ,, ... ... ... I2 "
„ 6 „ 1
Bamboos, 12 feet long by 3 inches to
4 inches diameter ... ... ... 1 .,
Bamboos, 12 feet long by 2 inches to
3 inches diameter ... .. ... ^ ,,
By the 24th June, our first parallel, and supporting redoubts
were finished. The French having landed some men from their
fleet; made an attack on our first parallel. At first our troops
fell back a little ; but getting in their rear afterwards, made great
slaughter among them,and put them completely to the rout, leaving
200 dead, and 30 wounded behind them, besides one colonel, one
major, one captain, two drummers, and thirty privates prisoners.
T83.1 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 195
The French in this assault attacked our parallel on the right
flank. Their principal attack seems to have been directed to the
right of our parallel, but they had no idea we had completed a
redoubt there, the fire from which galled them very severely.
Our people behaved wonderfully well, and the sepoys mixed
their bayonets with those of the French. Nothing could exceed
their steadiness.
We had only fifty- three officers and men, killed and wounded.
Killed — Two officers and two Europeans.
„ One Native officer and nine Natives.
Wounded — Two officers and three Europeans.
,, Four Native officers and thirty Natives.
On the same day General Stuart called a meeting, composed
of—
Chief Engineer, Lieutenant- Colonel Ross,
Second Engineer, Captain Johnstone,
with Commanding Officer of the Artillery ; also the two next in
command, —
Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot and Major Mackay,
and Captain Montague.
A statement was received from the Chief Engineer, showing
the means we had for duty at arms, and for working parties, and
the small quantity of materials ready for carrying on approaches
Considering the enemy's power by laud and sea, it was resolved
unanimously to abide by strengthening the parallel and redoubt for
the present, without making our approaches, so that the enemy
might not discover where we meant to erect our batteries, until
we had the stock of materials completed sufficient in one day
to erect them ; and meanwhile we proposed to annoy the enemy's
working parties by our field-pieces.
Meantime Tippoo had recovered Bednore, taken General
Matthews prisoner, and invested Mangalore. Colonel FuUarton
had taken Darapooram on 2nd June. General Stuart still
13 *
196 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783.
insisted on Colonel Fullarton joining him before Cuddalore, and
sent him positive orders to do so. The Council ordered Colonel
Fullarton to recross the river, and continue to the south.
Colonel Fullarton was thus placed in a very embarrassing posi-
tion ; but as he had heard of French reinforcements by
Suffrein's squadron, he determined on marching towards General
Stuart, leaving Colonel Forbes in command of the Southern
Provinces. It should have been mentioned before, that Monsieur
SufFrein, with fifteen sail, appeared on 14 th June. Sir Edward
Hughes, then at Porto Novo, dropped down to Cuddalore, and
on the 17th, about 4 p.m., a sharp action commenced Hughes
had eighteen sail, and so had the advantage in ships, but the
enemy were far superior in men. Our fleet Avas half manned by
natives of India, and sickness prevailed amongst our seamen.
Sir Edward maintained the fight till night came on, when he
was obliged to steer for Madras. This occasioned great dis-
appointment to General Stuart and the army. Next morning
Suffrein's squadron came to anchor in Cuddalore roads, and
landed a strong detachm.ent. This naval engagement took place
in view of the army.
On .SOth June, General Stuart heard from Colonel Fullarton
that he might expect him on 5th July.
On 25th June, the President wrote a minute complaining of
General Stuart's dilatoriness in not having the army in readiness
to march to take advantage of Hyder's death ; of the slow pro-
gress he made on his march to Cuddalore ; of his conduct in
ordering Colonel Fullarton to join him; of his procrastination
in attacking the enemy's redoubts on the 13th, &c. ; and proposed
that a flag of truce be sent to M. Bussy of the peace, and that
the army should cease hostilities.
The two fleets were preparing for a sixth battle, when
in June 1783, news reached India that the preliminaries
of peace had been agreed on between all the belligerent
Powers,
1783.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 197
The southern army was to be reinforced, and General Stuart
to be recalled to the Presidency
Messrs. Sadleir and Staunton were accordingly sent in an
English frigate to Cuddalore, to treat with M. Bussy; but no
intimation of this was sent to General Stuart, and the Commis-
sioners held no communication with him.
On 1st July he wrote as follows, and complained that "the
English frigate had her cartel flag up the whole night; she is
anchored in the midst of the French. They continue their
working parties, we fire upon them, and they return the compli-
ment, as usual. No message of any sort has been sent us, and
though I am Commander-in-Chief, and a member of your Govern-
ment, I neither have any communication, nor have I any letter
later than 17th June, and yet there are twenty letters in this
army as late as the 2.'5th." The two English Commissioners
had arrived on 30th June, wrote their report of negotiations on
2nd July, and left in Medea for Fort St. George on 3rd July,
returning to Madras on the 4th. Copies of their letter were
sent to the Chief of Tellicherry, Colonel Jones (commanding in
the north), Colonel Fullarton, Mr. Sullivan (civil officer in the
south), and Major Campbell (commanding at Mangalore), but
none was sent to General Stuart.
The Council approved of conduct of the Commissioners
General Stuart was directed to return to Presidency. He declined
immediately delivering charge, but knowiug of orders sent by
the Council to General Bruce regarding cessation of arms, he
caused a general order to be published.
On 3rd July, General Stuart resigned to General Bruce the
command of the Company's troops, reserving to himself the
command of the King's forces. General Stuart wrote to Lord
Macartney that " it was an unparalleled injustice and intended
affront."
On 4th July, General Bruce ordered Colonel Fullarton to
return to Trichinopoly. At this time Captain John Byres
198 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1788.
prisoner on parole being released) was appointed engineer
at Tanjore, and shortly after joined Colonel Fullarton's force as
Chief Engineer. By 24th July the parallels, &c. at Cuddalore
were destroyed, and the ofiBcers for that duty discoutiuued. The
workmen employed, the pioneers* (under Lieutenant Mitchell)
excepted, were to carry down the materials from the park to the
river-side on the 25th.
The army marched, Colonel Gordon in command (General
Bruce having gone to the Presidency, and Colonel Stuart having
command of a detachment from the main army, which left Cud-
dalore on 25th July to join Colonel Fullarton), the beginning
of August by route of Bahore, Red Hills, Killinore, Tindevanum,
Acherawauk, and Madranticum, which last place it reached on
9th August, and shortly after returned to Madras, 1 6th August.
The following arrangements were ordered to take place with
regard to the engineers who were present at the siege of
Cuddalore.
Lieutenant Colonel Eoss, to Madras ;
Major Johnstone, on leave;
Captain Banks, to Madras ;
Lieutenant Wickens)
i:, • , • f Carnatic Army :
Lnsign Jennings ) ^ '
o . I Madras :
„ baunter) '
,, Hemming, to Bombay for his health ; and
Assistant-Engineer Dyce, to rejoin his corps.
On 27th July, Colonel Fullarton had marched for Dindigul.
Colonel Stuart was marching to join him, and on 8th August
another powerful reinforcement, of 500 Europeans, and two
battalions of sepoys, with artillery, was sent under Colonel
Elphinstone.
* Force of j^ioneers with the main army, (J non-commissioned oiEccrs and
278 men.
1783.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 199
While this was taking place, there was much dissension going
on in Madras. Lord Macartney behaved very despotically, and
General Stuart was seized by a party of sepoys at his own house,
and carried a prisoner to Fort St. George. At the same time,
Colonel Lang, of the Company's service, was raised to the rank,
of Lieuteuant-General, that he might command over Major-
Generals Burgoyne, Campbell, and Ogilvie, of His Majesty's
service. General Burgoyne was next arrested and accused of
all the heinous crimes that could be suggested (he was after-
wards tried, and most honourably acquitted of every charge),
while General Stuart was conducted by a guard of sepoys to the
shore in a manner very unbecoming the rank of a Commander-
in-Chief, put on board the Fortitude on 14th October, and sent
a prisoner to England.
Such was the unhappy condition of the Presidency at Fort
St. George, and the ill-regulated state of the army, when Tippoo's
ambassador arrived to treat about peace. The main army
marched into winter quarters near Madras, as did the southern
forces at Trichinopoly, The northern detachment, which had
been for some time (under General Jones) surrounded in their
camp, was permitted to retire to Ellore. And thus the operations
of 1783 ended.
Lieutenant- Colonel Ross recommended Lieutenant Wickens,
for his abilities and merit during the war, to be promoted to
Captain. "He was constantly in the field during the war, and
was charged with the demolition of Sadras, Wandiwash, and
Caraugooly. He is the oldest lieutenant in the corps."
The Council were sensible of his merit, but could not promote
him, as there was no vacancy.
Culonel Fullarion was now proceeding against the Poligars in
tiie south. He first marched to Mellore, left a strong detach-
ment, and went on 4th August to Shevagunga, twenty miles east
trom thence. The Kajah paid 40,000 rupees, and gave security
for reinaiuiug debt — 50,000 rupees.
200 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783.
The engineers with Colonel Fullarton's force were Captain
Byres and Lieutenant Salmon.
The most powerful of the Poligars in confederacy against our
Government, and in alliance with the Dutch, had assembled
12,000 to 14,000 men, and were besieging the fort of Chocum-
putty. The most important, next to Shevagherry was Catabo-
manaig, and he was at Chocumputty, from whence his fort of
Pandalumcoorchy, on the soutli-east of Tinnevelly district, was
distant more than seventy miles. Colonel Fullarton moved oflf
from Shevagunga on (Sth August to Tropichetty, twenty miles
distant, and proceeded to Pandalamcoorchy, which he reached
on the 1 2th — 100 miles in four days.
He then sent a flag to ask capitulation, but it was refused.
The 18-pounders were halted in rear of embankment facing
north-east angle.
A battery was hastily constructed, and in three hours we
were ready to open on the bastion. The works were manned
with several thousand people. We opened lire on the bastion,
but finding delay, owing to its thickness, resolved to breach the
adjoining curtain. The enemy kept up a constant fire. It was
dark before a practicable breach was effected. The attack was
deferred till the rise of the moon. The storming party consisted
of two companies of Europeans, supported by 13th and 14th
Carnatic Battalions, and remained in rear of the battery. The
cavalry, the 1st and Light Infantry Battalions posted at right
angles with the other three salient angles, together with a detach-
ment fronting each gateway, to prevent supplies or escape. A
strong hedge fronting the breach was now removed ; this
dangerous service was eff'ected with unusual skill by Ensign
Cunningham, commanding the Pioneers, and about 10 p.m. the
attack commenced. The defenders opposed us vigorously with
pikes and musketry, so that we were obliged to retire, and
reached the battery with considerable slaughter <>u both sides.
Steps were taken to renew the assault ; but the Poligars, dis-
17830 MADEAS ENGINEEES. 201
heartened with their loss, ahandoned the place, and sallied hy the
east gate. Some of tlie fugitives were taken prisoners, hut
many escaped. The hreach was covered with dead bodies.
The place contained a large quantity of guns, powder, &c.,
also 40,000 star pagodas, which were immediately distributed lo
the troops Five companies of the 25t]i Battalion were left to
garrison the place.
Colonel Fullarton proceeded to Palamcottah, and thence by
Shankarnacoil to Shevagherry. On our arrival, the Poligar
retired to his woods, four miles deep, in front of bis "comby,''
or stronghold.
He was joined by Catabomanaig, and mustered 8,000 or 9,000
men. Colonel Fullarton had an interview with the Shevagherry
chief, Catabomanaig, and the deposed Poligar of Chocumputty; but
it was not satisfactory, so Colonel Fullarton made dispositions for
attack. The contest proved desperate. The attack commenced
by Europeans and four battalions of sepoys moving against the
embankment which covered the wood. Tiie Poligars opposed us
in full force. We, however, got possession of the summit. The
Poligars took post on the verge of the adjoining wood, and dis-
puted every step with great loss on both sides " Finding the
comby could not be approached in front, we proceeded to cut a
road through dense thickets for three miles to the base of the
hill that bounds the " comby " on the west. The Pioneers under
Ensign Cunningham laboured with indefatigable industry.
Captain Gardner, of 102nd, supported them; and Captain Blacker,
with .'jrd and 24th Carnatic Battalions, advanced their field-pieces
as fast as the road was cleared. We continued to cut our way
under an unabating fire from H,000 Poligars. By sun-set, we had
opened a passage to the mountain, which is extremely high,
rocky, and in many places almost perpendicular. We attacked,
and the troops attained the summit. The Poligar parties posted
to guard the eminence being routed, after much firing, we
descended the otliei' side, and flanked the " comby.'" The enemy,
202 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1783.
seeing us masters of the mouutaiu, retreated during the night by
paths inaccessible to regular troops, and we took possession of
this wonderful recess. Two battalions were left to secure
magazines, and the army moved to JShevelpatore, within four
marches of Madura, a little more than a month after it had left
Trichinopoly. Colonel Fullarton informed the principal i^oligars
"that he would leave on ;ilst [September, but that if they did
not return to their allegiance, he would make a vow to ' biva,'
the Gentoo god, whose attribute is vengeance, to march buck
and spread destruction through every possession of defaulting
PoJigars."
Vakeels waited on Colonel fullarton at Trichungalum, aud
stipulated to pay a sum in lieu of all preceding claims. They
also gave bonds for 15,000 pagodas, in consideration of
restitution of their forts. Pandalumcoorchy was to be destroyed,
guns, &c. removed to Talamcottah, and the road cleared to
the comby of IShivagherry to continue open ; means of defence to
be removed, and our troops always to have access to forts and
barriers. Colonel Jb'uUarton then proceeded to Dindigul, via
Madura. On arrival at JDindigul, the order of encampment was
in two lines. One European and three sepoy brigades, besides
four flank battalions. His artillery consisted of sixty-live pieces
of cannon, with held ammunition, and 10,000 battering shot. The
Engineer department was stored with Desieging tools and other
implements. The Pioneer Corps was strengthened. Our cavalry
was J, 000; altogether 14,000 hghting men.
The army moved to re-occupy Darapooram, and in October
marched towards Pulney, thirty miles south of Darapooram.
On loth October, Colonel Eullarton received news of recom-
mencement of hostilities on part of Tippoo against Mangalore,
and on the Ibth he determined to move west to relieve that place.
To do this, he thought it best to take Palghaut, and marched
from Pulney, reduced the forts of Gumalum, Chucklygherry,
and Annamallay, passing through a rich country abounding with
1T83.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 203
grain, cattle, wood, and rice. At PuUachy the country attains
its greatest elevation, and the streams run east and west to
Coromandel and Malabar.
From Annamallay our progress was most laborious. We had
to force our way through a forest twenty miles in depth, and
extending thirty miles across the pass of Palghaut. Our object
was to reach Colingoody, west side of the forest, fifteen miles
from Palghaut. The brigades were distributed to succeed each
other at intervals preceded by pioneers, in order to clear what
the advanced body had opened for the guns and stores. Heavy
rain fell for fourteen days without intermission, and the troops
were exposed without tents.
The advanced corps moved to the bank of the Poniany river,
within random shot of the works of Palghaut.
There we took a secure position, and prepared to attack the
place
By 5th November, the main body of the troops arrived ; we
crossed the river on the Gth, and encamped two miles from the
fort, across the great road that leads from Coimbatore.
The Engineers' stores arrived, and a post was established for
them, where all the preparations for a siege were collected.
Our next object was to circumscribe the besieged. With this
view, the pettah on east and north faces of fort was occupied.
On each of these faces we carried on an attack. During the
whole period of our approaches, and construction of our
trenches, parallels, and batteries, the besieged kept up a con-
tinuous fire on our covering and working parties. The batter-
ing train reached our camp on the Oth, after an immensity of
toil. Apprehending much delay from strength of defences and
obstinacy of defenders, Colonel Fullarton resolved to attempt
the gateway.
It was so strongly flanked and fortified that it appeared
secure from any attacks ; however, it had no draw-bridge, and on
this he founded his hopes of accelerating the siege. The fort
20 i
MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1783.
was quadrangular. 528 x 432 feet, each angle defended by a
capacious bastion, mounting seven or nine guns, and contained a
garrison of 4,000 men
On the l'3th, we opened fire with twelve guns and four
howitzers, from two batteries, at 400 yards from east and north
faces. Before sunset the defences were much damaged, and the
fire of the besieged considerably abated.
At night, Captain Alaitland took advantage of heavy rain,
drove the enemy from the covertway, and pursued them as far as
the second gate. There he was stopped, but maintained his
ground. The enemy were so much alarmed that they called out
for " cowle," and this x)ut us in possession of a fort capable of
making a long and desperate resistance.
Our loss was inconsiderable.
Colonel Fullarton garrisoned Palghaut, and re-instated the
Zamorin,* in the territory of Palghaut. He, in his report, says : —
" Captain Byres, the Chief Engineer, is entitled to my best
thanks for his labours and ability."
Palghaut was garrisoned by 19th Battalion, with a few
Europeans and irregulars, under Captain Dewar.
" It was found to command a fertile and extensive district,
the adjacent iorests abounding with the finest teak timber in
India. There is likewise a great quantity of sandal-wood in the
neighbourhood."
Colonel Fullarton's route from Dindigul to Palghaut was : —
IVIiles.
1st Se
;ptember
...
Dindigul
—
5 th
>>
...
Darapooram ..
—
10 th
)»
...
Allingum
—
17 th
J)
...
Manoor
8
J 8th
J'
Pulney
10
22ud
)j
Cumbalum
10
23rd
)j
• ..
Chinnamabettal
1 10
24th
>>
.^^
Sonumatore ..
12
* Xutive
Prince
of Palghaut country
1783-84.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 205
Miles.
25th September ... PuUachy ... 10
26th ,, ... near Annamally 10
27th ,, ... Annamallay ... 3
28th „ ... Pondapollam ... 5
29th „ ... Colangoody ... 3
Palghaut ... i5
On 26th November, the army arrived before Coimbatore, and
proceeded immediately to erect a battery ; but before we liad
effected a breach the Killadar* surrendered.
Now arrived the most interesting moment of the war. The
garrison of Mangalore, under the inestimable commandant,
Colonel Campbell, had made a defence seldom equalled and never
surpassed. Tippoo had suffered in persevering- with the siege
during the whole rainy season. At this time Colonel Fullarton
intended to go against Sattimangalum and Ardenelli, and
thence to Seringapatam ; but the Board had unwisely delegated
powers of negotiation to commissioners to treat for peace, and
he was directed to restore all posts, forts, countries, v^c,
recently reduced, and retire within limits possessed by us on
26th July. He received these orders on 28th November, two
days before lie intended to commence his march towards
Seringapatam.
He remained for some time at Coimbatore, but receiving fresh
instructions to fall back, returned to Palghaut, and in December
the army retired towards the southern country, having detached
Captain Wheeler and three battalions to e^cort the stores from
Cochin with instructions to evacuate Palghaut, and join
Colonel Fullarton by Annamallay and Pulney close to the
mountains.
Early in January 1784, the army arrived at Ayryacottah, and
Colonel Stuart, with the main division, proceeded to Caroor.
Colonel Forbes remained in the districts of Darapooram and
• Military officer in charge of a fort.
206 MILITAEY HISTOBY OF THE
[1784.
Dindigul, while Colonel Kelly advanced to Covanore on the bor-
ders of Madura. Colonel Fullarton proceeded with the Covanore
division, as most central, to the south on 24th January 1784,
These arrangements had hardly been finished, when he
received orders to recommence hostilities. The Zamorin had
occupied Palghaut after it was abandoned by Captain Wheeler.
Captain Agnew was sent with a battalion ofTravancore troops to
assist him ; but before he arrived, the Zamorin in despair had
abandoned it. On north-east border of Tinnevelly, Colonel
Fullarton received a letter * from the Commissioners that fully
marked the enmity of Tippoo, and convinced him that a rupture
was unavoidable ; he therefore ordered stores to join Colonel
Stuart at Caroor, and marched the same night to Madura. He
then went to Tanjore to concert measures with Mr. Sullivan
(Chief Civil Officer) for safety of the southern countries, while the
army should, for the third time, advance into the enemy's country.
Colonel Fullarton rejoined his army at Caroor. f
Tippoo, finding that the southern army had been ordered to
abandon his country, naturally persisted in his investment of
Mangalore, and the garrison was at last obliged to yield to the
necessity of famine, and surrender the place after a most
glorious defence. Colonel Campbell marched off with his few
remaining troops to Tellicherry, and died soon after, worn out
with fatigue. Notwithstanding the flragrant treachery by which
Mangalore was lost, and the deliberate massacre of General
Mathews, with many other captured English officers, peace was
concluded at Mangalore on the 11th March 1784. During the
progress of the negotiations, Tippoo treated the English com-
missioners with most marked indignitv. Had Colonel Fullarton
* Dated 11th February near Mangalore.
•(• On 4th February, Colonel Fullarton directed Captain Byres (as it was likely
the war would be resumed) to raise 200 or 300 pioneers with all expedition,
independent of those under the command of Lieutenant Cunningham. He
succeeded in raising a body of 160.
1784.1 MADKAS ENGINEERS. 207
been allowed to advance on Seringapatam with a force flushed
with victory, Tippoo must have left Mangalore for the defence
of his capital, and the English would have been in a position to
enforce their own terms.
The southern army, during its operations, took 10,000
prisoners.
Colonel Fullarton was ordered to restore Caroor and Dara-
pooram, but to keep Dindigul.
Tn April 1784, he moved with Colonel Forbes' division to
Dindigul, while Colonel Stuart fell back from Caroor on
Trichinopoly. While at Dindigul, the troops suffered a continua-
tion of fatigue, as they had to march seventy miles to the head
of Ootampollium Valley to get grain for subsistence. By the
end of May it became impracticable to subsist so large a foi'ce
in Dindigul, and Colonel Fullarton withdrew towards Madura,
after leaving a strong garrison. Afterwards three battalions
were detached under Captain Wheeler to Tinnevelly, and Colonel
Fullarton went there himself. From Tinnevelly he returned by
Negapatam and Tanjore to Trichinopoly, and thence went to
Fort St. George to give an account of affairs, to report the
meritorious conduct of the troops, and the eminent exertions
of Messrs. Sullivan and Irwin.
In his report he makes the following remarks regarding
pioneers and engineers: —
" It is further extremely requisite that your establishment of
pioneers should be increased, not only for expertness and
despatch in the preparation of a siege, but to facilitate the rapid
movement of your armies. Hyder seldom maintained less than
5,000 pioneers."
" The next material object is the Department of Engineers,
including not only preparations for besieging, but also the
defensive condition of your forts. You have a respectable corps
of engineers under an officer distinguished for his talents of
arrangements — Lieutenant-Colonel Ross."
208 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1784.
He again writes (in January 1785) : —
" Of all the southern garrisons which are the most important
in your country, the inspection and descriptive reports are long
ago completed ; for as soon as the army returned from the enemy's
country, I requested Captain Byres, Chief Engineer to the South,
to undertake a survey of Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madura, Palam-
cottah and Ramnad. This he executed with the utmost ability,
and accompanied it with a statement expressed in accurate and
comprehensive terms,"
Colonel Fullarton recommended the Governor to distribute
his force into three great frontier cantonments ; * main, or
central one, between Arcot and Vellore ; southern one, near
Trichinopoly; and the third at Ellore.
On the 10th October 1783, the state of the Engineer Corps
was as follows : —
1 Lieutenant-Colonel.
1 Major
4 Captains,
4 Lieutenants.
13 Ensigns.
Total 23
Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Ross.
Major Maule (not counted, as he had just gone home).
,, Johnstone.
Captain Banks,
„ Byres.
Gent.
,, Prescott.
,, Stuart, Supy.
Lieutenant Salmon.
,, Wickens.
,, Kisselback.
,, Trapaud.
* To defend the Circars, or act against Tippoo's possessions of Cuddapah or
Kumool.
's
r")
1783.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 209
Ensign Ogg.
„ Ryland.
Bong.
,, Guthrie.
,, Hemming.
„ Jennings.
,, Norris.
,, Russell.
„ Prescott.
,, Lennon.
,, Sauter.
„ Mackenzie.
Lieutenant Wickens seems to have been a very able officer,
and was frequently despatched on important work in connection
with the campaign Thus on 13th March 1783, he was sent
with a detachment across the Palar to inspect Arcot, and take a
sketch, &c. ; a few days after, he was ordered to Conjeveram, and
sent in a report regarding the fortifications required for the
Great Pagoda at that place.
The same month, he reports on the hill forts at Vellore,
and sends in a rough plan of Arcot, with observations, on
4 th June.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross complained of being superseded by
Colonel Nixon, and asked for brevet rank. General Stuart
supported his application, and said that " there is not an officer
on the establishment who deserves any mark of attention in that
way more preferable."
The President, however, refused the application, which is
liardly to be wondered at, considering the bad feeling existing
between the President and General Stuart at the time.
In September, Major Maule applied for leave to Europe, as
"he was suffering from liver and hypochondriacal affections, after
a service of sixteen years." He had to resign the service, but
was recommended to the Court to return with his rank.
14
210 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1784-90.
Johnstone was promoted to Major and Stuart to Captain.
Trapaud was still absent at Fort Marlborough, Bencoolen, and
Simon Stuart had not yet returned from parole.
In January 1784, Major Johnstone went to Europe on account
of his health, and Banks was appointed Major in his place,
while Wickens was promoted to Captain.
Trapaud, having returned from Fort Marlborough after a
service there of three or four years, was appointed Captain-
Lieutenant on account of his good service.
In August, Major Geils returned from England, and he was
given out in orders as Major of Engineers.
Major Banks and Captain Simon Stuart complained of Major
Geils taking rank in the Corps of Engineers, and a copy of their
letter was sent to the Court of Directors.
From the conclusion of peace with Tippoo in March 1784,
till the year 1790, no serious military operations were undertaken
by the English, and during these six years I can find no record
of an engineer officer having been employed on active military
service in the field.
In September 1788 a small detachment of pioneers, under an
European officer, was attached to the force under Lieutenant-
Colonel James Eidington, which took possession of the district
of Guntoor.
Again in March 1789, a detachment of eighty pioneers was
sent from Trichinopoly to join the field force assembled under
Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, 72nd Kegiment, for service in the
Shevagunga country. It was present at the capture of Collai-
goody on 14th May, and of Ranamungalum and Colacoil on
1st and 2nd June respectively.
The Government returned their thanks to Colonel Stuart for
his gallant and good conduct, and desired that he would com-
municate to the officers and men their perfect approbation of the
spirited and regular behaviour of the whole of the detachment
during the service. From the year 1784 to 1789, in spite of
1781-90.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 211
their immunity from service in the field, r^e Corps of Engineers
lost ten officers, seven of them hy death. In 1784 Lieutenant
Salmon's name is not to be found in the list of engineers, and he
probably died while on service. Captain Simon Stuart appears
to have died in 1787.
Captain John Byres died on 23rd September 1788.
Ensign Saunter died on 7th October 1788.
Captain Wickens died at Madras on 3rd July 1789.
Lieutenant Guthrie was pensioned in 1788.
Ensign Prendergast resigned 13th January 1789.
Ensign Thomas Benjamin Dorman died 27th October 1787,
after a short service of only five months.
Lieutenant James Kobert Prescott died on 5th September 1788,
In 1787, Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, who had for many years
been considered an engineer, and who had been gazetted as a
major of engineers, was re- transferred to the Artillery This
transfer led to a memorial from four of the field officers of the
Artillery They were told that his transfer to the Engineers had
never been intended to sever him altogether from his own corps,
the Artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, on his part, memorial-
ized regarding his supersession in his own corps, and wrote
most voluminous papers on the subject, which are referred to in
Captain Begbie's Memoirs of the Madras Artillery.
Later on Colonel Geils was treated with great harshness
regarding a mutiny of the Artillery at the Mount, which led to
his removal This will be noticed further on.
The engineers in 1790 consisted of —
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross.
Captain
Kisselback.
Major Maule.
>>
Ogg.
,, Johnstone.
Lieutenant Ryland.
,, Banks.
>»
Bong.
Captain Gent.
>»
Hemming
„ Prescott.
>>
Russell.
,, Trapaud.
it
Jennings.
14 *
212
MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1790.
Lieutenant Norris.
„ Lennon.
„ Mackenzie.
Ensign Forrest.
,, Cree.
„ Barclay.
Ensign Johnstone.
„ Wood.
„ Cudmore.
,, Caldwell.
Blair.
Altogether twenty-five officers.*
* In June 1784, a Lieutenant Harry Gordon of Engineers is mentioned as
having repaired the Fort of Chittoor. As a bill for the money expended by
him was ordered to be sent to Bengal, I presume he was a Bengal Engineer, as
he is not named in the Madras lists.
1790.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 213
CHAPTER IX.
Tippoo attacks Travancore. — Proposed Corps of Guides. — Colonel Stuart sent to
Dindigul. — Assault fails, but place surrendered. — Kelly's plan for capture
of Bangalore. — Siege of Palghaut. — Surrender of Darapoorum. — Lord Corn-
wallis lands at Madras. — British before Bangalore. — Bangalore Fort cap-
tured.— Battle of Arrikera. — Cornwallis moves on Caniambaddy. — Bombay
Army retires to the Coast. — Cornwallis sets out for Bangalore. — Army
returns to Bangalore. — Siege of Ryacottah. — Gowdie advances to Nundy. —
Siege of Nundidroog. — Colonel Ross reconnoitres Savandroog. — Savandroog
captured. — Surrender of Ramgherry and Shivagherry. — Tippoo's Lines. —
Assault of Tippoo's Lines. — Seringapatam Island. — Attack made by Tippoo's
Cavalry. — Bombay Army crosses the Cauvery. — General Orders regarding
operations of Engineers. — Action on night of 21st. — Two of Tippoo's sons
enter camp as hostages. — Tippoo signs articles of peace. — Colonel Maxwell
sent against the Poligar of Shevagherry.
At the close of December 1789, Tippoo attacked Travancore,
and preparations were made by the English for a campaign.*
General Medows, who had arrived at Madras on 2()th February,
as Commander-in-Chief, took command.
By 14th March, a small force was collected at Conjeveram,
and a large one at Trichinopoly.
On 31st January the Chief Engineer sent in a plan for the
establishment of a corps of guides. He recommended that the
corps should consist of 100 men. Fifty of these to be stationed
in the Carnatic, twenty-five north of the Kistna, and twenty-
five south of the Coleroon. This corps was to obtain informa-
* Travancore wa.s under our protection.
214 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1790.
tion regarding the country — especially with reference to roads
and passes, and all their plans and reports were to be lodged
in the Chief Engineer's office. This proposal was not
approved] of in its entirety, hut a corps was formed of fifty, as
follows : —
1 head guide ... pay 6 pagodas ... batta 6 fanams.
1 second guide „ 4 ,, ... ,,3 ,,
48 guides ... „ 2 „ ... „ 1 f. 30 c.
with three officers —
Captain John Pringle,
Lieutenant Beatson,
Lieutenant Allen.
On 19th March the following engineer officers were ordered
to hold themselves in readiness to join the army in the
field :—
Major Maule ; Captains Trapaud and Kisselback ; Lieutenants
Ryland, Bong, Mackenzie ; Ensigns Cree, Barclay, and John-
stone.*
The Chief Engineer (Lieutenant- Colonel Ross) forwarded a
statement of artificers and lascars required for engineers in
camp.
1 syrang. 1 maistry.
I tindal. I under maistry.
50 lascars. 50 coolies.
52 total. 52 total.
2 maistry smiths. 1 brazier maistry.
6 smiths. 1 bricklayer maistry
2 maistry carpenters. 6 hammer men.
12 carpenters. 6 bellows boys.
The Committee were inclined to refuse the artificers, and both
* On 9th April 1790 Ensign Edward Cudmore was removed from the Infantry
to the Engineers.
1790.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 215
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross (the Chief Engineer) and Major Maule*
(who was to command the engineers in the field) strongly
remonstrated, saying that the sieges of Tanjore and Pondicherry
had been protracted to a considerable length on account of the
establisliment being insufficient.
In spite of these remonstrances, the Government confirmed the
opinion of the Committee.
On 17th May, General Medows embarked for the south to take
command of the army.
On the 24th he assumed the command of nearly 15,000 men
at Trichinopoly, and on the 26th made his first march.
The plan of campaign was as follows : —
The southern army, under General Medcws, to reduce the
Coimbatore district, and ascend the Gugglehutty pass The
Bombay army to act on the west, and Colonel Kelly, with a
small force, to watch the passes into the Baramahl.
General Medows reached Coimbatore on 22nd July, without
any opposition to speak of, and detached a force against Palghaut
the next day.
The army was divided into six brigades — two European and
four native.
The ist European Brigade consisted of: — H. M.'s 3Gth and
52nd, two la-pounders and eight 6-pounders, commanded by
Major S. Kelly.
Tho 2nd European Brigade, — H. M.'s 7 1st and 72nd, and
1st Company's Europeans, two 12-pounders and eight G-pounders,
commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke.
l.sf Native Brigade. — 1st, Gth, and 10th battalion Sepoys, with
one I8-pounder and six G-pounders, commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Oldham.
2nd Native Brigade. — 2nd, 7th, and 20th battalion Sepoys,
• At siege of Pondicherry in 1778, Maule commanded the north attack He
was also at the two sieges of Tanjore and at capture of Ramnadpuram.
216 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1790.
with one 18-pounder and six 6-pounders, commanded by
Lieutenant- Colonel Trent.
Srd Native Brigade.— Srd, 4th, and 33rd battalion Sepoys,
with one 18-pounder and six 6-pounders, commanded by Major
Cuppage.
Ath Native Brigade. — 5th, 14th, and 25th battalion Sepoys,
with one 18-pounder and six 6-pounders, commanded by Major
Dupont.
In each wing there were one European and two Native
brigades.
Colonel Musgrave, commanding the line.
Lieutenant-Colonel Malcombe, Adjutant- General.
Lieutenant Colonel Camwell, Quartermaster-General.
Colonel Nixon, commanding right wing.
Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, commanding left wing
Lieutenant-Colonel Floyd, commanding Cavalry.
Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, commanding Artillery.
Major Maule, Chief Engineer.
Captain Beatson, Captain of the Guides.
On 7th June, the Pioneers were increased to five companies,
one lieutenant commanding, and one ensign.
Each company —
1 sergeant.
4 havildars.
4 naiques.
90 privates.
To carry —
60 hand- hatchets.
40 bill-hooks.
48 pick-axes.
6 picks.
10 felling-axes.
28 mamoties.
On 15th June, possession had been taken of Caroor; here the
array halted till 2nd July.
1790.] MADBAS ENGINEERS. 217
On the 6 til, Aravacoorchy surrendered, and Darapooram and
Coimbatore were occupied respectively on 10th and 21st July.
Colonel Stuart was sent to summon Palghaut. It refused to
surrender, and on account of the monsoon he was obliged to
return to Coimbatore. Stuart was then sent to Dindigul.
Moorhouse commanding the Artillery, and Trapaud being the
engineer with the force.
This force reached Dindigul on the 16th August. Two heavy
batteries and one of field-pieces for enfilade opened on the 20th.
The enemy's fire was soon silenced, but the breach was not
practicable ; still, as Colonel Stuart had no shot left, he deter-
mined to risk the assault. The ascent to the breach was found
quite impracticable. The assault was continued for some time, but
it failed. The enemy, however, being alarmed, surrendered shortly
after. Colonel Floyd, about the same time, took Sattimungalum.
Up to this time, a few forts had been taken, but nothing of
importance done, and parts of the army were posted at Coimba-
tore, Dindigul, Darapooram, Erode, and Sattimungalum.*
At this date. Colonel Kelly was commanding the centre army.
He and Lieutenant-Colonel Geils sent in a plan for the capture
of Bangalore. He proposed to enter enemy's country by the pass
of Mooglee, west of Chittoor, but it was pronounced by the Chief
Engineer (Lieutenant-Colonel Ross) and Captain George Hall,
commanding Artillery, inefficacious — 1st, because of state of the
Carnatic after Kelly's army marched ; and 2nd, because the force
available was insufficient to protect the battering train — so a less
extended scheme was called for.
* Lieutenant Dowse had been appointed to the command of the Pioneers on
the coast on 11th February 1790.
On 14th August Ensign John Blair was removed from the Infantry to the
Engineers.
On 11th August Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, Captain Hall,
commanding Artillery, and the Town Major, sent in a report of the posts neces-
sary to be established near Fort St. George, Vendalore, top of St. Thomas'
Mount, St. Thome, Nimgumbankum, Pursowankum, north of Black.
218 MILITARY HISTORY Ol* THE tl790.
On 7th September, Colonel Ross sent in a return of engineers,
lascars, and fascine makers, necessary for the centre army.
1 captain. 2 subalterns.
2 tindals. 25 lascars.
1 maistry. 1 under maistry.
25 fascine makers. 18 artificers.
The Board thought three subaltern officers would suffice.
Lieutenant Lennon, Madras Engineers, to be one of these, and
" to command the pioneers, owing to his activity and experience
in his profession."
This was in the month of September.*
On the 23rd, Colonel Kelly died at Arnee, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Maxwell succeeded him in the command.
On 21st September, Colonel Stuart was before Palghaut, and
two batteries were opened on that day at 400 yards. The fire of
the fort was silenced in two hours, and before night a practicable
breach was effected. Trapaud was the engineer, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Moorhouse commanded artillery.
A place of arms in the covered way was seized ; the work,
however, was not yet complete, as there was a broad and deep
ditch to be crossed. Before daylight the enemy surrendered,
and soon after sunrise the place was taken possession of.
The army was now divided into three divisions. The main army
at Coimbatore ; another division, under Colonel Floyd, about
sixty miles in advance, at the foot of the Guzzlehutty pass,
while Colonel Stuart was near Palghaut.
On the 11th, Colonel Floyd was on the Bhowany, He had
one regiment of Dragoons, and two of native cavalry, 3rd and
5th, 36th Regiment, and four battalions sepoys and artillery.
Tippoo descended in great force on the 12th September,
crossed the river at Poongar, and on the 18th advanced on
Sattimungalum, to cut ofi" Colonel Floyd's division. The contest
* Ensign Wood of Engineers joined centre army in September.
1790J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 219
lasted two days, and, though the enemy suffered heavily, Floyd
had to retire, leaving behind him some grain and two damaged
guns — one I2-pounder and one 18-pounder. The Bhowany was
crossed in basket-boats. At 1 p.m., the enemy attacked again,
and harassed the force by many attacks, which were all repulsed
in good style, but another 6-pounder, and two tumbrils were
taken.
Medows, as soon as he heard of the reverse, moved forward,
and they met at Veladdy. Floyd left behind him 200 killed and
wounded. Among the killed were Lieutenant-Colonel Deare,
Bengal Artillery, Captain Hartley and Lieutenant Armstrong,
36th, and Assistant-Surgeon Norris. The Artillery lost one
18-pounder, a 12-pounder, and a 6-pounder; the two first-named
were damaged guns. Owing to this disaster Erode and Dara-
pooram fell into 'I'ippoo's hands. On the 20th September the
army again marched to Coimbatore, and Colonel Stuart rejoined
from Palghaut.
On the 29th, General Medows left Coimbatore, and marched
towards Erode and Darapooram in search of the enemy.
On 7th October, Medow's camp was at Caroor, after
pursuing the enemy for eight days without being able to come
up with them.
On the 29th, Medows was at Erode. On 8th November,
having reason to believe the enemy had gone towards Maxwell,
he began to cross the Cauvery, and on the 10th November
arrived in the Baramahl.
At Darapooram, Tippoo captured 136 Europeans and 173
natives, including six officers and two surgeons, Captain Evans
commanding. On 6th October, 8 a.m., enemy appeared in great
force, and Tippoo was said to be near with his whole army. At
3 P.M. infantry and guns were brought into the pettah, and they
began to construct batteries. The next day the batteries were
nearly completed, one within 300 yards on south face, one 200
ards from north face. As the English had no guns, defence was
•220 MILITAEY HISTOEl OF THE [1790.
deemed impracticable. Fort was delivered up on the 8th at
4 P.M. Garrison marched out with colours flying. Private
property was secured. The troops were not to serve again
during the war.
At this time, Colonel Maxwell (in command of Centre Army) had
established his head-quarters at Cauverypatam (9th November).
On the J 2th, the Mysore army came in sight (Medows had
now just crossed the Cauvery). Maxwell, in the most spirited
manner, offered him battle, although greatly inferior in point of
numbers ; but Tippoo declined it.
On the 15th, Maxwell nearly surprised him at Santamarun-
hully, but Tippoo got away by the Palcole pass.
On the 17th, the two Euglish armies effected a junction,
marched on the 18th to Womtenellore, and intended to have
gone up the Cauverypooram pass ; but on our march Medows
found that the enemy had doubled back, and was upon his march
before us. We came up with Tippoo in the course of a very
long march, and cannonaded his rear ; but he got down the
Tapoor pass, and continued before us to Erode.
On the 22nd, the pursuit was continued in the hope that
Tippoo would not be able to cross the Cauvery unmolested.
The army pursued as far as Caroor, when it was found he had
crossed the river lower down. Tippoo's object was evidently to
detain us below the ghauts till his crops were cut. General
Medows thought the best mode to draw him out of the country was
to go up the ghauts ourselves, and he intended to go by Cauvery-
pooram pass, taking post at head of Guzzlehutty pass, and
opening the Tambercherry one, thus preserving our com.munica-
tions with Coimbatore, Palghaut, and the West Coast. However,
on 5th December, hearing of the approaching arrival of Lord
Cornwallis, he gave his plan up, and marched to Trichinopoly,
where he propused to remain till 1st January, to put the army
into Cornwallis' hand in a good place and state.
It should Le mentioned, that when General Medows marched
1790-91.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 221
towards the Baramahl, Colonel Hartley, who had been left at
Palghaut, successfully attacked a detachment of Tippoo's troops
ten miles from Palghaut, with a loss of five killed, and forty
wounded. Amongst the wounded were four ofBcers, and one of
these was Captain William Henry Blachford, Bombay Engineers.
Hartley pursued the enemy and took possession of Furkabad ;
enemy's loss 1,000 killed and wounded, and 1,500 men laid
down their arms at Purkabad.
The fort was then destroyed, and Beypore taken possession of.
Cornet Rideout, Madras Establishment, was found in the fort.
On 13th November, the Nabob's troops in Chepank became
unruly, and Lieutenant-Colonel Boss proceeded with a detach-
ment to Chepank House to quiet them. They were clamouring
for pay. Lieutenant-Colonel Ross had a great deal of trouble
in arranging the whole affair, and the troops lay on their arras
the whole night. The Board approved of the conduct of
Colonel Ross.
28th December. — Major Banks sent in a certificate of ill-
health, and desired to retire on Lord Clive's bounty, and about a
month after embarked. To obtain Lord Clive's pension he had
to take the oath that he was not possessed of £2,500.
Ensign Barclay, of Engineers, died at Trichinopoly on 9th
July ; and on 6th November, Lieutenant Ryland was allowed to
go away for the benefit of his health. He died at Calcutta, 12th
June 1791.
Lord Cornwallis landed at Madras on 13th December. On
the 30th the army commenced its march from Trichinopoly
towards the Presidency, and on 27th January 1791 encamped at
Vellout, eighteen miles from Madras. Two days later, Lord
Cornwallis assumed command. On 5th February, the march
re-commenced from Vellout, and on the 1 1th, the army was con-
centrated at Vellore. A battalion moved up the valley to
Amboor, as if it was intended to move by that pass up the
ghauts ; but the main army moved to the north, then, turning to
222 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1791.
the west, ascended through the pass of Mooglee, and occupied
the summit in four days. Tn four more, the battering train and
provisions for forty-five days were on the table-land of Mysore,
ninety miles from Bangalore, without firing a shot. Meantime
Tippoo, having expected the British by a more southern pass,
was carefully guarding the passes on that side. Our army now
marched past Colar and Ooscottah to within ten miles of
Bangalore, without molestation. On 4th March, the enemy's
cavalry appeared. The English encampment had its left on
some rising ground running at right angles to its general
direction, and at its foot was a swampy hollow, whicli extended
several miles in front and rear of its left.
Next morning, Tippoo made a demonstration. Lord Corn-
wallis drew up in order of battle that part which was to form
the rear, on heights fronting the enemy ; while his remaining
columns, heavy ordnance, &c,, marched in its rear, and towards
Bangalore ; the line on the heights then broke into columns,
and moved after, covering the rear. A distant cannonade termi-
nated the business, and the British took up their ground before
Bangalore late in the day. Next day. Lord Cornwallis moved to
stronger ground. Tn the morning, the Engineers (Major Maule
was Chief Engineer) made a reconnaisance to the north-east,
covered by the cavalry, and at 3 p m. all the cavalry and a brigade
of infantry moved for a similar purpose to the south-west.
Tippoo had meantime marched to the west of Bangalore, while
his encampment was to the south-west of it. Tippoo's cavalry,
under Balajee Row, was ordered to check the British. Colonel
Floyd moved on them with 1 9th Dragoons, and a native regiment
on its right, followed by all the rest of the cavalry. The infantry
were left behind in a hollow. Our cavalry charged, and pursued
the enemy to the rocks (marked A B C on the plan), south-west
of the fort, a mile and a half distant from it. Colonel Floyd was
shot through both jaws, and a retreat commenced. Meantime
Colonel Floyd remounted ; the cavalry, however, were obliged to
1791.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 223
retire, and the confusion was extreme. Major Gowdie, with
his guns and infantry, which were posted about 8,000 yards east
of the rocky ground, then advanced, and enabled the cavalry to
rally in his rear while he opened fire, which soon cleared the
field. The cavalry, followed by the infantry and guns, returned
in good order to camp. Our casualties were seventy-one men
and 271 horses. Ten of the enemy's guns were brought in as
trophies. On this night, Tippoo moved to Kingherry, leaving
8,000 troops in the fort under Behander Khan, and 2,000
infantry, and .5,000 armed peons in the pettah.
Lord Cornwallis determined to commence the siege from the
north-east, where he was encamped.*
The fort was oval, with round towers at intervals, five
cavaliers, a faussebraye, a ditch and covered way ; but the glacis
was imperfect.
The fort had two gateways, called respectively Mysore and
Delhi ; the latter north-east of fort opposite the pettah, overbuilt
with traverses, and the former south-south-west, the road thence
leading to Kingherry.
The pettah to the north of fort was surrounded with a rampart
and ditch, with an intermediate space planted with thorns
(prickly pear, &c.), 100 yards wide. The pettah had several
gates covered with fleches; there were no drawbridges. It was
resolved to take the pettah
The engineers present at the siege of Bangalore were : —
Major Maule, Chief Engineer.
Captain Ogg.
Lieutenant Russell, joined shortly after.
„ Norris.
,, Lennon.
„ Mackenzie, Adjutant of Engineers.
Ensign Cree.
* A Corps of European Pioneers was formed, to consist of one sergeant, one
corporal, and ten privates from each corps, and to be under the command of
Ensign Macpherson, H.M.'b 52nd.
224 MILITARY HISTORY OF THa
[1791
Ensign Johnstone.
„ Wood.
„ Caldwell.
„ Pyefinch.
On the 7th the pettah was taken hy assault
At 4 A.M., a detachment, consisting of H.AI.'s 36th, and 24th
Bengal Native Infantry fwith four iron 18-pounders, and two
iron 12-pounders), assembled — the infantry under Lieutenant-
Colonel Cockerell, the artillery under Lieutenant-Colonel
Moorhouse. When they got within 400 yards of the place, they
had to halt for the Chief Engineer (Major Maule) * for about
half an hour ; as soon as he joined, they proceeded under cover
of some rising ground to within 100 yards, when the heavy guns
were fired at the works, the enemy returning the fire witli musketry
and rockets. Thirty yards from the gate, the flank companies
of the 36th were ordered to storm a work which covered it.
This they carried with loss of only one man.
They were about to follow the enemy into the pettah, when they
were stopped by a second gateway, at the end of a narrow road
enclosed on each side by a high wall, and an impenetrable closely
set hedge of prickly pear. They endeavoured to blow open the
gate with the field-pieces; but failing, an iron I8-pounder was
ordered in, which succeeded in doing it in three or four rounds,
and the Grenadiers entered. About half an hour elapsed from first
arrival at the gate to its being blown open ; all this time the
enemy kept up an incessant fire of rockets and matchlocks.
The troops on entering carried everything before them, and
drove the enemy into the fort. Lieutenant-Colonel Moorhouse
was killed. He received two wounds, but did not discontinue
his exertions till two other musket-balls in his breast killed him.
We lost also. Captain Delany of 36th Regiment; and Lieutenant
Conan, brigade major of artillery, lost a leg, and died shortly
after. Several officers were wounded.
* Lieutenant Mackenzie of Madras Engineers accompanied him.
BAN GAL, ORE,
R'^Hon^'^Earl Cornwallis. K G to to J
s\
;; ID E £reaiiii^^-B«,^ne'S '■>\
1791.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 225
At this time, the English camp occupied the high ground
extending from the present railway station to the head of the
Oopurhully valley, thence across the ground now occupied by
the rifle-butts. To the south-west and south the camp fronted the
pettah 2,000 yards distant, and extended from the head of the
valley running to the west, as far as the head of the valley called
Shoolay. The Sultan hearing of the capture of the pettah
advanced from Kingherry to retake it. At the same time that
he sent Cummer-u din into the pettah with large reinforcements,
he made a show of attacking our camp, and cannonaded our
line (which was drawn up on the ground occupied by the rifle-
butts) from a distance of 2,000 yards, his troops being drawn
up in the rear, and to the south west of Muntapum hill. Lord
Cornwallis saw through Tippoo's design, and reinforced the
pettah. The efforts made for the recovery of the pettah were
spirited, but, after a prolonged contest, the Mysoreans were
drivcMi from every quarter at the point of the bayonet with
a loss 2,000 killed and wounded. The English casualties were
131. Two stands of colours were captured from the enemy.
On the 7th and 8th, the first parallel was formed by cutting
down a part of the pettah wall, and on the evening of the 9th,
the first battery was commenced for ten 18-pounders, near the
east end of the pettah, and about 1,050 yards from the fort wall.
This battery opened fire on the 12th. Wilks speaks of the
" lamentable error of the engineers in erecting the first battery
without previously ascertaining its exact distance." To ascertain
this was, I should imagine, quite impracticable, and I fail to
see that the distance was too great, as the battery was constructed
to take off' the fire of the fort and generally damage the defences.
The same day (12th) two enfilading batteries were opened,
with two 12-pounder8 each, about 150 yards apart, and 900 and
9o0 yards distant from the fort.
On the I4th, another battery of two 24-pounders was opened,
about 600 yards from the fort, almost due north of the Delhi
15
226 MILITAEY HISTOKY OF THE [1791.
Gate. One of the guns was disabled by the superior fire of the
enemy, and the other had to be withdrawn. This I think shows
that it would not have been practicable to place the first battery
much closer than the site selected.
It should also be noted, that the eastern portion of the pettah
is on commanding ground, that is, from the pettah gate whicli
was attacked up to the east extremity of the pettah, and it was
on this high ground that the first battery was erected. Besides
this, the choice of sites for batteries was limited A battery
requires a considerable space of open ground, and it would have
taken a long time to clear the ground, at a point, say a
couple of hundred yards closer, as the pettah was crowded
with houses.
By reference to the plan it will be at once seen that all the
sites selected for the batteries were points at which there happened
to be vacant spaces of ground.
At 2 P.M. on the 16th, a breaching battery, with one
24-pounder and seven IS-pounders (removed from first battery),
opened fire at a distance of 600 yards, on the same spot at which
it had been attempted to open a battery on the 14th. At first
this eight-gun battery could not work witli eflPect, but early
next morning (17th) its fire proved most useful.
This day, Tippoo attempted to relieve the place by making
an attack on our camp from the north and north-east. The
main body of his cavalry were posted on the reverse side of
the Muntapum hill ; while other bodies of them were drawn
up to the north of our camp, as well as to the north-east
of the Ulsoor tank ; while his line extended on the high
ground from ShevenhuUy to Sultanpore. On the rocky hillock
(known now as No. 4 signal station) near ShevenhuUy, he
had six guns, and a number of others were posted along the
heights at intervals. Tippoo, however, had no wish to com-
mence a general engagement, and after cannonading our line
for some time, drew ofi' again. Some of his cavalry got into
1791] MADEAS ENGINEEBS. 227
camp, and did some little damage — forty or fifty on our side
being killed and wounded.
On the 17th, Captain Slipper, of Madras Artillery, was killed
in the eight-gun battery, with several other Europeans and
natives.
On the 18th, the breach was considered practicable by
some ; but Lord Cornwallis ordered another parallel to be laid
out, and a battery constructed to its left for four guns,
within 3C0 yards of the fort, to bear upon the round bastions,
right and left of the gateway. This opened fire on the morning
of the I'Jth, and during the day two more guns were advanced
to the battery. Two mortar batteries had also been constructed,
one close to the six-gun battery, and the other 150 yards to the
left of it, outside the pettah hedge, and covered by paddy-fields,
which extended from the hedge up to the bank of the tank east
of the fort.
A constant cannonade was kept up on the breach and neigh-
bouring towers. The artillery fire of the enemy was now mud-
reduced, but our fire was replied to sharply by matchlocks froui
covert-way and outworks. The six-gun battery appears to have
concentrated its fire on the towers clese to the gateway ; while
the eight-gun battery fired on the breach in the curtain near
tlie large round tower (wliere the present gate stands).
On the 20th, the fire widened the breach, and at dusk a
working party opened a sap from the advanced battery to the crest
of the glacis. The enemy attempted to stockade the breach.
On the 20th, Tippuo, seeing that the breach would shortly
be assaulted, came down on the early morning of the 21st with a
large force to protect an advanced body with heavy guns, who
had on previous day been opening embrasures in the bank of the
tank to the east of the fort, from which they might destroy the
trenches and open sap, now advanced near the crest of the glacis,
and no longer covered by the works and buildings of the pettah.
Tippoo's force wis drawn up from east end ol ihib tank bunk,
15 •
228 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1791.
his left flank resting on the tank. His line extended south of
the valley which runs away from the fort in a south-east
direction, his right resting on Coramungalum tank. These
movements were made under cover of a heavy fog. It cleared
about 8 A M., and our right wing, which had been posted near
the Shoolay tank, advanced along the elevated ground now
called the brigade-ground, or Arab lines, This advance com-
pelled Tippoo to abandon his attempt at the time In the
evening, however, the attempt was renewed, and Lord
Cornwallis determined to deliver the assault without any further
delay.
The siege works were commenced on the 8th, and completed
on the 20th. In the space of twelve days, in addition to the
parallels, and sap to the crest of the glacis, the following batteries
had been constructed by the engineers : —
1 battery of ten 18-pounders.
2 batteries of two 12-pounders each.
1 battery of two 24 -pounders.
1 breaching battery, with one 24-pounder and seven
l8-pounders.
1 breaching battery with six guns, and
2 mortar batteries.
Total 8 batteries.
It seems that for this the engineers deserved great credit.
Tippoo was aware of the intended assault, as he warned the
garrison, and appointed two corps to fall on the flanks of the
assailants.
His camp was at Gignee, six miles to south-west, and at
nightfall he moved to within one and a half miles of the Mysore
gate. After sun-set the fire of the guns from the breaching
batteries was kept up on the breaches, and even while the assault
was taking place, the fire was continued with blank cartridges.
The communication over the ditch was by a narrow cause-
1791.] MADKAS ENGINEEES. 229
way, but this had been cut across, leaving only a pathway two
feet broad. At 11 p.m. (moon shining bright), the storming
party moved out in profound silence, and the ladders to ascend
the fausse braye and the projecting work on the right were nearly
planted before the enemy took the alarm. Just as the struggle
commenced on the breach a few men had got to the rampart by a
circuitous way, along a thin shattered wall, and they were now
on the left of the party of the enemy who were engaged in
defeuding the breach. They quietly halted to increase their
numbers, and then charged with the bayonet.
The killadar was killed defending his post in the most gallant
manner, and, until he fell, the resistance was obstinately pro-
tracted, but the two assaults in front and flank were too much
for the defenders ; and when the assailants were established on
tlie ramparts, they proceeded by alternate companies right and
left, until they met over the Mysore Gate. Separate columns
descended into the body of the place, and in an hour all
opposition had ceased.
While the assault was being made, a large body was observed
advancing from the tank embankment on our left, to attack
assaulting party in flank and rear, but they were repulsed
with great slaughter by troops placed specially for that
purpose. In the same way, another column lodged in covered-
way on the right was dispersed by a body appointed with that
object. Just after the fort was secured, a third column was
remarked, about to enter and re inforce the garrison. The guns
on the ramparts were turned on them, when, of course, they
retired The slaughter of the enemy was severe, but the
English loss was comparatively small.
In the assault alone, the enemy lost 1,000 killed, the number
of wounded was not ascertained- Although the English loss,
killed and wounded, was less than 450, the work of the
previous fortnight had been so heavy, that the hospitals were
crowded.
230 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1791.
There were two detachments of pioneers with the army — one
commanded hy Lieutenant Lennon, of the Madras Engineers,
and the other by Lieutenant Dowse, of the infantry. Captain
Beatson commanded the guides. Two days after the capture
of Bangalore, Lord Cornwallis ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Boss
to proceed to Amhoor, and join the army with Lieutenant-
Colonel Oldham's detachment as soon as possible, as Major
Maule was ill and could not continue on service. He said that
he required another captain of engineers, as Captain Ogg was
also ill. Lieutenant Bussell was accordingly ordered to join the
army to replace Captain Ogg.
Lieutenant Mackenzie was present with Major Maule at the
assault of the pettah gate, and he was also with the storming
party employed against the fort. Although there were doubtless
other engineer officers present, T have been unable to ascertain
their names.
Our total loss in the siege operations was 431 killed and
wounded.
Europeans, 58 killed ; wounded 1 80 ; missing 1
Natives 62 „ „ 123 „ 7
Total 120 303 8
Horses 36 „ „ 11 „ 224
The great loss of horses, 271, was a serious misfortune, as it
crippled the cavalry very much. On the 1st day, Lieutenant
Wellwood of 2nd Native Cavalry was killed, and Colonel Floyd
and Cornet Forbes of 3rd Native Cavalry wounded. On this day,
our loss in killed and wounded was 77. On the 7th, when
the pettah was assaulted, we lost 3 officers killed and 4
wounded, 26 men killed and 98 wounded.
Lieutenant- Colonel Moorhouse, Madras Artillery, killed.
Lieutenant Conan, ,, „
Captain Delany, H,M.'s 36th „
1791.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 231
Captain Hart.
Lieutenant Evre. ^
r)' c r H.M.'s 36th, wounded
„ rarefoy '
„ St John I
On the 21st, when the assault of the fort took place, we lost —
17 men killed, and 5 officers and Si men wounded.
Tiieutenant Evans, H.^M.'s 52nd, wounded,
r'aptiiin Wood, „ 74th ,,
Lieutenant John Campbell, H.M.'s, 74th, wounded.
Captain ^larkham )
TT-^i,, .^ „ T 11 r 70th, wounded.
Volunteer Lewellyn j '
The loss of the Pioneers was —
Killed, 2 sergeants, 1 Pfavildar, and 21 men ; total 24
Wounded, 1 sergeant, and 24 men ... ... ,, 2o
Missing, 3 men ... ... ... ... ,, 3
Grand total 52
Tliis was more tlian any other corps, except H.M.'s 3Gth, who
lost ten killed and lil'ty-eight wounded, but more of the Pioneers
were killed than in any other corps.
Captain-Lieutenant Terrot, of H.^I.'s o2nd, was killed on
I6tii. Ensign J. L. Caldwell,'' Madras Engineers, was wounded
in the trenches
(Jn the 22nd, Lord Cornwallis marched to the south-west
of the fort, and then, having levelled the approaches and
batteries, cleared and repaired the breach, and organised an
arsenal, he moved north, e/f route to DeonhuUy.
A detaciiment of artillery was left with the heavy park in the
fort, under Coh^nel Duff. Ensign Manoury, H.M.'s 52nd, did
duty as assistant engineer in the fort.
Tippoo moved towards Pedda Balapoor, and as the two
ronds by which the armies marched crossed diagonally, they met.
* This officer afterwards became General Sir J. L. Caldwell. G.C B.
232 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1791.
Tippoo personally covered his retreat with his cavalry, and in
effecting it, he lost one hrass 9-pounder.
Our army halted after a march of twenty miles. Tippoo
meantime collected his troops at Pedda Balapoor after a twenty-
six mile march ; but finding he was only eleven miles from the
English, he resumed his march, after a few hours' halt, to the
north-west towards Shevagunga. Lord Cornwallis' object was to
effect a junction with the Nizam's cavalry.
Deonhully and Chota Balapoor surrendered. The latter
was garrisoned by Poligars, who undertook its defence ; unfortu-
nately the place was retaken by escalade shortly after, and the
garrison suffered the amputation of a leg and an arm each.
Lord Cornwallis marched north for seventy miles, and then
remained stationary for eight days. After some uncertainty he
resumed his northern route, and formed a junction with the
cavalry two days after. Having done so, the united body
marched to Vencatagherry in direction of a convoy, which was
escorted by 4,000 men.
Tippoo attempted a strike at the convoy but was foiled, and
the united bodies of English troops moved again to Bangalore on
the 28th April.
The garrison at Bangalore was withdrawn, and replaced by
detachment from each regiment under orders of Lieutenant-
Colonel Oldham.
Lord Cornwallis had all his public departments in a some-
what crippled state ; but by great exertions he was able to
advance with ample equipments of every kind except cattle.
Tippoo had taken up a strong position on the Cheunapatam
Eoad, supported by the hill forts of Ramgherry and Shevigherry,
close to where the town of Closepett now stands. Lord Cornwallis,
to avoid the difficulties of this position, took the road by Can-
kanhully nearer the Cauvery. The army marched on 3rd May.
The inhabitants on this route, with all their cattle, had been
removed to Sivasamoodrum. The road, or track, was much
1791.1
MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 238
intersected with rivulets and ravines, and as there was a good
deal of rain, the exhaustion of the cattle daily increased. On
the 13th May, the army reached Arrikera, nine miles east of
Seringapatam. At this time, the Bombay army, under General
Abercromhie, was in possession of Periapatam, forty miles west
of Seringapatam.
The ordnance with the Madras army was 52 field pieces, a few
howitzers, and 15 siege guns.
Lord Cornwallis, on arriving at Arrikera, found the Sultan's
army six miles in his front, with their right on the Cauvery, and
left alongside a rugged hill. The intermediate ground for
approach of English army was narrowed to one and a half miles,
and further on to a mile. Lord Cornwallis found he could cross
the ridge of hills on his right, and, after descending, would
gain the direct road from Chennapatam to Seringapatam; so he
determined to attempt to turn the enemy's left hy a night march,
gain his rear, and cut off his retreat.
Orders were given for six regiments Europeans, twelve
battalions native infantry, three regiments of native cavalry, and
]9th Dragoons, with field-pieces, to march at 11 p.m.; the
rest of the army remaining to protect the camp, &c.
The difficulty of the ground (which was full of ravines),
was greatly enhanced by a heavy storm of rain, and the conse-
quent darkness.
The corps got separated and confused, and nothing could be
done till dawn.
Lord Cornwallis now determined to force an action. In rear
of Tippoo's position was the high hill of Carighaut, crowned by
a redoubt. Tippoo's own position was a lower branch of the same
ridge, and a more direct continuation of the Carighaut Hill
running north formed a rocky ridge two or three miles on his
left, at right angles with the line of the English column,
which was descending the Eastern Hill to cross the same ravine
which ran along his front.
234 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [mi.
Tippoo seized this rocky ridge with cavalry, infantry, and
eight guns, and changed front to the left with his main hody ;
he then advanced. As soon as the first English corps cleared
the hollow and ravines, the guns on the rocky ridge opened on
them.
In front of the English column was now a strong position
occupied by a powerful force, and on the left the main body of
the enemy preparing to advance in line. The English army was
accordingly ordered to form into two fronts at right angles to
each other. While this was being done, Tippoo's cavalry made
an unsuccessful attack.
The formation of the English army being completed, the
position on the rocky ridge was attacked by five battalions, under
Colonel Maxwell. The eight guns were drawn off, but the
infantry continued to fire. Colonel Maxwell quickly broke the
infantry, and even took three guns. This attack having been
successful, the remainder of the army advanced in two lines
against the main body, and the action became general.
After the British line had passed the first hollow, and was
ascending the next height, the fire of Tippoo's artillery relaxed,
and the infantry covered the retreat of his guns. As the
British advanced the enemy's infantry retreated, making a stand
at each succeeding height. Colonel Maxwell, by this time, was
turning the enemy's left, and the Mysore infantry began to
retreat more rapidly. Our cavalry now charged the rear-guard
of the enemy's infantry, and nearly destroyed them.
The cavalry were then drawn off; but the Nizam's cavalry by
this time were in front of the left wing of our army, and for
some time would neither advance nor recede to the left, and an
opportunity was thus given for the escape of Tippoo's infantry
and guns. On getting clear of the cavalry, the position of the
Mysoreans was quickly forced, and pursuit continued till the
works on the Seringapatam island covered the fugitives.
The English army lay on their arms on the ground where the
1791.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 235
battle terminated, and, when the tents arrived, encamped just out
of range of the enemy's cannon on the island.
Our loss in the battle was —
Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total.
Europeans 27 113 — 140
Natives ... 54 226 6 286
81 339 6 426
besides 54 horses Four oflScers were killed and 18 wounded.
Killed.
Cornet J. Patterson, 19th Light Dragoons,
Lieutenant I. Leonard, H.M.'s 62nd.
„ Edward Brooke, H.M.'s 76th.
Ensign Charles Ross, 13th Bengal Native Infantry.
Wounded.
Comet R. Mackenzie,)
T -r^ ^ - 19tn Dracfoons.
,, J. rortman, j ^
Lieutenant R. Frennan, H.M.'s 36th.
„ R. Mackenzie, H.M *s 71st.
Ensign J. Stuart ,,
Lieutenant William Whittle, H.M.'s 72nd.
C. Griffiths, „ 76th.
„ J. Dent, Staff.
,, D. Macpherson, 2nd Battery Artillery.
„ J. Macarkill, 1 4th Bengal Native Infantry.
W. Maxwell, 28th
Ensign R. Spottiswood, ,,
Major Stevenson, \
Cornet Forbes, I 3rd Native Cavalry.
„ M. Cosby,)
,, J. Doveton, 5th „
Lieutenant E. Corner, 1st Madras Native Infantry.
,, S. Jewerett, ,,
The Pioneers only had two men wounded.
The loss sustained by Tippoo was never properly ascertained,
but the Mysoreans themselves put it at from 1,500 to 2,000.
236 MILITAEY HISTOKY OF THE [1791.
Lord Cornwallis now moved on Caniambaddy by a circuitous
march of 20 miles. During the latter part uf the march from
Bangalore many of the heavy guns had to be dragged by the
troops, and in the two last marches to Caniambaddy all the
battering train, &c., was moved in that way. When Lord Corn-
wallis reached Caniambaddy he saw the impossibility of moving
the heavy guns any further, and resolved to relinquish the plan
of campaign.
On the 21st May, orders were sent to General Abercrombie to
return to Malabar. On the 22nd, all the batteiing train and
heavy equipments were destroyed.
On the 24th, Colonel Stuart with three brigades was sent
across the river to obtain intelligence regarding General Aber-
crombie. On the 2r)th, they returned without news. The Bombay
army, however, received the order to retire, buried their battering
train at the head of the pass, and reached the coast in safety.
Besides the difficulty about carriage for heavy stores, there
was an alarming deficiency in our public stock of ]n'ovisions,
rice selling at a pagoda for one seer.*
On 26th May, the army commenced its march to Bangalore
by a northern route past Hoolioor Droog. They had not gone
half a march, when they met the Mahratta army on 28th May at
Milgotta, under Purseram Bhow. Purseram Bhow had, on 7th
April 1791, captured Dharwar after a siege of twenty-nine weeks.
With him was Captain Little's detachment, which accompanied
the Mahratta array in accordance with treaty obligations. The
detachment did splendid service from May 1790, until late in
June 1792. Johnson and Stuart, of the Bombay Engineers,
served with the detachments. Johnson (afterwards C.B.) will
come under notice further on.
Stuart was killed at Dharwar on 16th January 1791, by a
musket ball in his breast.
" At 8 P.M., as the engineers were as usual going to repair
* A seer is about 2 lbs.
1791.] MADEAS EKGINEEES. 237
damage done to oar battery in the day, Lieutenant Stuart was
killed. The detachment will sensibly feel the loss of this active
and promising young man."
He entered the service 21st November, 1782.
Tippoo's cavalry had been so excellent, that Cornwallis did
not know there was a Mahratta within 150 miles.
The English had now plenty of food, and the army moved
leisurely to Bangalore, wishing to subsist for as long as possible
on Tippoo's country.
On 14th June, it had only reached to about ten miles east of
Nagamungalum, and about ten miles distant from Hoolioor
Droog.
The town of Hoolioor was easily taken, and the garrison of
the fort capitulated. Hoolioor Droog was dismantled and
abandoned, and by the 9th July the army was encamped seven
miles west of Bangalore. After the requisite arrangements had
been made at Bangalore, Cornwallis moved in direction of
Palicode and Ryacottah.
On 15th July, Major Gowdie, who had been sent on in front
with a brigade, occupied Oossoor on the same day. The
engineers who accompanied this advanced brigade were : —
Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie, Ensigns Alexander Cree
and J. L. Caldwell.
From Oossoor, Major Gowdie advanced against the fort of
Ryacottah.
The lower works were forced before daylight by blowing open
a gale. Several successive gates were also carried ; but it was
considered imprudent to attempt the summit. Gowdie held his
ground in an intermediate line of works, half-way up the hill ;
and on the appearance of our army, the place capitulated after
two breaching guns and a regiment of sepoys had been sent to
re-inforce Gowdie. The place was found well supplied with
military stores, 400 stand of muskets, &c. During the operations
Ensign Alexander Cree, of the Madras Engineers, was killed.
238 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 11791.
Gowdie's brigade after this took Ancbitty Droog, Neelagbeery,
Kutnagberry, Oodea Droog, and Cbinrai Droog.
On 29tb July, tbe army moved again towards Oossoor to
cover a convoy from Amboor, wbich joined on lOtb August.
On 12tb September, Cornwallis determined to send Major
Gowdie with his brigade — four 12-pounders and one mortar —
to reduce Rahmanghur. It surrendered on evening of ] 7tb,
shortly after the artillery had opened fire. Major Gowdie then
marched towards Nundidroog. On arriving at Lilgotta he heard
that Curamer-u-din, with 5,000 horse and five " cushoons " of
infantry, was encamped at Goree Bednore, a pass twenty miles
north of Nundidroog, intending to relieve Gurrumcondah.
He halted two days, advanced on the 22nd to Nundy and
took possession of the pettah.
On the 23rd, Cummer-u-din arrived in the neighbourhood of
the fort, and Major Gowdie took post near Chinnda Balapoor.
Cornwallis moved north to protect Major Gowdie, and cover
the siege of Gurrumcondah as well.
It may here be mentioned that the remains of the late Colonel
Moorhouse were sent from Bangalore to the Presidency, and the
following inscription for Lieutenant-Colonel Moorhouse's
tablet,* drawn up by Major Maule, who was Chief Engineer
at the siege of Bangalore, will prove interesting to many, as
showing how highly Colonel Moorhouse was esteemed by his
brother ofiicers : —
" To record the public sense of the distinguished services,
and to perpetuate the memory of the late Joseph Moorhouse,
Esquire, Lieutenant- Colonel of the Coast Artillery, who was
killed at the attack of the Pettah Gate of Bengalore, on the
seventh day of March, Anno Domini mdccxci., this Tablet
was erected by orders of the Government of Madras, during the
administration of Sir Charles Oakley, Bart. Respect for the
* A monument was erected to the memory of Colonel Moorhouse by the East
India Company in St Mary's Chui'ch, Foi-t St. George, with another inscription.
d'Ballayip(tt» m VtfJS'^ (^Or mlf, Sjgr
f/iaSuySr cnflgy"' O^'-W' ffie ^^ma
h h J/u Itv hrtt/^Jici; mri-ted iyolrrrrt
Part c/" fJtc lit/acfi»neni- ^tnrta f/ir .ri
N U N D I D R O O G
BM/T/SIf AJiMV SScTii
1791 J MADRAS ENGINEEES. 239
character, and Regret for the loss of an oflBcer, who from the ardent
love of his profession derived the most successful practice of it,
have rendered this Tribute, the Meed of Fame, doubly grateful
to those who have bestowed it, since in its transmission to
Posterity it will acquire additional Energy and Lustre from
the reflection that, to the eminent qualification of the Brave and
Gallant soldier were united the generous and social virtues of
the Truly Honest man."
The engineers present at the siege of Nundidroog were: —
Lieutenant Mackenzie, senior engineer.
Ensign Caldwell, and
„ Farquhar; also
„ Stokoe, Bengal Engineers.
In addition to these, Captain Kyd, of the Bengal Engineers,
Aide-de-Camp to Lord Cornwallis, gave his assistance.
Lieutenant Dowse commanded a body of 100 pioneers.
On 27th September 1791, Nundidroog was invested. The
fort is situated on a precipitous granite rock, 2,000 feet above
the plain. On the only accessible side, it was defended by two
strong walls, and an outwork to cover the gateway.
On the 29th, Major Gowdie was joined by two 24-pounders,
and four mortars.
On 2nd October, with astonishing labour, two 24-pounders,
two 12-pouuders, and two 18-pounders were dragged up, and
got into battery on an adjoining hill, by means of ropes fastened
round posts (driven into the ground) and trees ; and on the 4th
this and a mortar battery from the pettah opened fire, but the
height of the hill was too great for the mortars, and the guns
were unable to make any impression on the solid blocks of
stone, being too far off. It was then resolved to carry approaches
up the steep rocky hill to within breaching distance of the out-
work. Alter very great exertions batteries were erected and a
gun-road formed. Eight 18-pounders were dragged up the
Ml.
240 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1T91.
Two elephants were used for each gun, assisted by four drag
ropes, and crowds of men.
On the 12th, this battery (within 500 yards of the outer wall),
opened fire, and soon silenced all the guns in its direction
except one on the south east angle. A traverse was raised
against this, and an additional battery was made ; into this,
with immense labour, a 12-pounder was conveyed, and under
its fire the south east angle gave way, and the gun was tumbled
down the rock.
Fire slackened till the 16th, when a fresh supply of ammunition
was received. The breach was now practicable, and on the 18th
the army moved up. An artillery ofiicer with a small mortar
(used as a petard for blowing open the gate of the inner wall)
accompanied the storming party. Resistance was at first great,
but did not last long. The gate in the inner wall was forced,
and the English became masters of the fort.*
On 19th October, Lord Cornwallis issued the following
order: — "Lord Cornwallis having been witness of the extra-
ordinary obstacles, both of nature and art, which were opposed
to the detachments of the army, which attacked Nundy Durgum.
He cannot too highly applaud the firmness, and exertions
which were manifested by all ranks in carrying on the
operations of the siege, or the valour and discipline which were
displayed by the flank companies of H.M.'s 36th and 7]8t.
To Captain Reed, for his almost unexampled! perseverance
in carrying on an approach, and establishing a parallel near the
enemy's works on the ascent of the hill, which was calculated to
facilitate the success of the assault ; to Captain Kyd, his
lordship's Aide-de-Camp, for the zealous and able professional
assistance which he gave as an engineer ; and to Lieutenant
Mackenzie, the senior engineer on duty, for the skill and
* The garrison lost GOO killed and wounded and prisoners ; seventeen guns
•were found mounted in the fort and many gingalls, and the place was found well
provided for a siege.
1791.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 241
indefatigable industry which he uniformly exerted both at
Kahmanghur and during the whole of this siege, he tenders his
best thanks.
" Although the services of the Pioneers are less brilliant than
those of the troops, they are of peculiar value in such operations,
and his lordship thinks himself called on, in justice to Lieutenant
Dowse, and all non-commissioned officers and men of Pioneer
Corps, as well as to Ensign Stokoe, Bengal Engineers, who
assisted with so much ability in directing their labour, to declare
that their behaviour on this occasion has deserved his highest
commendation."
Our loss during the siege amounted to forty Europeans, and
eighty Natives, killed and wounded.
On 3 1st October, the Fort of Pinagra was taken by escalade by
Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton Maxwell, and on 7th November
Gurrumcondah was also captured.
On Srd November, after a most gallant defence of twenty eight
days, against tremendous odds, Lieutenant Chalmers surrendered
Coimbatore to Cummer-u-Din, Conditions were that the garri-
son were to go to Palghaut, and thence to Madras, and not to
serve again during present war ; but these were disregarded, they
were made prisoners, and eventually marched to Seringapatam.
On 29ih November, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engi-
neer, was sent by Cornwallis to reconnoitre Savandroog. He
was accompanied by the Quartermaster-General, Captain
Beatson, of Guides, and Lieutenant Dowse, with pioneers. His
escort consisted of three battalions of infantry, besides a squadron
of cavalry under Lieutenant Elliot.
This fort is over 2,000 feet high, and is in two parts, separated
from one another by a great chasm
The lower works enclosed both these upper forts, and barriers
had b(;en erected wherever ascent was practicable. The rock is
ten miles in circumference, and surrounded by a dense forest
five or six miles deep, low and swampy. Lieutenant-Colonel
16
242 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1791
Ross made a careful survey of the place, and from his report it
was determined to attack the north side.
On 8th Decemher, a detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel
Stuart consisting of 52nd and 7£-nd Regiments, 14th and 26th
Bengal, and 6th Madras Native Infantry — Battery Equipment,
four 18-pounders, four 12-pounders, and two howitzers — was
ordered on this service.
To cover the attacking force, Lieutenant-Colonel Cockerell,
with two regiments of Madras Native Infantry and a company
of Artillery, was at Sandapeepa, einht miles north-east; Captain
Welsh, with three regiments Native Infantry, at Rahmanhulli,
eight miles east-south-east ; and Captain Read with another
detachment, was posted south-south-east.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, with engineers in camp, was ordered
to accompany, as well as Lieutenant Dowse with a division of
pioneers.
Lieutenant Mackenzie, Ensigns Caldwell and Farquhar, are
known to have heen present.
On the 10th, Lieutenant- Colonel Stuart marched. On the
11th, the pioneers cut a road through dense jungle to the place
where our hatteries were to be erected.
This was a work of incredible labour, over rocky hills and
through thick forest. In many places they were obliged to drag
the guns over high rocks, and the forest of bamboos greatly
increased their difficulties. The enemy oflFered little opposition,
as they relied on the strength of the place, and unhealthiness of
its surroundings.
The difficulties were so great, that it was not till the 1 7th
that two batteries opened, one of three 18-ponnders at 800 yards,
and other of three 12-pounders and two 18- pounders at 700
yards. The guns had to be fired with an elevation of 23°.
It was found, however, that as the walls were formed of large
slabs of stones fastened together by iron rivets, the effect was not
great; the less so, owing to the indirect fire. By the 19th, two
1791.3 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 243
Other 2-gun batteries were opened at 250 yards from the walls,
and the 12-pounders were replaced by 18-pounders, when a
breach was made. On the 20th, the breach was reconnoitred,
fire was kept up all day, and before dark the breach widened, and
the outer wail shattered to the foundation.
On the 21st, at JO a.m , the formidable and important fortress
of Savandroog was assaulted. The assailants ascended the rock
without opposition. Bamboos had been planted close up to the
walls on this side of Savandroog. The rock is so very steep,
that without the assistance of the jungle it would have been
extremely difficult to ascend to the assault, but under cover of
it, a lodgment was made for the troops within twenty yards of the
breacli. During the assault the band of the .')2nd played
" Britons, strike Home." The eastern citadel was completely
carried. The Killadar of the western citadel attempted to retake
it, but was met by a division of the attacking party, and
retreated, followed by the English troops. The Killadar fell as
he approached the gate of his citadel, and the pursuers entered.
Everything was carried within one hour, and thus Savandroog
was taken twelve days after arrival of the troops, and five days
after batteries were commenced.
About iOO of the enemy were killed on the West Hill alone,
and several fell down precipices in trying to escape.
In the assault not one of the English was killed, and only one
wounded.
On the 23rd, Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart marched for Ootra-
droog.
The following is an extract from orders by liOrd Oornw.illis
regarding the capture of Savandroog : —
" His Lordship also returns his best thanks to Lieutenant-
Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, for the judicious choice which he
made of proper situations for the batteries, and for the great
attention that he paid to the other duties of his station."
On the same day that Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart advanced. on
16 •
244 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1791.
Ootradroog, Ramgherry and Shivagherry, on the road to
Seringapatam, via Chennapatam, surrendered without much
resistance to a detachment under Captain Welsh.
As soon as Colonel Stuart appeared before Ootradroog, he
sent forward to offer the Killadar liberal terms. The flag of
truce was escorted to a proper distance, and the garrison
beckoned the staff officer to advance. When he was within
sixty yards, a fire of musketry was opened, from which both he
and the sergeant escaped. Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, the Chief
Engineer, accompanied the escort, and examined the ground.
The mode of attack was novel. A number of field-pieces were
run down, and under cover of their fire the escalade commenced.
Lieutenant Mclnnes, of H.M.'s 72nd, led the storm, with part
of Europeans and pioneers, commanded by Lieutenants Dowse
and Macpherson, supported by Captain Scott.
The side of the rock assaulted was not precipitous, but was
at an angle of about 35°, defended by seven ramparts. The
Artillery were directed, as soon as one wall was carried, to point
their guns over the assailants, to keep down the fire of the enemy.
Some of the gateways were forced by the pioneers, but most of
the ramparts were carried by escalade. The fort was found to
have been captured without the loss of a single life, and with a
very few wounded.*
Hoolioordroog was, after having been re-occupied by the
enemy, retaken by English in their advance, with ease, and
nothing remained to interfere between the British army and
Seringapatam, except Cubhauldroog, which, being on the lower
road, Cornw^allis thought it useless to waste time over it.
A party of Brinjarries from camp, however, surprised the
* General after orders, 25th December 1791. Lord Cornwallis thanked Lieute-
nant-Colonel Stuart for his judgment, Captain Scott for spirit and good conduct ;
also Lieutenant Mclnnes of 72nd Regiment and Lieutenants Macpherson and
Dowse, who conducted the European and Native Pioneers that were employed
in carrying the scaling ladders and breaking open the gates.
1793.] MADKAS ENGINEEHS. 245
lower fort and attempted the upper, but were beaten back. They,
in spite of their repulse, plundered the pettah, loaded their
cattle with provisions, &c., and returned to the army in great
triumph.
On 25th January, 1792, the British, Nizam's, and Mahratta
armies were united near Savandroog. On 1st February, they all
moved towards Seringapatam in three parallel columns.
On the 5tb, the army marched across the range of barren hills
north-east of Seringapatam, and having proceeded ten miles
they arrived on their ground at 2, which, extending across the
valley of MilgotLah, fronted Tippoo at six miles from his
camp — battering train in the centre, and the infantry and field-
pieces on the right, and private baggage, &c. on the left,
protected by cavalry.
It is now necessary to mention the Bombay army under Major-
General Abercrombie.
It was nearly 9,000 strong.
European artillery, 216 ; Native artillery, 500 ;
„ infantry, 2,810 ; „ infantry, 5,432 ;
with twenty brass 6 -pounders, and sixteen battering guns ;
i.e. Ten iron i8-pounders.
Four ,, 12-pounders.
One brass 10-inch howitzer.
One ,, 8-inch ,,
The Chief Engineer was Major Sartorius of the Bombay
Engineers.
The 1st Brigade was commanded by Colonel Balfour.
The 2nd „ „ Lieut.-Colonel Peche.
The 3rd „ „ Major Sterling.
Reserve commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Hartley (who so
greatly distinguished himself in 1790 on Malabar coast).
Artillery under Major Jones.
General Abercrombie returned to Tellicherry from Bombay
246 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1702.
early in November. His troops assembled at Cannanore,
marched on 5th December to the Poodicherrum Ghaut, and
crossed the river at Illiacore on the 7th in boats. The ghaut
road was repaired, while the field train was brought across the
river. The four brigades began to ascend the last stage on
l7th December. Although it was only two miles long, two days
were required to drag the twenty 6-pounder field-pieces. Three
weeks of hard labour were then employed in bringing up the
heavy guns and two howitzers.
By 18th January, Cornwallis ordered them to advance with
field artillery alone, and the heavy guns were sent back to the
top of the ghaut, where they were placed in batteries constructed
for the defence of the pass, under Lieutenant-Colonel Peche,
with 300 men. Native troops were stationed at Thiacoi and
Biliapatam to keep open the communications.
The army under Lord Cornwallis was : —
Cavalry — Europeans, 404; Natives, 702
Artillery „ 1,145 „ 3,077
Infantry „ 4,482 „ 11,133
Engineers „ 20 „ 21
Pioneers „ 15 ,, 1,034
6,066 + 15,967 =22,033
The Chief Engineer, Lieutenant- Colonel Patrick Ross.
Aide-de-Camp to Chief Engineer, Lieutenant Colin
Mackenzie.
Captain of Guides, Captain A. Beatson.
Lieutenant of Guides, Lieutenant A. Allen.
The Pioneers were divided into three divisions : —
1st, commanded by Lieutenant Lennon, Madras Engineers;
2nd „ Lieutenant Dowse, Pioneer officer ;
3rd „ Ensign Stokoe, Bengal Engineers.
The British encampment, six miles from Tippoo's entrenched
camp, was divided by the river Lockany. The right wing was
1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 247
from the river to the rear of the French rocks, and a large tank ;
the park and left wing extended from the other side of the river
to the hills, which the English crossed in their last march.
The reserve were encamped a mile in the rear, facing outwards,
with the stores and baggage between. Tippoo had left the
valley as bare as possible of dry and green forage.
At II A.M. on 6th February, the Chief Engineer (Lieutenant-
Colonel Ross), the Quartermaster-General, the Captains of
Guides, and other officers went out to reconnoitre, accompanied
by a party commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel Maxwell. They
went to the hills in left of our front, while General Medows,
with Colonel Harris and the rest of his suite, reconnoitred the
ground in front of the right wing. The party with the Chief
Engineer had a distinct, though distant, view of Tippoo's camp.
On both sides of the river, a large space was enclosed by a
bound hedge.
On south side it was filled with inhabitants.
On north Tippoo's army was posted.
On the north the space was three miles long by half a mile
broad.
The most commanding ground was situated on the north side
of the fort.
Besides the hedge, the position was covered in front by a
large canal, with rice-fields, and partly by the Lockany river.
Six large redoubts added to its strength ; one of which, on
an eminence within the north-west angle, was a post of great
strength, and covered the left.
The right of Tippoos position was covered by the Lockany
river, and the Carighaut Hill. On this last, there was a strong
post not quite finished. This fort also defended the ford across
the Cauvery, near the point where the Lockany joins the
former.
The east of the island was fortified towards the river by various
redoubts and batteries, connected by strong entrenchments
248 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792.
with a deep ditch, so that the fort and island formed a second
line.
The front line was defended by heavy cannon in redoubts, with
his light train and army. In this, there were 100 pieces of
artillery, and in the second line as many as 300.
The redoubts of the left were entrusted to Syed Hamed
and Syed Guffur, supported by his Europeans, and Lally's
brigade, commanded by Monsieur Vigie. Sheik Anser was on
Carighaut Hill. Tippoo commanded the centre and right, and
had his tent pitched near the Sultan's redoubt.
The garrison in the fort was under Syed Sahib. Tippoo's
army consisted of 5,000 cavalry, and 40,000 to 60,000
infantry.
Tippoo's camp was nearly the same as that adopted by Hyder
in 1767 to foil the Mahrattas. Hyder after some time bought off
the Mahrattas, when the Nizam and he united to exterminate
the English from the Carnatic. The consequence was a ruinous
invasion, and although it was most ably opposed by General
Joseph Smith, the English Government concluded a disgraceful
peace, which Hyder dictated at the gates of Madras in 1769.
Tippoo being aware of all this, was consequently confident of
success.
Cornwallis, having received the reports of the Chief Engineer
and other reconnoitering officers, issued the following orders at
5 P.M. on 6th February: —
" The army will march in three divisions at 7 p.m.
" Right Division under General Medown :
" H.M.'s 36th and 76th Regiments, Lieutenant-Colonel
Nesbitt.
" 3rd Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel Cockerell.
" 22nd Native Infantry, Captain Oram.
" Lieutenant Lennon's Pioneers, and a detachment of
Engineer officers with scaling ladders.
1792.] MADEAS EI^GINEEES. 249
" Centre Division under Lord Vornwallis.
" Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, Commanding.
" H.M.'s 52nd, 71st, and 74th, Lieutenant-Colonel Knox.
"4th Brigade, Major Russell.
" 2nd and 21st Native Infantry, Major Langley.
" Lieutenant Dowse's Pioneers, and a detachment of
Engineer officers and scaling ladders.
" Le/t Division.
"Lieutenant- Colonel Maxwell.
" 72nd Regiment and 5th Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel
Band.
" Ensign Stokoe's Pioneers, and a detachment of Engineer
officers and scaling ladders."
" If the right attack is made west of Somarpett, the troops,
after entering are to turn to the left ; if to the east of Somarpett,
troops to turn to the right, and dislodge enemy from all posts
on the left.
" Troops of Centre Division to turn to left ; both right and
centre should, however, advance nearly to extent of depth of
enemy's camp before turning, and parts of both divisions will
endeavour to mix with the fugitives, and pass over to the island
with them."
Colonel DufF, who was left in charge of the camp, was
ordered to send immediately three divisions of gun-lascars
of fifty men each to the Chief Engineer to carry the scaling
ladders, and the Chief Engineer to send them to the divisions
with the officers of his corps.
The officers of Engineers and Pioneers were to be responsible
that the ladders, after being made use of, were not left care-
lessly in the enemy's works. In addition. Major Montague,
Bengal Artillery, and Captain Ross, 11. A., with two subalterns
and fifty Europeans, Artillery, with spikes and hammers,
accompanied the Centre Division ; while the others had smaller
similar parties.
250 MILITABY HISTORY OP THE n792.
The troops had just been dismissed parade at 6, when they
were again directed to fall in.
By 8 P.M. the divisions were formed, and marched out in
front.
The number of fighting men was : —
Europeans. Natives.
Eight Division ... 900 ... 2,400
Centre „ ... 1,400 ... 2,300
Left „ ... 500 ... 1,200
2,800 + 5,900
Grand Total 8,700
The right column was conducted by Captain Beatson, of the
Guides. The centre by Captain Allen and Lieutenant McLeod
(Intelligence Department), and native guides who had been
within the enemy's lines with these officers were with the left
column.
Tippoo did not expect the attack so soon. He thought
Cornwallis would wait for the Bombay army, and the Mahrattas
under Purseram Bhow.
He still less imagined that a fortified camp would be attacked
by infantry alone, during the night, without the assistance of
artillery.
Between 10 and II, the centre column, within a mile of the
bound hedge, touched upon the enemy's grand guard of cavalry,
that was coming to disturb our camp. They instantly galloped
off, leaving rocket boys to harass the column.
When the rocketing commenced, the left column was ascend-
ing Carighaut Hill, and the front division of the centre
pushed on, reached the hedge, and entered the lines a quarter of
an hour after the enemy knew of the advance.
The right column was led too far to the west, and was
hence later in reaching the bound hedge. They entered about
1792.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 251
half-past II, and, turning to the right, advanced against the
principal redoubt, near the white Eedgah.
The battle now became general, but the fort remained silent.
Operations of Right Division.
The 22nd Native Infantry marched on the right flank, and
had been ordered to make a circuit to the right, keeping outside
the hedge, while the column penetrated into the camp. Colonel
Nesbitt, at head of the column, met with no opposition, wheeled
his division to the right, marched along the hedge, then turned
to his left along canal bank, crossed it, and ascended towards the
redoubt. While the pioneers were cutting down the hedge, a
few shots were fired from the redoubt, but after this the leading
division met with no opposition till they had crossed the
canal.
The 36th and 76th rushed forward, and drove the enemy
from the covert way, but repeated ineffective efforts were made
to pass the ditch. A pathway was at last found across the
ditch, which led from the end of the mosque into the redoubt.
A slight gateway was soon forced, and after a severe conflict, a
large traverse between the gateway and body of the redoubt was
taken. The enemy, now driven to the inner circle of redoubt,
faced towards the traverse, and turned one of the guns against
the gorge. The fire of the English was stopped, and a charge
made with the bayonet, but grape and musketry repulsed the
attack. A second time they were led on by Major Dirom and
Captain Wright, and the enemy broke. This work had eight
pieces of cannon, and was flanked by three. The commandant
and 400 men fell in its defence. Our loss was eleven officers
and eighty men killed and wounded ; amongst the officers was
Lieutenant Stuart, of the Bengal Engineers. Lieutenant Stuart,
who had charge of scaling ladders, was killed while gallantly
pressing turwiird lo tlie ditcli, and several lascars who carried
^52 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1792.
the ladders fell at the same time. This caused great incon-
venience at first from want of ladders.
Monsieur Vigie, with 360 Europeans, was in the angle of the
hedge in front of the redoubt. They fired on Captain Oram's
battalion outside the hedge ; but finding themselves surrounded,
they broke and escaped, chiefly from their uniform being similar
in colour to ours. A garrison was left in the redoubt, and then
Medows wheeled to the left to co-operate with Cornwallis. After
marching close to Mahomed Redoubt, the General resolved to
get into Cornwallis' track and support him ; so the right column
re-crossed the hedge and ditch. Unfortunately they missed the
centre column, and Medows reached Carighaut Hill without
finding Cornwallis. An officer was despatched with a few
troops to gain intelligence, but he returned without any. Soon
after a heavy firing commenced between the fort and the hill.
Medows then countermarched, and was advancing when day
broke, and he found it unnecessary to proceed.
Operations of Centre Division.
The front division, under Lieutenant-Colonel Knox, about
11, forced its way through the hedge under a heavy but ill-
directed fire.
The enemy gave way as the column advanced, and the leading
companies went on past the Sultan's tent, and pushed on to the
river. From the uncertain light and the tumult of a night attack
they separated into two bodies. The first body, under Monson,
reached the river and crossed it under the walls of the fort;
they found the east gate of Seringapatam closed, so they
proceeded along the glacis, destroying numbers of the enemy.
The troops then took post, part at a bridge over a canal, and
part at a redoubt that defended the south ford. The second
body, under Lieutenant-Colonel Knox, crossed by the same ford
as the first five minutes after. The passage of the river was
difficult, owing to the number of the enemy pressing into the
1702.; MADRAS ENGINEERS. 253
island. Lieutenant-Colonel Knox turned to the left, proceeded
to the Dov/lut Bagh, and thence to the west gate of the pettah
of Shahr-Ganjam. Tlie gate was soon forced, and some French
prisoners conducted the party through the pettah to the gate
which led to the batteries at east end of the island. Lieutenant-
Colonel Knox had marched to this quarter to clear the batteries,
which commanded the ford opposite Pagoda Hill, and hearing
fire from the river, he detached three parties to take the batteries
in reverse. The enemy, completely surprised, deserted the lines
and dispersed.
Lieutenant- Colonel Knox received information of several
Europeans being confined in a house near by. He sent a party,
who released twenty-seven half-starved wretches in heavy irons —
amongst them Mr. Randal Cadman, a middy, taken ten years
before.
The two parties, under Knox and Monson, were followed by
seven companies of 52nd, and three companies of 14 th Bengal
battalion, under Captain Hunter. They crossed the river
opposite the Dowlut Bagh.
Captain Hunter thought his troops were the first on the island,
and resolved to remain for the present in the Dowlut Bagh.
Lieutenant Dowse, of Pioneers, now volunteered to cross the
river, and inform Cornwallis what was going on. He was
soon forced to return, having been driven back by a party
of horse.
After remaining about two hours in the Dowlut Bagh, Captain
Hunter saw a party of the enemy with two field-pieces on the
opposite bank. Captain Hunter, with his corps, rushed into
the river, crossed it under a heavy fire, and attacked them. He
then returned through the camp, and joined Cornwallis.
When the 14th battalion Bengal was near the iiedge they lost
their commandant. Captain Archdeacon, and were thrown into
some disorder. Cornwallis then ordered Major Dalrymple to
advance with the 7 1st, and some of the 14th Bengal. They
254 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792.
passed the hedge. Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart proceeded with
this body to the left, and advanced on Sultan's Redoubt; but on
mounting the walls they found it abandoned.
Colonel Stuart left a garrison in it, and, liaving gone forward,
completed the defeat of Tippoo's right wing, the flank of which
had been turned by Lieutenant- Colonel Maxwell and the lelt
division. Major Montague, of the artillery, employed his detach-
ment in securing the field-pieces He did not spike them, but
threw them off their carriages, and rolled the wheels
different ways.
The 74th, with 2nd and 2 1st battalions Madras Native Infantry,
were now formed, by Lord Cornwallis' orders, near the Sultan's
Redoubt. General Medows must have crossed within a few
hundred yards of this spot. Captain Hunter had joined about
two hours before daylight with seven companies of 52nd, and
three companies of 1 4th Bengal Battalion. Soon after their
arrival a large body of Tippoo's troops attacked. The English
received the enemy with firmness, and charged them with the
bayonet. The attacks of the enemy were repeatedly renewed,
and it was near daylight before they were finally repulsed.
Cornwallis then ordered the reserve to retire towards Pagoda Hill,
and near the foot of the hill he met General Medows returning
to support him.
Operations of the Left Division.
Carighaut Hill, which is steep and of great height, was
defended by a double breast-work, in front of a stone redoubt
lately completed It commanded one of the fords, and the east
end of the island, and a considerable body of infantry was posted
on it. Colonel Maxwell ascended the hill, and attacked the
works. The resistance was slight, and the works were scaled by
the flank company of 72nd. The loss on our side was trifling,
owint^ to the enemy being surprised, and the commandant being
1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 255
mortally wounded. A party was left in possession, and the
Colonel proceeded to Hill of Carighaut Pagoda.
The Colonel then moved down the hill towards the camp,
when his force was much galled by a corps behind the bank
of the watercourse at the foot of the hill. He forced his way,
however, into the enemy's camp, and proceeded on, till he met
the 71st and centre of Cornwallis' division.
An attempt was now made to cross the north branch of the
Cauvery ; the depth of water rendered the event doubtful, and the
71st and 72nd lost many men in the river. At last Lieutenant-
Colonel Baird (afterwards Sir David) reached the opposite
bank with a few men, but with all their cartridges wet ; the
bayonet, however, was unnecessary, as at this time fire ceased,
the enemy having been driven from their batteries by the
parties which Lieutenant-Colonel Knox had sent from the pettah
of Shahr-Ganjam.
Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell crossed the river a little to left
of the point where the first troops had passed, and went into the
island with the remainder of his column, followed soon after, by
the rest of troops under Lieutenant- Colonel Stuart, who also
joined Lieutenant-Colonel Knox at the pettah. Colonel Stuart
was making a circuit of the walls, when they met a body of horse
who had been during the night in the Lai Bagh ; and at the
same time a body of Europeans were seen marching across from
the south side of the island. These were the leading companies
of Cornwallis' column which had first entered the island.
The Centre and Left Divisions had thus fully executed the
parts allotted them ; and the Right, although unfortunate in the
direction of their operations, had had their share of the danger
and fatigues of the night, and had taken the Eedgah, a post of
such consequence that the enemy could not remain in force on
north of river after its capture.
Cornwallis had been on horseback all night, and had his left
hand grazed by a musket-shot. He was attended by Lieutenant-
256 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792.
Colonel Ross, Adjutant General, Majors Skelly and Haldane,
Captain Madan, Captain Kyd of the Bengal Engineers, one of
his aides-de-camp, Captain Apsley, Mr. Cherry, Dr. Land,
Lieutenant Turner, with Lord Cornwallis' body-guard, Lieutenant-
Colonels Malcolm and Richardson and Major Stuart, also
Lieutenant-Colonel Martin and Mr. King, commissaries of
provisions.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, Lieutenant Colin
Mackenzie, his aide-de-camp and some other engineer officers
had likewise been with Lord Cornwallis, but they joined the
division under Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, and crossed with him
into the island.
Lieutenant Hemming, of the Madras Engineers, was with
the Centre Division, and was wounded during the night.
Although night was over, the battle was not ended.
Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart took up a strong position in front
of the Lai Bagh, across the island. His right covered the ford,
occupied lines and batteries between the pettah, and the river,
which had been constructed as a defence.
A little after daylight, Cornwallis sent supplies of ammunition,
and also 3Gth Regiment, and 3rd Battalion to reinforce the
island, and the enemy's attacks were repulsed.
At this time, the enemy were keeping up a constant fire on
Sultan's Redoubt. This work was somewhat like the Eedgah
Redoubt, but its gorge was open towards the fort. The party
for its defence was commanded by Captain Sibbald, and
numbered 150 men.
Towards morning, while the enemy attacked Cornwallis who
was with the reserve, they also attacked the redoubt.
Our army being kept at a distance by the guns of the fort, the
small party in the redoubt were left to their fate, to have the
honour of disputing this point with the remains of the enemy's
force. The garrison attempted to close the gorge, with broken
doolies and a gun carriage, but three guns opened from the
1702.1 MADBAS ENGINEERS. 257
fort on the gorge, and two field-pieces from the rocks, which
soon destroyed this. As soon as the gorge was clear, the enemy
advanced to the assault, but they were beaten back. In this
attack Lieutenant Buchan, Bengal Artillery, and Captain Sib-
bald, were killed by a cannon-shot, and Captain Hunter received a
second wound. ^Major Skelly took command. The day was verv
sultry, and many of the wounded were dying for want of water.
Two loaded bullocks were opportunely found in the ditch with
ammunition. The garrison had scarcely secured this, when 2,000
cavalry were seen advancing to the redoubt. They halted, 300
or 400 of them dismounted and stormed the redoubt, but they
were repulsed with heavy loss at 1 p.m. Again, at 2 p.m., the
redoubt had to sustain a third attack.
The troops that now advanced were headed by Europeans,
commanded by Monsieur Vigie. They advanced from the rocks,
when, a few being killed, they stopped short, got into disorder, and
went off. The redoubt was by this time a horrid scene of carnage ;
two officers and nineteen men dead, and three officers and twenty-
two men wounded. About 4 p.m., the enemy's fire behind the
rocks slackened, and soon after they returned to the island ;
water was then brought from the ditch and pond near the
redoubt for the wounded. While the enemy was employed in
attempting to retake the Sultan's redoubt, the troops on the
island had remained undisturbed ; but at 5 p.m., two brigades,
and a body of dismounted troopers entered the pettah, drove out
some of our followers, and pursued them. Lieutenant-Colonel
Stuart sent 1st Madras Native Infantry, under Captain Archi-
bald Brown, to drive them back. Afterwards, the 71st moved
on, under Major Dalrymple, and these two corps drove the
enemy before them. A pi'isoner stated that it was Tippoo's
intention to attack in the night, and that his march was to
be directed along the north branch, so as to turn our right
flank. Colonel Stuart made the necessary arrangements to
defeat Tippoo's intention.
17
258 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1792
Major Dalrymple, 71st, and Captain Brown's battalion, were
to hold the pettah.
Lieutenant-Colonel Knox had charge of the right wing with
72nd.
Lieutenant-Colonel Baird, on left, with six companies of 36th,
and sepoys.
Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, with Major Peche in centre, in
rear of Shalir-Ganjam, as a reserve.
Cornwallis, having been informed of Tippoo's intentions, sent
four field-pieces into the island, which arrived in the course
of the night; and Major Gowdie with his brigade took post
at the foot of Pagoda Hill.
No attack was, however, made.
Extract, Earl Cornwallis' order on evening 7th February: —
" Lord Cornwallis therefore requests that the army in general
will accept of his most cordial thanks for the noble and gallant
manner in which they have executed the plans of the attack. It
covers themselves with honour, and will ever command his
warmest sentiments of admiration."
Tippoo now altogether quitted the north side of the river, and
retired to Seringapatam. We divided the island with the enemy.
The pettah of Shahr-Ganjam, laid out regularly and surrounded
with a strong mud wall, afforded excellent shelter within 1,500
yards of the outworks of the fort. Plenty of forage was found
for horses and cattle, quantities of firewood, and considerable
stores of grain. Tippoo's garden (the Lai Bagh) afforded
materials for the siege. Our camp on the north was advanced
near to the bound hedge, and picquets were placed in the
redoubts, thus completing a chain of posts in connection in front
of the north and east faces of the fort, and converting the
fortified camp into lines for the attack of his capital.
We captured in this assault —
Thirty-six brass guns, 2 to 9 pounders.
Forty-four iron guns, 4 to 18 pounders.
"*2-^ MADKAS ENGINEERS. 259
Our loss was : —
Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total.
European oflFicers ... 10 26 — 36
„ non - commis-
sioned officers and men 58 189 4- 20 267
Native officers and men... 49 161 + 22 232
Grand total ... 117 376 + 42 535
Officers killed: —
Lieutenant Stuart, Bengal Engineers.
Roberts, H.M.'s 73rd.
Ensign Smith, H.M.'s 36th.
Lieutenant Jones, H.M,'s 76th.
,, Buchan, Bengal Artillery.
Hutchings, H.M.'s 52nd.
Captain Sibbald, H.M.'s 71st.
Lieutenant Bayue.
Captain Archdeacon, 14th Bengal Native Infantry.
,, Mackenzie, H.M.'s 72nd.
Officers wounded : —
Lieutenant Hemming, Madras Engineers.
Brownrigg ]
R. Campbell ^H.M.'s 36th.
,, J. Campbell J
Captain Markham
Lieutenant Robertson
Philpot .
,, Shaw
Lord Cornwallis.
Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm, Staflf.
Captain Ross, Royal Artillery.
„ Hunter
„ Zouch
Lieutenant Irvine ... |-H.M.'s 52nd.
, Madden ..
,, Rowen
76 th.
260 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792.
Surgeon's Mate Paley ... H .M.'s 7 1 st.
Lieutenant Farquhar
Ensign Hamilton
Lieutenant Martin ... 2nd Madras Native Infantry.
Major Fraser
Hon. Captain Maitland
Lieutenant Macpherson
Wan
Captain Brown
74 th.
-H.M-'s 72nd.
T . XT- n [ 1st Madras Mative 1 man try.
Lieutenant Nicoll ...) -^
The loss of the Pioneers was : —
One sergeant and twelve men killed ;
One sergeant and seven men wounded and missing.
Total casualties, twenty-three
Tippoo's loss was 4,000 killed ; besides these, large numbers
deserted, and fifty-seven of his foreigners came over to us,
among them, Monsieur Blevette, his chief engineer.
On the morning of the 8th February, Tippoo's infantry were
on the glacis, while his baggage and cavalry were on the south
side of the river.
Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart was placed in command of the
troops on the island, consisting of three European Regiments
and seven battalions of sepoys, besides artillery.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross (the Chief Engineer), with the
officers of his corps, took up his station on the island, where
a park was formed for the intrenching tools and implements of
that department.
On the 11th, a corps of European pioneers was formed from
the 76th, under Lieutenant Macpherson.
The following officers acted as assistant engineers : —
Lieutenant Farquhar, H.M.'s 74th.
Abernethie, H.M.'s 74th.
Ensign J. Campbell, H.M.'s 76th.
„ Manoury, H.M.'s 52nd,
1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 261
The latter officer had in 1791 been left as engineer at
Bangalore, after its capture.
Lieutenant Leuuon (Madras Engineers), with half his corps
of pioneers (200 men), and Lieutenant Hind (Bengal Artillery),
with 300 gun lascars, were employed under the engineers in
preparing material. The pioneers and lascars made gabions,
while working parties of 100 to 300 Europeans, and 500 to
1,000 sepoys made fascines and pickets.
Seringapatam Island is four miles long by one and a half
broad at the middle, where it is highest ; thence it falls and
narrows to both extremities.
The west end, where the fort is, slopes more rapidly than that
part towards Shahr-Ganjam.
The fort occupied about a mile at the west end, and the Lai
Bagh and Pettah about the same distance at the east end.
_^The pettah of Shahr-Ganjam was about half a mile square.
A little to the east of the pettah was the entrance to the Lai
Bagh, which was laid out in regular walks with large cypress
trees, and full of fruit-trees, flowers, and vegetables.
Seringapatam is watered by a canal brought from a consider-
able distance up the river. It passes over the river by an
aqueduct, opposite the south face of the fort.
Tippoo kept up a continued discharge of cannon from the
fort.
Sensible, however, that he was in a tix, he sent Lieutenants
Chalmers and Nash with letters to Lord Cornwallis (these
officers had been taken at Coimbatore, and detained, contrary to
terms of capitulation) on the 8th February.
On forenoon of the 9th, Tippoo's cavalry marched along
south side of river to near Arrikera, six miles below, crossed on
that evening, and by daybreak on the 10th, got round to the
rear of our left wiug, and entered between our camp and the
Nizam's. Thev were supposed to be the Nizam's cavalry, and
acLually a&kt-d &ome camp followcis whtre ihe commander was.
262 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE U792.]
They were shown Colonel Duff's tent (he commanded the
artillery), when they immediately drew their swords, and
galloped towards the tent, but a party of Bombay sepoys turned
out and dispersed them.
On 10th February, the Bombay army passed Periapatam, and
next day they crossed the Cauvery at Yedtarra, thirty miles
above Seringapatam.
On the 14th, Colonel Floyd joined General Abercromby
with our cavalry, 4,000 allied horse, and a battalion of
sepoys, and they encamped at Caniambady, ten miles above
Seringapatam.
Tippoo had sent cavalry to attack ours on the J 4th, and they
made an attack on the allied horse, but Colonel Floyd returned
to their support, and put the enemy to rout.
On the 16th, the Bombay army joined Cornwallis.
By this time, 2,000 gabions, 10,000 fascines, and 20,000
pickets having been prepared, everything was in readiness for
the attack.
It was at first intended to attack the east side of the fort, to
make a lodgment in the Dowlut Bagh, and run regular ap-
proaches to the north-east angle, which was to be subject to
enfilade from batteries north of the river.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross (Chief Engineer) had in the mean-
time been able to reconnoitre the north side very closely, and
he judged it more advisable to make principal attack across the
river against the north side. The curtain was evidently weak,
there were no outworks, and flank defences few, and of little
consequence. The ditch excavated from the rock was dry. The
stone glacis was broken, left incomplete in two places, including
several hundred yards of curtain, the walls might be breached
to the bottom, and thus the ditch filled up.
The fort built on a declivity of the island was exposed to fire
from the north, while the slope the island has also to the west end
exposed that part to enfilade from ground opposite south-west face.
1792.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 263
It seemed possible, by repairing a dam, to throw all the
water of the north brancli into the south ; at any rate, the river,
though rugged, was not deep or impassable, it gave security
against sallies, and there was the certainty of carrying on
the approaches rapidly, and breaching the place with little
loss.
Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart was instructed to strengthen his
position in the island by additional works.
On 8th February, a part of the materials and intrenching
tools prepared in the island were conveyed to the north side of
river.
General Orders, l^th February,
" An engineers' park to be established near the bound hedge,
in rear of Captain Browne's redoubt, as the rendezvous of the
Corps of Engineers, for the stores, &c. of that Department,
and for the Corps of European and Native Pioneers, who, being
placed under the orders of the Chief Engineer for the period of
the siege, are to be considered as a distinct detail for working
service, and regulated accordingly.
" The intrenching tools lodged with the Commissary to be
removed to the engineers' park, in charge of a conductor of
stores, who is to remain there under the direction of the Chief
Engineer, regulate delivery of tools to working parties, and
see that when no longer required they are carefully returned
into stores.
" A detail, including a field officer (to be relieved daily), will
be ordered as a guard for the trenches, to be furnished from
camp, or Bombay troops. The working parties for the trenches
will be ordered in like manner ; and so long as numerous details
are required for working service, a field officer will be appointed
to command them. He is to regulate, in communication with
the engineers on duty, the details of work, and will frequently
264 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792.
visit the different parties employed; but is not to interfere in
command of guard for the trenches.
" Lieutenant-Colonel Knox to meet the Chief Engineer at 4
at engineers' park, and make himself acquainted with situation
of outposts, and receive from him the Commander-in-Chiefs
directions, regarding the manner in which the troops are to be
employed and disposed of, for the protection of working parties
during the night. Working parties to march at 3 p.m. to carry
fascines, ropes, pickets, to engineers' park. Working parties
for trenches this evening to be furnished by troops under Major
General Abercromby, and march so as to arrive at engineers'
park by sun-set."
Orders were given to open the trenches on 19th February ;
at the same time a diversion was to be made to beat up the
cavalry encampment on the south side of the river.
Major Dalrymple, H.M.'s 7Ist, commanded. The force con-
sisted of 71st, and 13th Bengal Sepoys, under Captain
McLeod. It was accompanied by Lieutenant McLeod, of the
Intelligence Department.
The detachment crossed the south branch at 8, and
making a detour over rice-fields, &c., reached enemy's camp at
12; other corps were ordered to the ford to support the
detachment in its retreat. Major Dalrymple halted one mile
from enemy's camp, and sent forward Captain Robertson, with
four companies 71st, and four companies 13th Bengal. He
entered the camp undiscovered, killed 100 troopers with the
bayonet, and 200 horses. He then retired without the loss of a
single man.
Lieutenant- Colonel Ross (the Chief Engineer) and Lieutenant-
Colonel Knox had in the afternoon visited the outposts, and
inspected the general situation of ground opposite north face.
The approaches were to be connected with Sultan's redoubt,
but it was determined to break ground witiiin breaching distance
1792.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 265
of the fort, and, having formed a sufficient parallel, to work
back to the redoubt.
Ihe troops for working and guarding the trenches having
assembled at the engineers' park, marched down as soon as it
was dark to commence operations.
Captain White, with Grenadiers and company of 3Gth, accom-
panied by Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie, Madras Engineers,
Aide-de-Camp to the Chief Engineer, with a party of pioneers
carrying gabions, for closing gorge of work towards the fort,
was sent to dislodge the enemy, and take possession of redoubt
to the right of parallel near the river ; the light infantry com-
pany of 36th under Captain Hart, and two companies sepoys
were to occupy the mosque on the left.
The Chief Engineer having detailed the working parties under
the different officers of his corps, proceeded to execute the parallel,
which he had marked out the previous night. They worked
undiscovered. By day-light the nullah was formed into a wide
and exteusive parallel, and a redoubt was constructed to cover
its left flank, the right being protected by a ravine. The redoubt
near the river was found untenable.
Tippoo next morning opened every gun he could bring to
bear on the parallel and the mosque. He also tried to turn the
water off from the large canal, but the damage done was soon
repaired by a party of pioneers, and Captain Wahab, with his
battalion, was stationed at the head of the canal to prevent
repetition of the attempt.
The Bombay army crossed the river on the 19th, ascended
the heights on the other side, and took a redoubt. Colonel
Balfour, with 1st brigade of the Bombay army, was left on north
side of the river to keep up communications, and assist in
furnishing details for the trenches.
Abercromby's force on south side consisted of three regiments
Europeans, and six battalions sepoys.
On ilie I'.Hli night, mnne improvements were made to the
266 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1792.
parallel, and traverses were begun, which were to connect it with
the large redoubt.
On the 20th and 21st, these traverses were finished, and an
approach carried on to the line fixed on for the second parallel,
which was marked out on night of 21st, 200 yards in front,
within 600 yards of the fort.
Loss in the trenches, from the night of the 18tli to the
morning of 22nd, was only thirty.
These casualties included Ensign J. L. Caldwell, of the
Madras Engineers, who was wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel
Stuart was, during this time strengthening his line of defence
across the island by reversing some of the enemy's redoubts,
constructing others, and strengthening breast- works The line
was defended by twenty- three pieces of cannon. 1,200 men
were daily employed in making gabions, &c., and turned out
each day 100 gabions, 2,000 fascines, and 3,000 pickets. All
the timber round the Mausoleum, Palace, &c., was cut down,
Tippoo cut down also the trees in the Dowlut Bagh, and was at
work night and day in strengthening his defences. His cavalry
camp was removed to Mysore.
Cornwallis meantime listened to Tippoo's solicitations for
peace, and agreed to receive vakeels. The vakeels were met by
Sir John Keimaway and Mr, Cherry, and had meetings on 15th,
16th, 19th, and 21st, but the operations of the siege still went
on, Tippoo, meantime, determined to attack the Bombay army.
On the night of the 21st, Cornwallis had directed that pre-
parations should be made for commencing the enfilading attack,
so Captain Mackenzie, of 75th, was sent with a party of eighty
men to take post in redoubt a mile in front of the Bombay
army, and to take possession of tope in its front next morning.
The tope was found in possession of the enemy, but they were
driven out.
At 8 P.M. the enemy attacked the tope in force. Keinforce-
meuts were sent— two companies Bombay Europeans, and nine
1792.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 267
companies 10th battalion Sepoys, under Captains Macdonald and
Cameron. Possession of the tope was hotly disputed, but,
ammunition having been expended, we had to retire. The
enemy attempted a charge ; but the English faced about, and,
charging them with the bayonet, drove them through the tope
and pursued them.
The enemy again advanced, and the English, having no
ammunition, were obliged to fall back. While retiring, they
were met by 12th Sepoys with a supply of cartridges. The
English again advanced to the tope, when the contest was
resumed, and maintained well on both sides.
Abercromby sent down Major Stirling with the remainder of
the Europeans, and 2nd battalion Sepoys. They formed to right
and left, while Captain Hawkes' artillery in front of village
directed his guns to check a body of horse that threatened the
right flank. At 4 p.m. enemy slackened their fire, and by
sunset withdrew into the fort.
This action lasted the whole day.
Abercromby, expecting an attack from Cummer-u-Din in the
rear, had formed the rest of his troops on the heights, and so had
not been able to reinforce the tope freely.
Loss on our side was fifty-one Europeans and fifty-three
sepoys killed and wounded, including five officers wounded.
Enemy's loss considerable, as their number was greater.
During nights of 22nd and 23rd, the second parallel was
completed, and ground fixed upon for breaching batteries in very
good situations, 500 yards from the fort, and opposite two breaks
in the glacis. The batteries were marked out on 23rd. Captain
Montresor was sent with three companies of Europeans, and
seven companies of sepoys to take possession of a small island
in the river 1,500 yards from north-west angle, and to construct
a redoubt.
Major Sartorius, Bombay Engineers; the Chief Engineer of
the Bombay army, had prepared material on south side ; had
268 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE
[1792.
thrown up a work in front of the tope, and the next evening a
lodgment was to be made in a ravine further advanced; beyond
which the enfilading battery was to be erected. The two
breaching batteries, one of twenty, the other of twelve guns, and
the enfilading battery, would have been ready to open on
1st March. These, with the cross fire from the island and
Sibbald's redoubt, together with the mortars and howitzers
belonging to the train, would have brought a fire of fifty heavy
pieces against the place. Furnaces for heating shot had also
been built. The Chief Engineer was prepared to carry the
approaches across the river, and if the siege should come to the
last extremity, the storm was to be led by General Aledows.
The Mahratta army of 20,000 horse, several thousand infantry
and thirty cannon, and a brigade of sepoys under Captain
Little, were daily expected. Major Cuppage, from Coimbatore,
with 400 Europeans and three battalions of sepoys with field
artillery, having taken Danaikencottah and Sattiamungalum, had
ascended the Guzzlehutty pass. Upon advancing, Mysore could
be reduced, and the country would be in our complete possession.
Large supplies had been collected, and were ready to be brought
up the Guzzlehutty pass. Supplies were also coming from the
Malabar coast. Cornwallis had Brinjarries engaged in his
service with 70,000 grain bullocks. Two large convoys had
arrived from Bangalore, and others were coming forward. The
Sultan, having no army that could keep the field, must soon have
been reduced to distress; but on the morning of Sith February
orders were sent to the trenches to cease working, and forbear
further hostilities. The soldiers could with difficulty be
restrained from continuing their work.
Two sons of Tippoo entered camp as hostages on the 25th, and
the treaty of peace was finally signed on 19th March 1792.
One half of Tippoo's dominions was to be ceded to the allies,
and three crores* and thirty lacs of rupees to be paid either in
* A crore of rupees=one million sterling.
1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 269
gold mohurs or bullion, half to be paid immediately, and the
other half in three instalments, not exceeding four months each.
All prisoners to be restored. A part of the territory claimed by
Cornwallis was C'oorg, to which he attached great importance,
as the Coorgs had been very friendly to us, and Cornwallis
knew that if he left Coorg to Tippoo, he would revenge himself
on the Coorgs in a frightful manner. When Tippoo learnt this
he was furious, and seemed as if he would risk everything and
defy Cornwallis. Cornwallis, however, promptly ordered the
guns back into the batteries, and the works to be carrie'd
forward with vigour.
Tippoo, seeing there was no help for it, signed the articles of
peace.
The allied armies above the ghauts about this time were: —
Europeans. Native. Guns.
British main army ... 7,434 ... 20,658 ... 158
Bombay army ... 3,145 ... 4,659 ... 36
Guzzlehutty pass ... 400 ... 2,300 ... 6
10,979 .,
.. 27,617 .
.. 200
Purseram Bow's army
with Captain Little's
Detachment
118 ..
. 17,293 ..
30
Hurry Punt's
— ..
8,000 .,
20
Nizam's, including
Madras Detachment
96 .
. 14,010 .,
4
Travancore troops ...
— ..
1,700 .,
—
Coorg troops
—
,. 4,000 .,
—
Grand total
11
,193 .
.. 72,620 .
.. 254
Tippoo's army was 1H,000 cavalry, 50,000 regular infantry,
with field artillery, and 100,000 irregular infantry,
270
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1799.
The only forts of consequence that remained in Tip poo's
hands after the war were : —
Seringapatam. Mangalore or Jemalghur.
Chittledroog. Kistnagherry.
Bednore. Sunkerrydroog.
The prize money for the troops was: — £.
Campaign, 1790 19,804
Second Campaign to 31st July 1791 ... 52,618
Third Campaign to 24th February 1792 21,162
Total 93,584
This money was shared
as follows : —
Rs.
Rs.
Colonel ..
1,162
Sergeant...
. 29
Lieutenant-Colonel
968
Private ...
I.-'
Major
734
Subadar ...
2H
Captain ...
308
Jemadar ...
14
Lieutenant
206
Havildar...
12
Ensign ...
155
Native Private ..
6
The engineers employed in last campaign were: —
Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer.
Lieutenant Hemming, wounded.
„ Norris.
„ Russell, Adjutant of Engineers, vice Cree.
„ Lennon, Commandant, Corps of Pioneers.
„ Mackenzie, Aide-de-Camp to Chief Engineer.
„ Johnstone.
Ensign Wood.
„ Caldwell.
„ Pyefinch.
,, Pittman.
„ Farquhar.
Besides these there were six Bengal engineers.
Captain Alexander Kyd.
Lieutenant Patrick Stuart, killed.
Ensign Joseph Stokoe.
Other three names unknown.
1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 271
With the Bombay army there were six Bombay Engineers.
Major Sartorius.
Captain William Henry Blachford.
Ensign John Johnson.
Other three names unknown.
At the time the Grand Army was at Singanellore, Tiieutenant
George Johnstone, of Engineers, was ordered into Coimbatore
to take charge of the works.
On 23rd February he was at Sattimungalum.
When the army was broken up, two engineer officers were sent
to survey the forts, &c., recently acquired, and to furnish plans
and reports of the state of the works.
Lieutenant Norris to the Baramahl.
„ Johnstone to Sunkerrydroog and Salem.
„ Russell was ordered to Poonamallee, and
Ensigns Wood, Caldwell, Pyefinch, Pittman, and Farquhar
to the Presidency.*
It may here be mentioned that the Government, as a mark of
their approval of the conduct of Lieutenants Chalmers and Nash
at Coimbatore, gave —
Lieutenant Clialmers 2,000 pagodas.
Nash oOO
On 19th June, it was resolved to send a detachment into
Tinnevelly to punish the Poligar of Shivagherry, who had lately
attacked the Poligar of Satur, and put him and his family to death.
The pioneers, under Lieutenant Dowse, were sent from
Trichinopoly to Madura to join the detachment.
By August, Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, who was in
command of the detachment, attacked Shivagherry, and reduced
the country to submission.
Towards the close of 1792, Colonel John Braithwaite, who
was commanding the Coast Army, proposed a plan for a pioneer
establishment.
* Captain Eissleback died at Yizagapatam, 24th May 1792.
272
MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1792.
There were to be three bodies — one for each division.
Each body to consist of two companies, with one European
officer to each company.
The strength of each company was to be one sergeant, one
jemadar, six havildars, six naiques, 122 privates, two bbeesties,
and twelve artificers — total 150 men.
The total expense of the present corps was : —
9 lieutenants .
. at
82
0
0
=
164
0
0
5 sergeants
. at
12
17
20
=
62
2
20
20 havildars
. at
4
24
0
=
91
18
0
20 naiques
. at
3
24
0
=
71
18
0
6 privates
. at
4
26
32
=
27
32
32
450 pioneers
. at
3
3
0
=
1,382
6
0
1 conicopillay
..
• • •
10
0
0
1 second conicopillay
..
• ••
6
0
0
Total expense of proposed corps
3 lieutenants.
3 ensigns
6 sergeants .
6 jemadars .
36 havildars .
36 naiques
732 pioneers
3 conicopillays
Pagodas 1,814 34 52
p. F. C.
246 0 0
185 10 40
55 21 0
54 36 0
146 33 60
132 2 20
2,248 12 0
30 0 0
Pagodas 3,098 31 40*
* 80 ca8h=l fanam.
42 fanains=l pagoda,
1 pagoda^S^ rupees,
1793.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 273
It was in July 1793, just before the siege of Pondicherry, that
the Pioneer Corps was ordered to be increased, but the esta-
blishment was somewhat different to that recommended by
General Braithwaite.
There were to be one lieutenant commandant, three lieutenants,
one assistant surveyor, and six companies — allowing an officer
to two companies.
Each company to consist of —
One sergeant, one jemadar, three havildars, three naigues,
and 100 men; total, 108.
Altogether, 648 men, with five oflBcers.
18
274 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1793
CHAPTER X.
France declares War against England and Holland. — Colonel Braithwaite takes
command of army before Pondicherry. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Maule killed,
and Captain Trapaud becomes Chief Engineer at Siege. — Pondicherry sur-
renders.— Pioneers level the batteries, &c. — Mr. Topping and Captain George
Johnstone. — Expedition against Malacca. — Amboyna, Bauda Neira, and
other spice islands taken. — Capture of Columbo. — Proposed siege of ^Manilla.
— Colin Mackenzie recommended for Surveyor-General. — Mackenzie joins
Colonel Roberts' detachment near Hydrabad. — Major-General Ross brings
to notice inadequate strength of the Engineer Corps. — Employment of
Pioneers previous to campaign against Tippoo. — Constitution of the Corps
of Engineers at Madras. — A corps of Militia embodied in Madras, December
1798.
France declared war against England and Holland on 1st
February 1793, but it was not till June that despatches were
received in India announcing the fact.
The Government of Madras immediately commenced prepara-
tions for the siege of Pondicheny, where Colonel Floyd,* with
a large detachment, arrived on llth July to blockade it on the
land side, while the Commodore, with H.M.'s frigate Minerva,
and three of the Company s ships Tnrton, Warlej/, and Roi/al
Charlotte, blockaded it by sea.
Colonel Braithwaite recommended that " all the engineers on
the establishment, except one captain and one subaltern in
* Captain Allen, of the Guides, was under the orders of Colonel Floyd.
1793.- MADRAS ENGINEERS. 275
Baramabl and Salem, should be ordered to assemble for the
siege."
" Those from the north and centre to proceed to the Presi-
dency, and those to the south of Coleroon to Cuddalore ; also
that ' very useful ' pioneer corps should be augmented by loO
men, i.e., brought up to a strength of 600 men."
The army for the siege consisted (exclusive of the Engineer
Department, artillery, and cavalry) of two wings, each wing
three brigades, and each brigade one European and two Native
regiments. So that altogether there were six European and
twelve Native regiments.
liieutenant Dowse commanded the pioneers, and Lieutenants
Grose and Charles Armstrong were appointed to complete the
establishment.
Two parties of European pioneers were formed from the
Honourable Company's 1st battalion of Europeans ; each party
to consist of one subaltern, two sergeants, two corporals, and
thirty men.
The officers commanding these parties were to be junior to
Lieutenant Dowse.
On 21st Julv, Colonel Braithwaite was ordered to take com-
mand of the army before Pondicherry, and summon the Governor
at once. He joined the army on the 28th, and next dav selected
new ground for encampment nearer the fort.
On the 30th, he received news that Lieutenant-Colonel Geils,
with the artillery train, was only nine miles in his rear ; so the
army moved forward to occupy the ground selected for the
encampment during the siege.
On the 31st, Lieutenant-Colonel Geils joined the army, posts
nortli and south of the fort were occupied, and a spot to the
north of Pondicherry, distinguished by a white flag with a red
cross, selected for the Engineers' park, &c. With the exception
of Major Gent (who was suffering from an affection of the eyes),
two officers employed in Baramahl and Salem, and IJeutenant
18 *
276 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE nTO?.
Caldwell, who was employed under Mr, Topping in surveying
the Kistna and Godavery, all the Madras Engineers were present
at the siege.
Lieutenant- Colonel Maule was Chief Engineer,
Lieutenant Thomas Wood his Aide-de-Camp, and
Ensign Farqubar, Adjutant of Engineers.
In March 1793, Colonel Ross had returned to Europe on
account of his health.
In addition to the Madras Engineers, six other officers were
appointed assistant engineers : —
Lieutenant James Farquhar, H.M.'s 74th.
„ B. Ralph, H.M.'s 73rd.
„ F. Marriott, 6th Native Battalion.
„ J. J. Darand, 19th „
Second Lieutenant, W. Nicholas, Royal Artillery.
„ G. Hayter „
On 2nd August, the Governor was summoned. He replied
that he would defend the place to the utmost. During the
ensuing week the engineers were engaged in preparing materials
for the siege. On the 10th, a large battery to enfilade the north
face of the fort was commenced. The enemy kept up a warm fire
on the new work. It was not till the night of the 12th, that the
engineers broke ground, towards the north face, and approaches
were carried on upwards of 900 yards in length, without any loss
on our side, owing to the enemy's fire being directed on the en-
filading battery, which had eight guns and two mortars. The
soil was a very stiff clay, and as a good deal of rain had fallen,
the progress was slower than had been expected.
By the 1 5th, the approaches were nearly completed. On that
day Lieutenant-Colonel Maule, Chief Engineer, was killed by a
cannon-shot between 8 and 9 p.m. His loss was much lamented
bv the General, especially as "Major Gent was unable to take
REFERENCES.
n
FORTIFICATION WORKS.
1. St. Laurent's Bastion.
41. Battery of the North
2, Bastion ot the SmaU Bat-
Estacade.
42. Small Half-Moon m tbe
8. Cnddalore Bastion.
Nortb.
4. Hospital Bastion.
5. Queen's Bastion.
6. Bastion ot 'ViJIenoiir's.
7. Dupleix's Bastion.
DUjwtili-n iif thf Camp and
Attnrta.
H. Taldaor's Bastion.
11, Grenadiers, commanded by
9. Dolfin Bastion.
Major Petrie.
10. King 8 Bastion.
h. 1st Brigade Europeans.
U. Bastion of Madras.
commanded by Lieut. -
K Bastion of Anjon.
Colonel Nisbet.
IS. Bastion of Orleans.
<•- Goneral Salnte BatUrv.
U. St. Lonis's Bastion.
15. Half.Moon of Orleans.
It. Half-Moon ot Madras.
Belcliffe.
17. King's Half-Moon.
18. VJlenonr's HattMoou.
Colonel Bent.
19. Qoesn's Half.Moon.
f. 2nd Brigade of Enropeana.
commanded by Lieut. -
81. l-nddalore Hall-Moon.
82. CnadJore Gale.
.'/. ■Itb Brigade of Sepoys,
commanded by Lieut.-
Colonel Campbell.
a. ViUtnou, Gate.
M. Tald»nr Gate.
25. Madras Gate.
«. Sea O.ie.
!«. Water Gate.
29. Poslem in the Hospital
Colonel Cuppage.
(. Picqoet of Infantry.
k. Two Companies of Emo-
». Postern in the King's
Coorline made in the
"'. Engineei-s' Pioneers.
»1. Snice.'
82. Slaitc-Bridge on the Fore-
Ditch.
2' y"'',?"*" "■ ""8 Sieee.
«t. Sooth Eslacade.
J- S««l.E.t«mde Battery.
»• Small Half.Moon in the
". TrencbfK.
p. Battery.
7- Mortar Battery.
r. Gim. West Battery.
«- Projected Works to come
np to tlie Glacie.
t. Picqiiet ofCavalj)-.
u. Corps of Cavalry at Arian-
«• Boy.1 Battery.
*>• School Battel
f. Eiijjljsli Entrenchments in
Fontbeil-B Gardens.
.i". Corp-i of Cavalry on tlie
Red Hills.
1793.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 277
the field, owing to a very violent disorder in his eyes." By
Mania's death Captain Trapaud became Cliief Engineer.
Owing to heavy rain, the progress was still very slow ; and it
was not till the 20th, about noon, that the enfilading battery of
eight 12-pounders, and two 8-inch mortars opened fire. The
enemy's fire for some days had been heavy and well directed ;
but in half-an-hour after the battery opened, it became ill-
directed, and slackened. On the 23rd, a battery, called the
Eoyal battery, opened, on face to be attacked, with fourteen
24-pounders. It was within 600 yards of the fort. The enemy
fired on it for a short time, but then began to withdraw some
of their guns, and afterwards masked many of their embrasures.
The same day we opened a mortar battery of four 10-inch
mortars, so that there were now twenty-two guns, and six mortars
beanng hard on the face attacked.
On the evening of the 23rd, the French offered to capitulate.
This was refused, and surrender at discretion demanded. The
deputation from the fort implored the General to relent, and he
dictated a few articles as final.
The deputation left at 3 a.m. on the 24th, and at 8 a.m. the
articles were returned agreed to by the Governor, Monsieur
Chermont; and the British colours were hoisted on the fort.
The French troops menaced their own officers, and Colonel
Braithwaite was asked to push forward our troops at once, which
was done without delay.
The prisoners were secured in the church at Ariancopang,
mostly drunk, but without arms.
The pioneers were now employed in destroying the batteries,
and filling up the approaches.
Captain Trapaud was left at Pondicherry as engineer in charge,
under the orders of Colonel Floyd, who was appointed com-
mandant. Colonel Braithwaite thus writes of Trapaud : —
" Captain Trapaud expresses himself desirous of remaining,
and certainly he has the fairest claim ; and I have pleasure in
278 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1793.
saying that I have much reason to be satisfied with his exertions
since the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Maule threw the charge of
the department on him."
Our losses during the siege were six officers killed, including
Lieutenant-Colonel Maule.
1 captain, 3 lieutenants, and 1 ensign.
2 lieutenants were wounded.
30 Europeans killed.
48 „ wounded.
1 missing.
88 total Europeans killed and wounded.
1 jemadar, and 92 men killed.
2 ,, and 146 „ wounded.
5 „ missing.
247 Natives killed, wounded, and missing.
Grand total, 335.
Of these the Pioneers lost —
4 Europeans killed.
5 Natives „
1 jemadar, I havildar, and 11 privates wounded.
Total, 22 ; about one-fifteenth of total loss.
One hundred and sixty-eight guns were taken in Pondicherry.
Had it not been for the disgraceful conduct of the French
soldiery, the siege would most probably have been a serious one ;
but the licentiousness and insubordination of the soldiers of the
garrison forced the Governor of Pondicherry to surrender after a
fire of only a few hours from our batteries, and before the works
had sufiered any great damage.
By 2nd September, the pioneers had levelled the trenches and
batteries, and detachments were sent thence to the Baramahl.
After the siege. Lord Cornwallis visited the fort, and returned to
Madras at the end of September He thought the fort should
1793.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 279
be destroyed, and the pioneers under Lieutenant Dowse* were
employed on this work. On 1 5th June 1794, in about eight
months, Lieutenant Dowse reported the complete demolition of
Pondicherry, ditch filled in, and ramparts levelled, " so that a
body of horse might charge into the place."
The Chief Engineer sent in a plan of Pondicherry, with the
attack and encampment.
During the years 1791-93. the corps of Engineers had a large
number of casualties.
Major Banks retired on Lord Olive's pension early in 1791,
owing to his health.
Lieutenant Ryland died in June 1791.
Ensign Cree, killed at Ryacottah, July 1791.
Lieutenant Kisselback, died May 1792.
„ Jennings, died 4th June 1792.
Captain Ogg, died December J 792.
Lieutenant Russell, died 3rd May 1793.
Lieutenant-Colonel Maule, killed at Pondicherry, 15th August
1793.
Lieutenant Pyefinch, died 8th September 1793, and
Captain Prescott, was at home on half-pay on account of his
health.
Besides these, the following got leave with reference to the
bad state of their health : —
Lieutenant Forrest and Captain Lennon ; and early in 1793
Colonel Ross, the Chief Engineer, was also permitted to go
home.
The services of the Engineers during these years seem to
have been very trying. It must be remembered that the whole
corps at this time consisted of no more than twenty-four officers.
Lieutenant-Colonel Gent now became Chief Engineer.
* Lieutenant Dowse employed 70 Maistries and 3,000 coolies in destroying th«
fortiflcationH
280 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1793-95.
In August 1793, three Engineer officers of the Bengal Establish-
ment were ordered to Madras on public service.
Lieutenant Robertson, Bengal Engineers,
Ensign Anbury „
Cadet Robertson,
on account, it is presumed, of the great mortality in the Madras
Engineers.
In the year 1794, no military service of any consequence took
place, but the pioneers, under Lieutenant Dowse, after the demo-
lition of Pondicherry, marched into the Baramahl to demolish
several forts lately ceded to the British by Tippoo.
At this time Mr. Michael Topping (who came out as an
astronomer) was engaged in the northern districts, and
Lieutenant Caldwell was placed under his orders.
Captain George Johnstone was the engineer of that part, and
he appears to have interfered with Mr, Topping considerably.
On l4th July, Mr. Topping complains of his conduct in regard
to Lieutenant Caldwell. Six weeks afterwards, he again com-
plains that Captain Johnstone had interfered twice by removing
a shed in which a boat was being built for him (Mr. Topping),
and publicly menaced to imprison Mr. Topping in the main
guard. Lieutenant Caldwell became uncertain whom to attend
to. Captain Johnstone sent in a reply to the complaints, but
was told that he would be removed if he did not give every
assistance in his power to Mr. Topping.
At the close of the year. Captain Hemming* of Engineers
(Invalid Establishment) got sick leave to the Cape. It will be
remembered he was wounded in the attack on Tippoo's fortified
camp in February 1792,
Early in 1795, it was intended to have sent an expedition
against Mauritius and Bourbon ; and, with this view, a Monsieur
Grand Pre, n French officer of talent and much local knowledge,
* iQTalided '6rd September 1793.
1795.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 281
was sent out from England to assist with his advice. The
expedition was, however, abandoned, and it was determined to
confine our attention to the reduction of the Dutch Settlements
in Ceylon, and to the eastward.
In July 1795,* an expedition sailed from Madras with Admiral
Rainier's squadron for Ceylon.
The Suffolk 74
„ Centurion ... ... 50
„ Diomede .. ... 44
" The Diomede struck upon a hidden rock, and went down so
suddenly that it was not without great difficulty her crew were
saved."
Colonel James Stuart commanded.
The engineers with the expedition were : —
Captain Norris, Madras Engineers,
Lieutenant Mackenzie.
Cleghorne.
De Havilland.
Cotgrave.
Torriano.
Hayter, Royal Artillery, as Acting
Engineer.
Two companies of Pioneers accompanied the force.
Trincomalee, armed with nearly 1 00 heavy guns, was besieged
for three weeks, and capitulated after a slight resistance, as
preparations were being made to carry it by storm. Our loss
was only sixteen killed, and sixty wounded.
In September, Jaffnapatam capitulated also. The town and
fort stand at some distance from the main ocean, but there is a
communication by means of an inlet navigable for boats. It is
200 miles north by east from Colombo.
* 3rd July 1795, Ensign Doveton died.
282 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1796.
Shortly after this, the force was joined hy two more companies
of Pioneers from the Baramahl.
The force against Malacca was under the command of Major
Archibald Brown. One company of the Pioneers under Lieu-
tenant Heitland, sailed with this force; while Lieutenant Farquhar,
Madras Engineers, was chief engineer.
The fort at Malacca surrendered on the 18th August.
On 6th January 17U6, Lieutenant Heitland with half his
company sailed for Amboyna with Admiral Rainier's squadron,
as part of a Madras detachment under Major Vigors. The
remaining half of the company was left in garrison at Malacca.
Amboyna was taken in February, and the squadron then sailed
for Banda Neira, and the other Spice islands, which were taken
without opposition.
Captain Lennon, of Engineers, was appointed secretary and
engineer to this expedition, concerning which he wrote an
account, and presented it to the Honourable East India Com-
pany.
Two companies of the Pioneers remained in the Spice islands
until the peace with the Dutch in 1802,
Colonel Stuart's forces were directed to capture Columbo, &c.
Troops for the expedition against Columbo assembled at Eami-
seram in January 1796. About the lOth, they left in large open
boats. Crossing below Adam's Bridge, tliey coasted along by
Arepoo, Calpentyn, the rendezvous being at Negumbo, thirty
miles north of Columbo. A landing was effected, and the works
at Negumbo abandoned by the enemy.
Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie had previously been ordered to
collect materials for the siege on the coast. All fascines and
gabions we had made, under the idea that we were not likely
to find materials in the best wooded country in the world ! were
afterwards served out at Columbo as firewood.
The army marched from Negumbo to within four miles of
Columbo without meeting any opposition. At daylight, 10th
1797.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 283
February, they crossed the great ferry called Grand Pass, and
formed on the other side, when fire was opened on them from
800 to 1,000 Malays, with some Dutch troops. They soon,
however, took to flight, and we entered the Pettah about 2 p.m.
next day.
The army then took up a position about a mile from the fort,
with the Pettah between it and the fort. Our right flank was
close to the sea, and the left to the nullah running from the
river Malware, near the great pass, to the lake on the south-
west
Our loss was only three men killed, and two officers and eight
men wounded.
The fleet anchored at the mouth of the river Malware on the
13tb.
The General of the King of Candy had joined Colonel Stuart
at Negumbo, and was now at Baspital. He crossed the river on
the 14th, and took up a position on the left of the English.
On the iSth, the fort of Columbo, and the remaining posses-
sions under the Dutch authority in the island, surrendered by
capitulation, and the British troops were in possession of the
fort on the 10th morning.
The senior engineer was Lieutenant Mackenzie, Captain
Norris having been left at Trincomalee, to put the fortifications
in a proper state of defence.
The other engineers were —
Lieutenant Cleghorne,
„ De Havilland,
„ Cotgrave, and
„ Torriano.
Early in 1797, the Pioneers with this force were ordered to
Madras, but Major-General Doyle, then commanding the island,
having represented that some pioneers were indispensable, a
party of fifty, under Lieutenant Fitzgerald, were allowed to
284 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [179T.
remain, and did duty in Ceylon till 1802, when the island became
a Crown colony,
Colin Mackenzie inspected and reported on the forts on the
west coast of Ceylon, and returned to Madras coast in May 1796.
On 26th August 1797, 300 pioneers embarked at Madras as
part of a force, under the command of Major- General Sir J.
Craig, K.B., which was intended for the siege of Manilla.
The engineers with the force were to have been —
Captain Colin Mackenzie. Lieutenant Fotheringham.
„ Johnstone. ,, Sydenham.
„ Blair. Ensign Ravenshaw.
Captain-Lieutenant Pittman. „ Bradley.
Lieutenant W. Farquhar.
Captain-Lieutenant Pittman, Ensigns Bradley and Raven-
shaw, were sent in advance to Malacca, to prepare materials
for the siege.
Owing to the threatening attitude of Tippoo, it was thought
desirable to abandon the expedition, and the troops were, after a
few days, disembarked.
In September, we learn that Captain Mackenzie was to return
to his station with the Nizam's detachment ;
Captain Johnstone to Ganjam ;
Captain-Lieutenant Blair to Guntoor ;
Lieutenant R. H. Fotheringham to Baramahl ;
„ Sydenham to Adjutant of Engineers at Presidency ;
Captain Pittman
Ensign Bradley
Ravenshaw
now to the eastward, to return to their
duty on the coast ;
Captain Forrest to do duty at Columbo;
Lieutenant Castle to do duty at Point de Galle.*
* 28rd August 1796. — Cudmore died at Kistnagherry.
8th March. — Ravenshaw appointed Practitioner-Engineer.
7th April 1797. — Torriano to Cape and Europe on account of his health.
Ist April 1797. — Brevet-Captain Dowse appointed commandant of Pioneers.
1798.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 285
On 6th February 1798, the Board stated " that they are very
sensible of Captain Mackenzie's industry and zeal (he had sent
in plans and surveys of Hyderabad territory), and will remind
the Honourable Court of the recommendation of this Govern-
ment, that he may be appointed Surveyor-General — a situation
he is particularly well qualified to fill "
On 23rd February, Captain-Lieutenant Pittman was suspended
the service, for abuse of trust and neglect of duty, till the
pleasure of the Court be known.
He put in a number of most favourable letters from his
brother ofiBcers who all wrote in the highest terms of him. Those
who wrote were —
General Ross, regarding his services in the Mysore Campaign,
and in Malacca.
Lieu ten ant- Colonel Gent.
„ Caldwell.
„ Trapaud.
„ Mackenzie, most favourably, especially of
his conduct at Pondicherry in 1793.
Pittman's conduct was submitted to the favourable con-
sideration of the Court.
He appears to have been suffering from severe ill-health, and
lay under a violent attack of his eyes. So bad was he that he
died on the 28th May 1798.
His death was doubtless brought on by the mortification he
experienced by being suspended, chiefly because he was ill and
January 1798. — Rowley and Garrard appointed Practitioner-Engineers.
January. — llutiny of Artillery at the Mount — Lieutentant-Colonel Geils, com-
mandant (formerly Major Engineers) — put down, and three or four ringleaders
shot. Lieutenant-Colonel Geils censured (unjustly), remonstrates, and is finally
suspended and sent home. He appeals, and although not re-instated, is pensioned
with the pay of his rank.
6th March 1798. — Major Beatson appointed to command the Gnides.
6th March 1798. — Wood to sea for his health.
23rd June 1798. — Lennon to Cape and England for his health.
Captain Norris was engineer at Trincomalee.
286 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri798.
unfit for work. This shows how careful a Government should
be not to condemn utterly, until they have exhausted every
means of ascertaining the rights of a case Patience should be
posted up in large letters in all the council chambers of the
empire.
On 6th September, Captain Colin Mackenzie of Engineers
was directed to join Lieutenant-Colonel Roberts' detachment,
which he would probably find at Hyatnugger. Colonel Roberts
was commanding a force on the borders of Hydrabad. At this
time, the Nizam had a large force officered and disciplined by
French officers.
This corps, the Nizam had agreed to disband, and the force
was to be replaced by a similar British Subsidiary Force. This
treaty was concluded on 1st September 1798. At this time, two
English battalions were at Hydrabad, and as soon as the treaty
was concluded, Colonel Roberts marched with four battalions of
sepoys, and guns to Hydrabad, which place he reached on J 0th
October.
Captain Mackenzie joined the force on 7th October.
The Nizam at first hesitated to break up the French force,
commanded at that time by Monsieur Piron.* However, about
noon on the 22nd, Colonel Roberts moved down with four
Madras battalions, and artillery, ordering Lieutenant- Colonel
Hyndman to support him with the Bengal detachment. At
3 P.M. he occupied the heights in front of the French lines, and
they soon after surrendered. By 7 p.m. the British troops were
in possession of every part of the French lines, guns, arms, and
all their military stores, 12,000 stand of arms, and seven pieces
of cannon. Their force was 13,000 men.
A mutiny which had broken out in the French camp aided the
views of those who wished to disperse the force.
The French officers surrendered themselves as prisoners, not
* Monsieur Raymond, a much more able and eflBcient oflScer.had shortly before
been in command. He died a few months previous to this.
1798.) MADRAS ENGINEERS. 287
reluctant to escape the fury of their men. All of them were
restored to their country without any detention for exchange,
and their property was carefully preserved for their use.
In September of this year, Major General Ross, the Chief
Engineer, brought to notice the inadequate strength of the
Engineer Corps. He said : —
'* In the last Mysore campaign, under Lord Cornwallis,
although the corps of Engineers for field service consisted of
eleven officers, and that we were joined by six engineers on the
Bengal Establishment, yet, from the number of casualties before
the siege began, we were obliged to have recourse to infantry
officers as engineers."
" Six engineers came with the Bombay army. They, how-
ever, would have had to carry out a separate attack He strongly
recommended an increase in the corps."
" He also proposed that two companies of lascars employed at
the Presidency be increased to 15U or 200 men each, and stated
that a quantity of entrenching tools, scaling ladders, baskets,
hides and ropes, together with boards and planks, posts, &c., are
required. All these things were found particularly useful at Nun-
didroog, where the operations of the siege were much accelerated
by their being ready."
In October 1798, the Pioneers were employed in repairing the
roads between the stations in the centre division, and in con-
structing boats for crossing the Palar with reference to the
campaign against Tippoo, which was sliortly to take place.
Lieutenant-Colonel Ross received his brevet of colonel in the
army for service in the field from 1st March 1794.
On the 8th January 1790, the Court of Directors ordered the
corps of Engineers to consist of —
I colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 1 major, 4 captains, 8 lieu-
tenants, 8 ensigns, 1 adjutant (non-effective) = 24 officers.
The Chief Engineer was to receive such an addition to his pay.
288 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1799.
and full batta, as would make his allowances equal to those of
the Commandant of Artillery. In consideration of these allow-
ances he was restricted from having any concern whatever in
public buildings, or works, or in the materials used therein.
At the time of the siege of Seringapatam, 1799, the corps of
Madras Engineers consisted of the following oflBcers —
Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer at Presidency.
Lieutenant-Colonel Gent, S.* Chief Engineer at Seringapatam.
Major Trapaud, S.
Captain Norris, S., aide-de-camp to Chief Engineer.
„ Lennon ; on leave to Cape and Europe.
„ Mackenzie, S.
„ Forrest ; on foreign service, Ceylon.
„ Johnstone, S.
Captain-Lieutenant Wood ; on leave for his health.
Caldwell, S.
Blair, S.
„ Farquhar ; foreign service at Malacca.
Lieutenant R. H. Fotheringham.
„ Castle, S.
„ Cleghorne, S.
„ De Havilland, with Colonel Brown's force.
„ Cotgrave, S.
„ J. Fotheringham.
„ B. Sydenham, S.
,, R. H. Torriano ; on leave to Cape and Europe.
Ensign Fraser, S.
,, Ravenshaw.
,, Bradley.
„ Arthur, S.
„ Garrard, S.
„ Rowley, S.
Malton, S.
„ Bell, S.
„ Smith, S.
* S. denotes that the ofBcer was present at siege of Seringapatam, 1799,
1799.] MADP.AS ENGINEERS. 289
It may be interesting to note here, that in December 1798,
just before the war with Tippoo, a corps of militia was re-
established and embodied in Madras.
It consisted of the Honourable Company's civil servants, and
other inhabitants of Fort St. George and Black Town.
On 11th December, Lieutenants M. H. Cormick and William
Davies were appointed to the Pioneers, and Mr. John Balfour
was directed to superintend the engineer artificers with the
arinv.
X9
290 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1799.
CHAPTEB XI.
Campaign of 1799. — Plan of the Campaign. — Hostilities commenced, 5th March
1799. — Routes to Seringapatam. — Rowley and GaiTard join Nizam's con-
tingent.— Tippoo's attack on the Bombay Army at Sedaseer. — Tippoo moves
to meet General Harris. — Action at Malavelly. — Army crosses Cauvery at
Sosilla, just about the junction of the Cubbary River. — A line of posts from
the river to Sultanpettah secured. — Floyd marches towards Periapatam. —
Bombay Army arrives, and crosses the river. — General Floyd marches
towards Cauverypooram. — At Mysore Ensign Rowley examines the fort. —
Enemy advances to secure village on northern side of river, where it was
proposed to establish an enfilading battery. — Attack on enemy's intrench-
ments at old powder-mill. — Attack on the outposts of the Bombay Army. —
Enemy's intrenchments behind the water-course which runs to Periapatum
Bridge attacked — Norris and Farquhar crossed the greater part of the
river on 29th April. — Scarcity of provisions. — Lieutenant Lalor finds the
river fordable. — Breach practicable. — Storming party. — Colours planted on
summit of breach. — Tippoo killed. — Our loss. — Survey of position of army
before Seringapatam. — Dispute between Wellesley and Captain Norris. —
Captain Bong's case. — G. 0. G. regarding Seringapatam medal.
The Governor-General ordered armies to assemble on the
coasts of Malabar and Coromandel on 20th June 1798.
On 20th October, he gave peremptory orders to the Govern-
ment of Fort St. George to complete their battering train, and
advance it as quickly as possible to a more eligible situation on
the frontier of the Carnatic.
At this time, the English fleet under Nelson had just won the
battle of the Nile. We had revived our defensive alliance with
the Nizam, destroyed French influence at Hydrabad, and esta-
1799. MADRAS! ENGINEERS. 291
blished a respectable British force there. An English squadron
was present on the Malabar coast. The Peishwa was disposed
to fulBl his engagements to the utmost of his power, and our
military preparations on both coasts were proceeding rapidly. It
was thought all this would bring Tippoo to reason.
The Governor- General arrived at Madras on 31st December
1798. On 3rd February 1799 he directed General Harris to
enter Mysore, and General Stuart to co-operate from Malabar.
The general plan of the campaign was for the principal army
to assemble at Vellore, proceed up the valley of the Palar to
Vaniembaddy, and then make for the Palicode Pass, Rvacottah,
and Tellamungalum ; from which place it was to advance on
Seringapatam, by the best available route ; the Bombay army
was to concentrate at Cannanore, to advance and take post at
Sedaseer, eight or ten miles west of Periapatam* on the road
from Cannanore to Seringapatam ; and thence move towards that
fortress, so as to arrive about the same date as the Grand Army.
The Bombay army consisted of 6.420 fighting men. of whom
1,617 were Europeans.
It marched from Cannanore 21st February, arrived at the head
of the Poodicherum Ghaut on 2.5th, and took post at Sedapoor
and Sedaseer on 2nd March. The main army moved from
Vellore towards Mysore on llth February. On the 2(Slh it
encamped at Carumungalum (sixteen miles south of Kistna-
gherry). The Nizam's Contingent joined on the 18th, under
Colonel Roberts. On its arrival, the Contingent was placed under
the command of Colonel Arthur Wellesley, and strengthened bv
the addition of H.M.'s 33rd Regiment.
Captain Mackenzie, of Madras Engineers, had accompanied
this force from Hydrabad, and was the Chief Engineer of Colonel
Wellesley's brigade. The sepoys of the late French corps,
which had been disbanded by Colonel Roberts at Hydrabad, were
* Periapatam ia forty-two miles west of Seringapatam.
19 ♦
292 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
placed under the command of Captain John (afterwards Sir John)
Malcolm.
The Grand Army proceeded by Palicode, and Suntamarinelly to
Ryacottah, where it encamped on 4th March.
The Left Wing, commanded by Major-General Popham, con-
sisted of three brigades, commanded respectively by Colonel
Sherbrooke Lieutenant-Colonels Gardiner, and Scott.
The Right Wing, commanded by Major-General Bridges, of
three brigades, under Major-General Baird, Colonels Roberts, and
Gowdie.
The cavalry, under Major General Floyd, consisted of two
brigades, under Colonels Stevenson, and Pater.
lyth and 23rd Light Dragoons, and four regiments of native
cavalry (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th).
Colonel Gent was the Chief Engineer.
Captain John Norris, his Aide-de-Camp
,, Mackenzie, engineer with Nizam's Contingent.
,, Dowse, commanding the Pioneers
„ Orr, Captain of the Guides.
LieutenantThomasSydenham,Deputy- Captain of the Guides.
Major Beatson, Surveyor-General to the Army.
Colonel Smith commanded the Artillery.
The Nizam's detachment was commanded by Hon. Colonel
Arthur Wellesley, under whom was Lieutenant- Colonel Dal-
rymple, commanding the Company's troops, consisting of two
brigades. Captain Malcolm commanded the Nizam's infantry,
and Meer Allum his cavalry.
On 5th March, General Harris commenced hostilities, by
sending Major John Cuppage against the hill forts of Neel
Durgum and Anchitty. The former was abandoned, and the
latter surrendered. They were both occupied by our troops.
On the 7th, Oodea-Durgum surrendered to Lieutenant-Colonel
Oliver.
1799.] MADBAS ENGINEEES. 293
On the 8th, Kutnagherry was taken possession of, after a
slight resistance, by Captain Orton ; and on the 9th, the whole
army assembled at Tellanumgalum — 30,959 fighting men, besides
6,000 of Nizam's cavalry. A large detachment from the south-
ward, which was intended to co-operate, was placed under the
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, and that from the
Baramahl was under Lieutenant-Colonel Kead.
At this time, the iSultan's army was at Maddoor, and 1,500 of
his cavalry had beeu detached to Oossoor to burn forage.
From Tellamungalum to Seringapatam there were three
routes :
First — by Tully, Murlwady, and CancanhuUy. This was
considered objectionable, as the pass of Tully had never been
examined, and was considered likely to prove impassable for
heavy guns.
iSecond — by Anicul, Talgautpooram, and CancanhuUy ; well
known, having been used in 1791.
Third — Anicul, Talgautpooram, and Chennapatam. Tippoo
being supposed to be encamped near Chennapatam, this route
was considered objectionable, and route No. 2 was selected.
On 10th March, the army moved, but halted on the 11th at
Callacondapilly. Captain Mackenzie on this day applied for
two subalterns of engineers, to as&ist him in superintending the
pioneers, and Lusigns Kowley and Garrard proceeded next day
to join the Nizam's Contingent.
On the 12th, the army encamped two miles south-east of Jigeny.
The army was harassed by numerous bodies of horse (or Looties,
as they were called). On our right we left the village of Anicul.
A considerable body of the enemy's horse appeared, which
was soon dispersed by the Horse Artillery.
On the 13th we halted, but on the lith, the army marched by
the left in a north-west direction, and encamped within a few
miles of Bangalore. The Nizam's detachment moved on the
flank of the Grand Army, and baggage, &c. was elbowed into
294 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE 'ri799.
the thickest jungles and rugged paths, the best road being
occupied by the battering train and stores.
On the 15th, the army again halted.
On the 16tb, the army marched west to Talgautpoorara — eight
miles south-west of Bangalore. The country was now uneven, and
full of jungle. Eight wing took up a position on the north side
of a small pass near Caglipoorum. Enemy's horse acted upon
our rear, but were kept in check by Colonel Floyd, with four
regiments of cavalry, infantry, and guns.
Ensign Rowley remarked in his diary this day : " It is possible
the Grand Army may know whither they are going, but our
(Nizam"s) detachment, after losing their way more than once,
encamped amid rocks and thickets. The army is not far ofl',
out of sight. My baggage and servants are all missing."
On the 1 7th, the army marched through a delightful valley,
skirted by low hills covered with wood, and so confined, that it
was impossible for the enemy to act with safety.
On the 18th, the army halted.
On the 19th, the left wing and cavalry marched five miles to
Harnhully, ten miles west of Cancanhully, and intelligence was
received that the Sultan's army had advanced to Hullagoor, near
Sultanpettah, eleven miles east of Malavelly.
On the 20th, left wing encamped seven miles north of
Cancanhully. Right wing at Harnhully, and Colonel Wellesley's
division in the rear.
On 21st March, army encamped at Cancanhully, on the banks
of the Arkavutty, which was at this point forty-five yards wide.
Major Allen (Deputy Quartermaster-General) and Captain Orr
(of the Guides) reconnoitred, and discovered two tanks at Achel,
eight miles in advance. The 5th Brigade, under Colonel
Roberts, conducted by Major Allen and Captain Orr, marched at
10 P.M., and at 3 a.m. came up with some of the enemy's
vedettes. They were driven in, and the tanks secured.
The right wing encamped there with five regiments of cavalry on
1799.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 295
the 22nd ; while the left wing, one regiment of cavalry, and the
Nizam's Contingent remained at Cancanhully.
On the 28rd, the right wing and cavalry marched from Achel,
and encamped at Sultanpettah. Left wing advanced to Achel,
and Nizam's Contingent encamped at HuUagoor (two miles west
of Maddoor river, on left bank). Tippoo at this time had
quitted the west bank of the Maddoor river, and was encamped
at Malavelly.
Ensign Rowley gives the following account of the followers of
the army : —
" The market of General Harris' army equals in extent, and
in variety of articles exposed for sale, that of a populous city.
The followers of the army are so numerous, that on a moderate
calculation they may be considered to exceed the number of
fighting men in the proportion of five to one. The appearance
of our army on the march from a neighbouring hill is truly
surprising. It may be compared with the emigration of the
Israelites from Egypt : the surrounding plains and downs
appear to be in motion. Herds of cattle and flocks of sheep
conceal the soil ; the route of the troops is marked by the
gleaming of their arms, and that of the battering train by a long,
slow-moving inky line. On a nearer view the scene is some-
times laughable: here a laden ill-bred bullock taking fright,
scampers off, plunging and kicking, and tlirowing a whole herd
into confusion ; twenty others follow his example, and broken
pots and pans strew the plain.
'' The drivers abuse their cattle, and each other ; sometimes an
alarm of the Looties' approach occasions a worse disorder ; men
women, and children scamper in all directions, and leave their
unconcerned charge to its fate."
The tanks were usually found filled with milk hedge plant,
which is supposed to be poisonous, but its ill-effects were not
apparent.
On 24th March, the right wing took up a position on the west
296 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
bank of the Maddoor river, where Tippoo had been encamped for
five days, — our cavalry on the east. It was expected that the
passage of the river would have been disputed, as Syed Guffoor,
with 300 infantry and 1,000 horse, with ten guns, had been
posted on the heights east of the river ; but on our approach he
was ordered to fall back. It was at this time that General Harris
received news of Tippoo's attack on the Bombay army near
Sedaseer, in the Coorg country. Tippoo had marched on SHth
February, and arrived at Periapatam on 5th March.
On the Gth, he crossed his own frontier, and attacked the
Bombay army. The attack was sustained by a brigade of 2,000
men, one march in front of the army. This force, in spite of
great disparity of numbers, opposed the enemy with great
gallantry, till the arrival of General Stuart with two European
regiments, when the enemy retired with precipitation. Tippoo
lost 1,500 killed and wounded, while ours was only 140.
Our advanced brigade consisted of only 2,000 men, while
Tippoo's force was 11,800 of his best troops.
The Sultan's army, after receiving this defeat quitted
Periapatam, reached Seringapatam on J 4th March, and
immediately moved forward thence to meet General Harris.
On 26th March, the whole of the English army moved in
compact order, and encamped five miles east of Malavelly.
On the 27th, the army marched from its left flank on the
great road leading to Malavelly, while Colonel Wellesley's divi-
sion moved close to it on the left. Eive regiments of cavalry under
Major General Ployd formed the advance. Colonel Wellesley's
division was directed to advance on the enemy's right (the
enemy were drawn up on the heights in front) supported by
General Floyd v/ith three regiments of cavalry. His division
advanced with the 33rd Regiment at its head, while the enemy's
guns seemed to be directed towards the Grand Army, which was
advancing on the riglit. As we closed with them, their guns
were drawn off. With the intention uf covering their retreat, a
1799.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 297
large body of their infantry advanced with great boldness on
Colonel Wellesley's division. Their attack was received by the
33rd, and the advance of the division, which returned their fire
at k'ss than lOD yards. After a few minutes they began to
waver and broke ; Colonel Floyd then charged them, and hewed
the unfortunate brigade to pieces Meanwhile on our right an
attack was made on the 1st European Brigade by a large body
of enemy's boldest cavalry. H.M.'s J 2th gave their fire at the
distance of about twenty yards, and a mass of men and horses
fell ; a few broke through the line, but the remainder fled.
The whole army was now formed in one line, and advanced in
pursuit ; but the General soon ordered the pursuit to be stopped,
and the troops returned to the first intended encampment.
Ensign Rowley, in his diary, says: " Thus ended the battle of
Malavelly, which appeared to those who were not in the secret
to be a very confused sort of skirmish. The official account* of
it will appear as regular as those of Marlborough or Frederick,
where every circumstance appears to have been foreseen, known,
and provided for."
Our loss was small: 3 officers wounded, 6 Europeans killed
and 34 wounded; 1 Native killed, and 10 wounded, and 6
missing. Total, GO.
Amongst the wounded oflBcers was Ensign Thomas Eraser,
Madras Engineers, Adjutant.
Tippoo's loss was fully 1.000 killed and wounded.
On the 28th, the army marched four miles south-west from
Malavelly, to be within an easy march of Sosilla, where there
is a good ford, by which General Harris intended to cross the
Cauvery. This plan was recommended to the Commander in-
Chief by Colonel Gent, the Chief Engineer, on 17th March.
Copies of the original memoranda were sent to the Com-
* General Harris's account of it is short and unassuming. Colonel Beatson
manufactured a famous battle.
298 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1799.
mander-in- Chief on the 24th, and five days afterwards the army
crossed.
Major Allen was sent with 300 men to explore the country as far
as the river ; he returned at night and made a favourable report.
The army marched at day-break on the 29th. At Sosilla many
thousands of inhabitants were found, who had collected in
the ditch of the fort twelve or fifteen thousand cattle, besides
sheep and goats.
The right wing, the cavalry, and Colonel Wellesley's division,
camped on north side of Cauvery, while the left wing cr(jssed.
General Harris halted on the 3Uth till 2 p.m., when the remainder
of the army crossed, except a Native battalion, left to cover the
rear.
The Cauvery here was 300 or 400 yards broad, with a sandy
bottom, and three feet deep.
This movement appears to have been totally unexpected by the
enemy.
Tippoo had marched to Arrikera on the 30th, after the battle
of Malavelly. He sent a force north and east, with the expect
ancy of attacking the English army in the rear; but the move-
ment across the river must have greatly disconcerted him ; and
on hearing of it, he made for Seringapatam. His troops lay on
their arms every night after the action at Malavelly.
On the 31st the army halted.
General Harris learnt that Tippoo's infantry and guns had
been sent to Seringapatam, but that he, with all his cavalry, had
crossed to the south side of the river.
On 1st April, the army encamped close to the Cauvery at
Rungasamoodra, about thirteen miles south-east from Seringa-
patam.
On the 2nd, the army marched only three miles, as, the
Nizam's cavalry having neglected to occupy the position pointed
out, the army had to halt for four hours, in order that they
might pass with their baggage.
1799.] MADBAS ENGINEERS. 299
This seems very characteristic of troops commanded by natives
of India.
The enemy's cavalry appeared in our front, while the army
was taking up its ground. Tippoo himself reconnoitred from a
hill in front.
On the 3rd, the army encamped on the high road, about five
miles south east from Seringapatam. Tippoo had not had the
spirit to oppose our passage over ground which a more deter-
mined general might have disputed with a possibility of success.
From this point we obtained a distant view of the whole of
the island and city. The pettah of Shahr-Ganjam had been
destroyed, and the enemy's infantry were encamped behind some
new works. These new works were within six. or seven hundred
yards of the walls, extending from Dowlut Bagh to the Peria-
patam bridge.
On the morning of the Ith, the army marched west, keeping
on high ground, about four miles from Seringapatam.
On the next day, the army continued its march, keeping under
cover of ridges to south and west of Sultanpettah, in order to
avoid the topes which afforded cover for the enemy's rocketmen.
After a march of a few miles, the army took up its ground
opposite the west face of the fort, at a distance of about two
miles.
In their front was a chain of advanced posts, on high ground,
occupied by the Nizam's troops, commanded by British ofhcers.
The right of the camp was on high, commanding ground, which
gradually descended to the left, where it was doubly secured by
a canal, and the river.
This canal supplied excellent water, served as a strong
intrenchment, and several deep ravines intersecting the rear of
the camp rendered it impenetrable for the enemy's cavalry.
Five large topes within the camp furnished an abundant supply
of materials for the siege.
From the left of our position the canal took an easterly direc-
300 MILITARY HISTOBY OF THE [1799.
tion, till it approached ■within a mile of the fort ; where it wound
off to the right towards Sultaupettah tope. The canal was fifteen
yards wide, and six feet deep, with a high bank towards the
city. There were several ruined villages and rocky heights in
front, which gave cover to enemy's infantry and rocketmen, and it
became absolutely necessary to dispossess the enemy of these posts.
Accordingly, on the evening of the 5th April, il.M.'s 12th,
and two battalions of sepoys, with their guns, under Colonel
JShawe, and H.M.'s '6Svd and 2nd Bengal Infantry, under Colonel
Wellesley, were ordered to be in readiness at sunset ; the former
to attack the post at the aqueduct, and the latter the Sultau-
pettah Tope. Captain Colin Mackenzie, of Madras Engineers,
accompanied the Honourable Colonel Wellesley.
The night was pitch dark, and the ground almost unknown to
our troops.
Colonel Shawe's party succeeded in establishing itself in a
ruined village, close in front of the enemy's post in the nullah,
when Colonel Shawe quietly allowed the enemy to keep up an
incessant fire, without exposing his men. With Colonel Wel-
lesley it fared badly. The light company of 33rd pushed too
eagerly into the tope, and came on a work of the enemy, who
opened a heavy fire on them. The men too much in advance,
finding themselves not supported, retreated precipitately, leaving
Colonel Wellesley and Captain Mackenzie by themselves. In
such a helpless and hopeless situation, the only thing to do was to
endeavour to rejoin the division, but in attempting it, the dark-
ness of the night was such that they lost their way, and it was not
until they had groped about strange ground for several hours
that they reached the camp.
Ensign Rowley says : " In fact the attack of Wellesley has
failed ; the party having lost each other in the obscurity of the
night. Wellesley is mad at this ill-success ; he has left Lieute-
nant Fitzgerald with twenty-five men of his corps (33rd) either
killed, or in the hands of the enemy."
17990 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 80]
Next morning, General Harris ordered a detachment to be
formed, consisting of 94th Regiment, two battalions of sepoys,
and five guns, under Colonel Wellesley, to make a second
attempt on the tope. General Baird accompanied the regiment
^o parade, and found General Harris walking about. Colonel
Wellesley did not appear, and troops liaving waited an hour,
General Harris ordered Baird to take command He mounted
his horse for the purpose, but a moment afterwards lie said to
General Harris: "Don't you think. Sir, it would be but fair
to give Wellesley an opportunity of retrieving the misfor-
tune of last night." Colonel Wellesley shortly afterwards
appeared, and took command. The cause of his delay is stated
by Captain Mackenzie, Madras Engineers, to have been — " that
when they arrived at camp, Colonel Wellesley went to head-
quarters to report what had happened ; but finding that General
Harris was not yet awake, he threw himself on the table of the
dinner-tent, and worn out with fatigue and anxiety of mind, fell
asleep."
Ensign Rowley, of the Madras Engineers, accompanied this
second attack. "The force advanced under cover of some field-
pieces, which played on the tope to dislodge the enemy. They
had advanced some distance into the tope, when a smart fire of
musketry was opened from the nullah, which winds along it.
Our line was quickly formed, and the enemy were in ten minutes
dislodged by the field-pieces, which moved with us. As they
proceeded, large flanking parties were sent out on our right, and
the enemy retreated on all sides. We took possession of a line
of posts, extending from the left of the tope to the village of
Sultanpettah on the right."
At the same time. Colonel Shawe rushed from his post, and
dislodged the enemy from the nullah in his front; and Colonel
Wallace also succeeded in dispossessing the enemy of a village
on their right flank.
A strong connected line of posts was thus obtained from the
302 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
river to the village of Sultanpettah, a distance of about two
miles. The canal thus taken, formed a first parallel to the west
face, about a mile distant from it. A brisk cannonade was kept
up all day on our posts from the fort.
At daybreak on the 6th, General Floyd, with four regiments
of cavalry, and left wing of the army (except the Regiment de
Meuron), marched towards Periapatam, to form a junction with
the Bombay army.
On evening of the 7th, the enemy were employed in making
an intrenchment at the ruins of a powder mill, near south bank
of the Cauvery, 750 yards from the fort.
The enemy's cavalry, under Cummer-u-Din, marched on the
road to Periapatam.
On the 8th, the Engineers moved in front of the line, close to
the tope, which is named the Engineer's tope. The Engineers
were engaged to-day in tracing the course of the nullah. Half
the Bamboo coolies and tent lascars, with all the Native and
European pioneers, were placed under the orders of Colonel
Gent, the Chief Engineer, to be employed in preparing materials
for the siege.
On the 9th, Captain Mackenzie, Ensigns Rowley and Gar-
rard, were employed in strengthening the post of Sultanpettah,
by lowering the outer wall, and throwing traverses across the
streets.
Our posts were named as follows : —
Main out-post in front : Shawe's post.
That in bank of canal on the right of Shawe's: 12-
pounder battery.
Sultanpettah : Post of Sultanpettah.
That to left of village, near a burying-ground : Post in
front of Engineer's tope.
A European regiment, and two battalions sepoys, occupied
Shawe's post.
A Native company was detached to 12-pounder battery.
17i».] :\rADRAS ENGINEERS. 303
A company of Europeans, and 500 Native Infantry, occupied
Sultanpettah, and a company of Europeans and 400 Native
Infantry were stationed in front of Engineers' tope.
Field officers of the day had command of advanced picquets,
and a general officer had immediate command of Shawe's post,
and a general control over the advanced posts.
On the 9th, Colonel Gent, the Chief Engineer, was directed
to prepare a plan for an attack connected with the possession of
part of the island ; and one in which that possession may not be
necessary ; and he was to consider the army as occupying, if
requisite, both sides of the Cauvery.
On the 13th, he submitted two plans of attack to the Com-
mander in-Chief : one for attack against the west angle,
considering the army to occupy both sides of the Cauverv ; the
other for the attack of the south-west angle, on a supposition of
our being in possession of part of the island. The Chief Engineer
likewise stated the advantages and disadvantages that occurred
to him in forming these attacks.
On the ITth, the Commander-in-Chief gave orders to attack
the west angle.
On the 11th, Ensigns Rowley and Garrard, who had been
working under Captain Mackenzie with the Nizam's force, were
ordered to rejoin their corps.
On the 13th, the men employed as working parties consisted of :
Two battalions sepoys.
The Pioneers.
A part of the lascars and other followers.
The fascines makers and store lascars, attached to Engineers'
Department.
At 3 P.M., a heavy cannonade commenced. Enemy's shot
were chiefly directed to Engineers' tope, and head-quarters.
One shot reached the Commander-in-(Jliief's tent, 4,300 yards
from the Cavalier, whence it was fired. At half-past 7, General
304 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri799.
Floyd's signal -guns were heard, denoting that he was encamped
within two marches of Seringapatam.
On the 14th, in afternoon, the Bombay army arrived, and
took up a position in rear of ours. Ensign Warren, of 33rd,
was this day appointed Assistant Engineer.
Colonel Gent, and the Corps of Engineers, had been so
assiduous in the prepnration of materials, that in six days there
was a sufficiency for the proposed batteries, and the Chief
Engineer reported to the Commander-in-Chief that he was in
readiness to commence the siege.
By the 15th, the enemy had completed intrenchment on the
west bank of river, opposite west face of fort. On the right
of this there was an unfinished redoubt, and before the south-
west angle a circular-work, with three embrasures facing Shawe's
post.
On the 16th, the Bombay army — consisting of three regiments
Europeans, six battalions Native Infantry, and three companies
of Artillery, and field-pieces — crossed the river, and took up a
strong position facing east, its right towards the ford, and left
on higher ground, covered by a canal, well secured in front by
a hill, which formed an advanced post The rear of the camp
was intersected by deep ravines. The hill in front was
near the Eadgah redoubt, which, it will be remembered, was
stormed by a part of General Medow's column on the night of
1 5th May 1792, during the attack on Tippoo's intrenched camp.
Tt was now ascertained that the river was no impassable
obstacle to the passage of the troops.
Rice was beginning to run short, and the supplies ex-
pected from Lieutenant Colonels Brown and Read were looked
for with some anxiety. General Floyd was on 16th encamped
three miles from the array, preparatory to moving towards
Cauverypooram pass.
Ensign Rowley, of Engineers, was ordered to join General
Floyd's force, which was assisted by part of the left wing.
17990 MADBAS ENGINEERS. 305
He set out with some intrenching- tools on the evening of
the 16 th.
At 6 A.M. on 17th, General Floyd roarched towards Mysore.
The line halted some distance from the new fort, and Ensign
Rowley was directed by the General to examine if the fort
was tenable against cavalry. The fort was found quite de-
serted. Ensign Kowley was enabled, owing to the unfinished
state of the fort, to walk his horse, and those of the troopers
(who escorted him) through the breaches. After he had made
his report to the General, the division moved to the Delaway-
Yeri, a large tank about two miles beyond Mysore, and close
under Chamandy Hill.
On the 17th, General Floyd returned to Seringapatam. While
the Bombay army was taking up its position on the north side
of the Cauvery, the enemy advanced to the ruined village, situated
on the north of river, in the prolongation of the west face of the
fort, with the intention of establishing a work there. As this
was the site of a proposed enfilading battery, General Stuart was
directed to attack the enemy.
The attacking column was for some time galled by a severe
cannonade ; but the attack was made with great gallantry, and
the enemy was compelled to retire This post was of great
importance, about 1,000 yards from north-west angle, and in a
most favourable position lor the proposed battery. It was
afterwards connected by intermediate posts with the hill on the
left.
At the same time that this attack was made, a nullah on the
south side of the river, called the little Cauvery, was taken
possession of by Major MacDonald, It runs parallel to the
fort, at 500 to 1,000 yards distance. It was called MacDonald's
post, and afterwards became an useful depot for engineers' tools
and materials.
On the 17th, the Chief Engineer formed the Corps of Engineers
into brigades.
20
306 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
1st Brigade. — Captain Mackenzie.
Lieutenant Castle.
Ensign Arthur.
Ensign Warren, of H.M.'s 33rd.
2nd Brigade. — Captain Johnstone.
Lieutenant Cleghorne.
Ensign Garrard.
Bell.
3rd Brigade. — Captain Caldwell.
Lieutenant Sydenham.
Ensign Rowley.
4th Brigade. — Captain Blair.
Lieutenant Cotgrave.
Ensign Malton.
„ Smith.
The 1st brigade carried on the enfilading attack on the north
side of the river, while the other three brigades were on the south
side, and were on duty alternately for twenty-four hours.
Colonel Sartorius, of Bombay Engineers, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Trapaud, of Madras Engineers, were in turn field officers
of the day ; the troops on duty being commanded by Major-
Generals of the day.
On the night of the 17th, Captain Dowse, with his corps of
Madras Pioneers, under the direction of Captain Mackenzie, of
Engineers, completed a battery for six 12-pounders, and two
howitzers, on the north bank of the river. It was placed at
night exactly according to the surveys of 1792, and imagined to
be directly in line with the west face ; but the survey proved
erroneous, and this battery had afterwards to be rebuilt some
what to the left.
It was intended to enfilade the west face, and take the in-
trenchments in reverse.
On this same night, an approach, 450 yards long, was made
from Shawe's post to Macdonald's, and improved the next
day
1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 307
Captain Johnstone had endeavoured to establish two guns on
the left of our post (MacDonald's), but owing to the loss
experienced by the working- parties, Avas unable to complete the
work-
On the 20tb, two 12-pounders were advanced to a spot in front
ol Sultanp'. ttah post, where there was a natural barbette battery,
formed by two compartments of a rice-field, one rising four
feet above the other. The guns were to enfilade northern
parts of intrenchraents on the west bank of Cauvery, and
were well calculated to support an attack on Old Powder-mill
work. The enemy were soon driven by the fire from the north
part of the intrenchment. It was quickly ascertained that
these guns could annoy the fausse-braye before the north-
west bastion, as well as the bastion, and take in reverse the
West Cavalier.
The 2ud brigade of Engineers was on duty on the 20th. In
the evening an attack was made on enemy's intrenchment at Old
Powder-mill. ,
Colonel Sherbrooke (Major-General of the day) commanded.
At dusk three columns advanced, preceded by small parties of
European Pioneers, under a well directed fire of our guns. The
attacks were completely successful. The enemy's loss was 250
killed and wounded. We had only one man wounded.
The working-party of the night, under Captain Johnstone,
Lieutenant Cleghorne, and Ensigns Garrard and Bell, was
immediately set to work to form a parallel 520 yards in length,
extending from the river at the mill, to the aloe hedge on the
bank of the nullah which formed Macdonald's post. It was so
far completed during the night, that it afibrded cover for our
troops at 7tt0 yards from the fort, and 440 yards from the
nearest point of the enemy's intrenchment. It was remarkably
strong, one tiank being on the Cauvery, and the other on the
Little Cauvery, both of which have steep banks. From the left
of this intrenchment a complete view was obtained of the west
20 ♦
308 MILITABY HISTOEY OF THE [1799
face of the fort, that is, from north-west angle bastion to a low
new bank beyond the second or great round tower. The stone
glacis which extended along the whole north side of the fort,
but did not sufficiently cover the walls, terminated at the west
face of north-west angle bastion ; here, instead of a glacis, was an
upright retaining wall forming the counterscarp of the ditch.
It was thick, but, being low, left the fausse-braye and main
rampart exposed to breaching batteries from the west. The
retaining wall might have been breached, and the ditch laid open
to the base of the rampart.
The rocks in the river near the west face of the fort appeared
smooth. Several people were observed crossing the river
opposite the very point proposed to be breached, that is the
west curtain, a little to the right of the flank of the north-west
bastion.
On the 21st, at sunset (3rd brigade of Engineers on duty), a
battery for six 18-pounders was marked out, just in front of the
parallel nearly in line with the north face. Captain Mackenzie,
who superintended the north attack, was instructed to make
another enfilading battery on that side of the river, and to place
it exactly in a line with the west curtain, in such a position that
its fire would range behind the rampart, and along the whole of
west face.
Mackenzie reconnoitred the ground about sunset. The
advanced parties of the enemy, who had concealed themselves
among some ruined houses near, were dislodged by some com-
panies of 74th, and after giving Mackenzie sufficient time to
mark out the battery, our troops retired.
Soon after, the enemy rallied in great force, and commenced a
heavy fire.
This inspired them with so much confidence that they deter-
mined to make a general attack on the outposts of the Bombay
army.
At 2.30 A.M. of the 22nd, the enemy's rocketmen, having got
1799.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 309
in rear of General Stuart's encampment, threw a number of
rockets. This was immediately followed by a prodigious fire of
musketry at all the posts in front of the Bombay army. The
attack was made by G,UOO infantry, and Lally's corps of French-
men.
The French behaved with great spirit. Some of them were
killed within our intrenchments by the bayonet, and others close
to it, but the attacks failed, although continued for several
hours. The enemy lost 600 or 700 men killed and wounded.
These attacks prevented Captain Mackenzie from establishing
the battery.
The six-gun battery in front of the Mill parallel about twenty
vards to left of the Mill, and 800 yards from west face of the
fort, was constructed in six hours on the 2 1st night, by the
uncommon exertions of Captain Dowse with Native Pioneers,
assisted by the European Pioneers under Lieutenant I'arquhar,
74th.
The engineers directing the work were Captain Caldwell,
Lieutenant Sydenham, and Ensign Rowley.
Four of the guns and two howitzers were got into the battery
before daylight, opened on the 22nd upon the cavalier and
north-west bastion, completely silenced six of the enemy's guns
opposed to them, and carried away the flagstaff on the cavalier,
although our guns were without the intended support from the
enfilading battery on north of river.
On the next night, as the battery was found to have the
desired effect, two more guns were added to it.
At the same time, the Pioneers and a working-party constructed
the battery marked out by Captain Mackenzie. It was a sunken
battery for four 18-pounders, and two howitzers. The two
batteries opened at sunrise on the 23rd. They mutually sup-
ported one another, and fired with great eflect, particularly the
new enfilading battery, which, being exactly placed, ranged
behind the western rampart.
310 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri799.
Thev scion silencnd every gun opposed to tliem.
Two small batteries for two guns eacli were constructed, or
rather attempted to be constructed, this night— one some 100
yards in front of Shawe's post, which was not completed ; the
other at the tombs in front of the Sultanpettah or Engineers'
tope, which had to be relinquished.
These batteries were from the beginning disapproved of by
the Engineers, from their exposed and unsupported situation,
and from the circumstances of the communication with them
being open to the fort's fire. They obtained in the trenches the
nickname of " Head-quarter Forts."
On the 24th night, (3rd brigade of Engineers on duty) an
approach was carried from the right of the mill battery 250
yards in length, clearing the south-west angle of the fort, and
thence in another direction clear of the "bridge head" at the
Delhi Ford, for a distance of J 30 yards. The work was much
delayed by rain. The enemy's fire from the north-west angle
was now completely silenced ; but much annoyance was caused
by their guns in two round towers to the right.
During the night of the 23rd, most part of the details of
Shawe's post were advanced 600 yards, and occupied the deep
ravine. From Shawe's post were other ravines which communi-
cated with it also.
As a number of French officers of experience assisted in the
defence of the fort, it was necessary to proceed with caution.
For this reason, it was resolved that our zigzags should run
wide of the fort, and that their prolongations should terminate
at points within command of our advanced posts. In order to
prevent the eflFect of a retrenchment, or mines in the breach, it
was deemed expedient to make a show of brtaehing the shoulder
of north-west bastion.
On the 23rd night, the village of Palhullypettah was occupied
by details, and two field-pieces. A traverse across the main
street made this an excellent post.
17M.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 311
The enemy still fired from the two round towers, and as they
were the only guns which could flank the breach, it was
necessary that their fire should he kept under; so on the
25tb, (4th brigade of Engineers on duty) a battery of four
Ifi-pounders was marked out in front of right of second zig-
zag, at 880 yards from the towers, and completed during
the night. On the morning of the 2Gth, it opened with so
much effect, that in half an hour the guns of both towers were
withdrawn.
The enemy had occupied in great force a strong intrenchment,
extending from the river almost to the Periapatam bridge, parallel
to the face of the fort, strengthened by redoubts at each extremity,
and a strong work in the centre. The intrenchment was 380
yards from the fort, behind the bank of a water-course, which,
taken from the Cauvery by a dam at Montresor's Island, passes
the powder-mill, and runs nearly parallel to west face of the fort.
It was resolved to attack these works. Previous to the attack,
the batteries were to fire on the works and intrenchment for
half-an-hour before the troops advanced, and then the fire was to
be directed on the works of the fort from which most annoyance
was to be expected.
Major Skelly and Colonel Moneypenny led two parties to the
attack, and dislodged the enemy from the works on their right.
Our party was much annoyed by a furious fire from the walls,
and from the works remaining in the enemy's possession on their
left. Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, 74th, with two companies,
drove the enemy from a circular work on their left, and pursued
the fugitives across the Periapatam bridge, penetrated into their
camp, and bayoneted some of them in their tents. The enemy
were so panic-stricken that Campbell made good his retreat, after
spiking two guns near the bridge.*
Next morning, the enemy, having somewhat recovered their
* This attack cau.ied a j^reat alarm in the fort, and a furious fire was opened,
and kept up for two hours.
312 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
spirits, returned to some of tlie posts on their left, and kept up
a severe fire of musketry on the troops which occupied the
works carried the previous night. Our loss was considerable,
but the objects obtained were of the utmost consequence. These
posts were defended by 1,500 of the enemy; in the defence they
lost 150. It was in agitation to abandon these works, but General
Harris directed that they should be defended to the last extremity.
During the night, (26th) our approaches advanced to a redoubt
on right of enemy's intrenchment, 400 yards from the fort.
The enemy had re-occupied the circular work to the right
during the night. Colonel Sherbrooke directed Colonel Wallace,
with three companies 74th, to attack it. This service was
performed with gallantry, and he effected a lodgment behind it.
Having done this, he detached Major Skelly to drive the enemy
from a post still farther to the right; this attack likewise
succeeded.
Our troops were much exposed all day to the fire of the fort,
and a part of the enemy's intrenchment towards the Periapatam
Bridge, which they still occupied ; and from this fire the bank of
the shallow brook, which formed their post, was insufficient to
cover them effectually.
The circular work was called Wallace's post, and the other
Skelly's. On night of 27th these posts were connected, and the
approaches made on 26th were enlarged.
Our loss in these two days was very heavy.
62 killed.
226 wounded.
19 missing.
Total 307
The working parties strengthened Skelly's post by a double
intrenchment, and extended from Wallace's to the left a place
of arms 200 yards, which covered the troops. They also
1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 813
deepened and widened the zig-zag which was to lead to the
breaching battery.
The first breaching-battery was marked out at sunset on the
28th, between the watercourse, and the Cauvery (Captain Blair,
with his brigade of Engineers, on duty).
It was constructed for six guns, close to the bank of the river,
and about 400 yards from north- west bastion.
The platforms were laid, but the guns were not brought into it
from the difficulty experienced in getting them through the
approaches, and across the stream which passes through
the mill.
On the 29th night and 30th morning (Captain Johnstone, with
his brigade of Engineers on duty), a road was made across the
mill-stream for the guns, which were placed in the battery, with
the exception of one, carelessly overturned in the nullah. On
the same night a battalion of sepoys was employed as a
working-party. They repaired the embrasures of eight- and
four-gun batteries, and improved zig-zag in rear of breach-
ing battery. At the same time. Captain Mackenzie enlarged
the enfilading-battery by adding two guns to its left, from
which he also extended a place of arms for four field pieces
for the purpose of increasing the enfilading fire just previous
to the assault.
It was expected that so powerful an enfilade would render it
almost impossible for the Sultan's troops to remain on the
curtains for the defence of the breach (an opinion fully borne
out by the result).
On the 30th April, at night (Captain Caldwell, with his brigade
of Engineers, on duty), a second breaching-battery for five guns
was constructed, and the platforms of the six-gun battery altered
so as to bear on the real breach.
The guns not being placed in the new battery, the six-gun
battery still directed its fire on the " Political " breach as it was
termed. Many shots were expended to no purpose, in the hope
314 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE fiTJW.
of frightening Tippoo into terms. It wiis, however, of some
consequence to conceal from the enemy the spot we intended for
the breach, that they might have less time to mine it, or cut it
off. In the course of this morning an epaulement was made
for six howitzers on the right of the five-gun breaching
battery.
On the 29th, Captain John Norris, Engineers, aide-de-camp to
Chief Engineer, and Lieutenant Farquhar of 74th, commanding
European Pioneers, crossed the greater part of the river to
ascertain if it was fordable, but being discovered by a party of
the enemv, were unable to reach the opposite side. As far as
they went it was very practicable. At this time, there were
apprehensions of a scarcity of provisions in camp. Grain of
all kinds was extravagantly dear. A day's ordinary feed for a
horse could not be procured for less than three or four rupees,
and rice was scarcely to be obtained at all. The private servants
of the army were half- starved.
Erom the breaching-batteries a full view of the bed of the
river was obtained. Eocks were smooth, and there was very
little water.
On the ]st and 2nd May, morning (Captain Blair, with his
brigade of Engineers, on duty), a battery for two guns on the
right of the five-gun breaching-battery and in rear of the
howitzer-battery, was raised to keep down the fire of several
guns which annoyed us from some new works on the south-
west. Another battery for four 12-pounders was placed in
the enfilade of the three cavaliers, merely intended to disturb
the enemy in those works, from which it was supposed the
right column might suffer severely in their advance along south
rampart.
The batteries being now all completed, at sunrise on 2nd May,
the Nizam's (or five-gun) battery opened on the curtain, sixty
yards from the flank of the north-west bastion.
f The six-gun battery, also for "the first line, opened on this
1799] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 315
point. These batteries fired with very great eflFect, and were
well supported by the enfihiding battery of six l>^-pounders,
six howitzers in the parallel on the right, four IH-pounders
in Mill Battery, and by four-gun batteries, together with two
12- pounders at the tombs, and two 12-pounders in front
of Shawe's post ; in all twenty-nine pieces of cannon and six
howitzers.
In the course of the day, the fausse-braye wall at the foot of
the rampart was ruined, and the main wall shattered con-
siderably.
Soon after the batteries opened, a shot or shell having struck
a large magazine of rockets and powder near the west face, it
exploded with a very singular appearance. The rockets flew in
all directions, and must have caused much loss in so crowded a
city. Colonel ^Montague, a distinguished oflBcer of the Bengal
Artillery, was killed this day.
2nd and 3rd morning (Captain Johnstone, with his brigade
of Engineers, on duty), an approach was dug from the rear of
the six-gun breaching battery, and thence to the river opposite
the breach.
Lieutenant Lalor, of 73rd, crossed the river this night, and
ascertained that it was fordable.
On the morning of the 3rd, the 2nd brigade of Engineers
being employed in collecting fascines, scaling-ladders, &c.,
in the trenches. Ensign Rowley was sent from camp
to sink a battery for four 12-pounders, to keep down the
fire from some cavaliers within the fort, and to favour
the intended assault. He was thus employed all day and
night.
At 3 p M. one of the breaching batteries took fire from the
incessant cannonade, and the dryness of the material. It was
extinguished by the exertions of the artillery and other officers
on the spot.
The breach was reported practicable on the third evening, and
316 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
the troops inteuded for the assault were crowded into the trenches
before daybreak on the 4th.
The four-gun sunk battery constructed by Ensign Rowley
opened its guns at sunrise. The troops intended lor the storm
consisted of ten flank companies of Europeans, 12th, 33rd, 73rd,
and 74th Regiments, three corps of Grenadier Sepoys, taken from
the troops of the three Presidencies, and 2,000 of the Nizam's
troops.
"The troops (according to Ensign Rowley) did not appear to
be in high spirits, nor to possess that ardour which they after-
wards manifested."
" The trenches were crowded with officers, who were making
their arrangements for the ensuing service, and passed and re-
passed with hasty steps and anxious looks. Drams and biscuits
were served out to the Europeans, and the whole were arranged
in the order of advancing."
" In the meantime, the fire from our batteries and the fort was
incessant."
General Baird commanded the whole attacking force (2,494
Europeans, 1,882 natives), which was divided into two parties;
one to move to the right, under Colonel Sherbrooke, consisted of
a sergeant's party, as the forlorn hope, supported by a subal-
tern's party of thirty, commanded by Lieutenant Hill, 74th
(senior subaltern in the army), conducted by Lieutenant Lalor,
of 73rd. These were followed by half the flank companies of
Europeans, accompanied by Engineers and Pioneers, and half
the remaining troops.
The left, under Lieutenant Colonel Dunlop, was led by a
forlorn hope under Conductor Best; a subaltern's party, under
Lieutenant Lawrence, 7'/th, guided by Lieutenant Farquhar, of
74th ; the flank companies of the Bombay European regiments ;
accompanied by Engineers and Pioneers, and the remaining
troops.
1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 371
Both the columns were ordered to push forward, and re -unite
on the easteru rampart.
The 3rd brigade of Engineers accompanied the storming
party.
Captain Caldwell \
Lieutenant Sydenham I Madras Engineers.
Ensign Rowley j
Part of the Regiment de Meuron, and three battalions Native
Infantry, remained in the trenches to support the troops, if
necessary. They were under the command of Colonel Wellesley.
About I P.M., all being in readiness, General Baird went to
the head of the column, and mounting the reverse of the trench,
drew his sword, and asked, " Men, are you all ready ? " He
was answered in the affirmative. " Then forward, my lads ! "
Now, setting up a loud huzza, they rushed into the river.
The columns were galled by a heavy fire of musketry and rockets,
which increased as they advanced. The passage across the river
was rendered difficult from the inequality of its rocky bed; the
depth of water varied from a few inches to three feet, and in
some places was much deeper.
The ditch, being rendered shallow opposite the breach by the
rubbish, was passed without much difficulty, and the colours
were planted on the summit of the breach in about seven minutes
from the time of the troops quitting the trenches. The parties
now divided, one scouring the rampart to the right, the other
to the left. Colonel Dunlop, fighting hand-to-hand with one of
the Sirdars who defended the breach, was disabled by a cut across
the wrist of his sword-arm. Colonel Sherbrooke's gallantry was
very conspicuous. Many were killed in ascending the breach
(here Captain Caldwell,* of Engineeis, was wounded), by a fire
of musketry from the bastion and its fausse-braye on the left,
which the enemy had stockaded, and lined with musketry.
Ensign Rowley was with the party which attacked the northern
* He had preyioaslj been wounded in the trenches.
3l8 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
rampart, and I presume Lieutenant Sydenham was with the
force which attacked the southern rampart, under General Baird
in person.
The column on the left, first cleared the north-west bastion,
and the fausse-braye beneath, whence a galling and close fire of
musketry had been kept up on the breach. As they advanced
on the north rampart a lieavy fire of musketry was directed
against them from the inner rampart, between which and that
whereon the attacking force was passing was a deep wet ditch.
They were relieved from this annoyance by a very small party of
the 12th, headed by an officer, before whom the enemy fled
without resistance. About two or three hundred yards from the
breach, the column met with a check in front from a large body
of the enemy, headed by the Sultan in person ; they were posted
behind the traverses which crossed the rampart, and gave so
steady a fire, that our Europeans were staggered. Most of the
leading officers had been killed and wounded on the breach, and
in the river. The Grenadiers complained that their ammunition
was wetted in crossing the river. Farquhar, of 74th, with
reproaches and persuasion, at length made them follow him
towards the enemy, when he was instantly shot through
the heart. More officers and men had now come up, and
the column carried everything before them. The enemy were
shot and bayoneted without mercy. Some leaped over the
parapet into the outer ditch, or fausse-braye, and were either
killed by the fall, or shot from the rampart above ; otliers
plunged into the inner wet ditch, and were drowned. Those who
attempted to escape to the inner fort, or town, by the Delhi gate,
in the north face, were met in the arch by those who were driven
out by the troops which had entered the place.
Here the Sultan was killed, and overwhelmed by the bodies of
his subjects.
As the two parties approached each other, the crowds of the
unhappy Mysoreans thickened, and were slain in heaps, for no
1799.] MADRAS i^NGlNEERS. 319
quarter was given. When the heads of the two columns came
in sight of each other a loud triumphant shout was raised.
As the right column advanced, the enemy retreated before
them.
Captain Moll's gallantry was very conspicuous ; almost singly
he pursued the euemy, till he came to the mud cavalier behind
the great round tower, on which he planted a flag. His men soon
collected, and advanced rapidly, driving the euemy before them.
A small party crossed to the second rampart, by means of some
scaffolding which had been left. On this inner rampart there
was no opposition. The panic amongst the enemy became
general, and thousands threw down their arms, and fled.
The three cavaliers on the southern face made no resistance,
and within less than an hour, the right column arrived upon the
east face of the fort.
Some of the garrison effected their escape through the Ban-
galore gateway, on the east face ; but from the impatience of
the fugitives the gate which opened inwards was closed, aud no
force could again turn it back on its hinges. The archway was
crowded with the unhappy wretches, and from some unknown
cause the gate took fire. The scene was now horrid ; those who
attempted to avoid the flames were driven back into them by the
assailants. Not the garrison alone, but the peaceful inhabitants,
even women and children, were destroyed.
Many particular scenes of horror could not but meet the eye
during the heat of the assault. Much resistance was expected
from the lofty cavaliers which were situated on the ramparts, and
within the town, but they were not defended. The guns in the
great cavaliers were directed by our troops against the army of
the enemy, which fled from their camp on the island, and crossed
by the Carighaut ford.
In about two hours all resistance ceased, except from the
palace, which was surrendered to General Baird at half-past o,
together with the sons of the Sultan. It was now ascertained
320 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1799.
that the Sultan was killed, and that his body lay under the arch
of the Delhi gateway, where it was discovered under a heap of
slain, with four wounds.
The greater propoi'don of the principal officers of the Sultan
were either killed or wounded in the assault. Their houses,
and in some cases, their zenanas, were plundered, and jewels
to an incredible amount were obtained by some individuals
of the army.
Fortunately, the treasure in the palace was secured, with the
exception of a casket of jewels, valued at 700,000 pagodas.
The loss of the enemy in the storm may be estimated at
8,000 to 10,000 men killed, aud the number wounded in a
crowded city garrisoned by an army, must have been very con-
siderable.
Our loss during the siege was as under : —
Killed. Wounded. Missing.
Officers ... 22 45 —
Europeans ... l8l 622 22
Natives ... 119 420 100
Total ... 322 1,087 122
Grand total — killed, wounded, aud missing, 1,531.
On the day of the assault, there were in the fort 13,739
infantry, and in the intrenchments 8,100, so the garrison con-
sisted of 21,839 men.
In the assault, twenty-four of Tippoo's principal officers were
killed, and seven wounded, besides a great number of inferior
rank.
Jn the fort were found —
373 brass guns.
60 mortars.
11 howitzers.
466 iron guns.
12 mortars.
922 pieces.
1799.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 321
Of which 287 were mouuLed ou ihu fortifications.
424,400 round shot.
520,000 lbs. of powder.
99,000 muskets.
1 1 large powder-magazines.
72 expense magazines.
11 armouries for small arms.
2 foundries for cannon.
3 buildings with machines for boring guns.
4 arsenals.
17 store-houses.
Treasure and jewels, to the value of 2,535,804 pagodas,
or nearly £900,000 sterling.
The French under Tippoo amounted to twenty oflBcers, and
100 men.
On the 5th evening, the body of the Sultan was deposited in
the Mausoleum erected by himself to the memory of his father,
Hyder Ali. During the procession, a most violent storm arose,
which levelled to the ground many of the tents in camp. In
the Bombay camp, two or three officers, and some followers were
struck dead by the lightning.
The river Cauvery began to rise, and though perhaps still
practicable, would have delayed some time longer the assault,
had it not taken place on the 4th.
During the ensuing days, all the pioneers in the army were
employed in burying the dead.
The great mosque was turned into an hospital for the enemy's
wounded.
On the 4th, at night, a stop was put to the plunder by order
of General Baird, and on the morning of the oth, two or three
Bengal sepoys were hanged, as examples to the rest of tlie army,
for having disregarded the order.
Colonel Wellesley, on the 5th, relieved General Baird of the
command, very much to the disgust of the latter, who con-
21
322 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1799.
sidered that as he had commanded the assault, he was entitled
to be appointed Commandant of Seringapatam.
Keturn of killed, wounded, and missing, from 4th April to
4th May : —
Madras Engineers ... 1 officer wounded.
Bengal Artillery ... 6 killed and 22 wounded.
Madras Artillery .. 23 killed, 53 wounded, and 9
missing.
Bombay Artillery ... 9 killed and 9 wounded.
European Regiments ... 154 killed, 571 wounded, and 11
missing.
Bengal Native Infantry 19 killed, 49 wounded, and 26
missing.
Madras Native Infantry 58 killed, 206 wounded, and 71
missing.
Madras Pioneers ... 1 officer and 8 men killed,
and 37 wounded.
Bombay Native Infantry 20 killed and 93 wounded.
Bombay Pioneers ... 3 killed and 25 wounded.
During the siege, and previous to the assault, thirteen officers
were killed, and twenty-nine wounded.
During the assault, ten officers were killed, and fifteen
wounded.
Amongst the killed were Lieutenant Lalor, of 73rd, and Lieu-
tenant Farquhar, 74th, commanding European Pioneers. These
officers guided the columns of attack ; Lieutenant Hill, 74th,
who led one of the Subaltern's parties, and Lieutenant Cormick,
of the Madras Pioneers.
On 5th May, the Commander-in-Chief issued his General
Order congratulating the army.
The following extract refers to the Engineers, Pioneers, and
Artillery : —
" The Commander-in-Chief requests that Colonel Gent, and
the Corps of Engineers under his orders, will accept his thanks
1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 323
for their unremitting exertions in conducting the duties of that
very important department, and his best acknowledgments are
due to Major Beatson for the essential assistance given to this
branch of the service by the constant exertion of his ability and
zeal."
" The merits of the Artillery Corps are so strongly expressed
by the effects of their fire, that the Commander-in-Chief can
only desire Colonel Smith to assure the ofl&cers and men of the
excellent corps under his command, that he feels most fully
their claim to approbation.
" In thus publicly expressing his sense of their good conduct,
the Commander-in-Chief feels himself called upon to notice in
a most particular manner the exertion of Captain Dowse, and
his Corps of Pioneers, which during the present service have
been equally marked by unremitting labour, and the ability with
which that labour was applied."
During the siege of ISeringapatam, a strong detachment,*
under Lieutenant-Colonel Kead, — consisting of 247 artillery and
gun lascars, 109 European Infantry, 3,39 G Native Infantry, a
troop of cavalry of 47 men, under Captain Montague Cosby,
1,684 of JMizam's Horse, and 24 Madras Pioneersf (total 5,407),
— was employed in reducing the country north of Ryacottah.
Colonel Read took Sooligherry by storm, and Peddanaik Dur-
gam by capitulation.
He then proceeded to Canverypooram to collect the Brinjar-
ries with supplies.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. Brown, with a force of 4,299 men,
composed as follows —
Staff, 16 ; Native Cavalry, 33 ;
Artillery, 98 ; Native Infantry, 2,896 ;
European Infantry, 910 ; Gun Lascars, 238;
• Ensign Eraser, of Engineers, was with this force.
t Sergeant King commanded these Pioneers, and obtained Conductor's
allowance.
21 *
324 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1799.
Madras Pioneers, 1 European officer, I non-commissioned officer,
and 105 men, — marched from Trichinopoly towards Coimbatore,
and reduced Caroor on 5th April.
On tliC 8th, Lieutenant-Colonel Brown sent a detachment
against Erode, and on the 9th, marched to Aravacoorchy,
which surrendered next day. He was then ordered to unite
with Colonel Read to give due protection to the supplies for
the Grand Army.
Lieutenant De Havilland, of Madras Engineers, was with
Lieutenant- Colonel Brown's force. Colonel Brown reported that
" Lieutenant De Havilland is an officer of superior ability in the
line of his profession, with an uncommon share of zeal and
activity, which give reasonable expectation of important service
from his exertions as a surveyor."
Lieutenant Bagshawe commanded the pioneers with this force.
Lieutenant-Colonel Read reduced the fort of Cauverypooram
ou 22nd April, and then cleared the pass. He did not reach
Marenhully, the head of the pass, till the 27th, and it was the
6th May before he got the supplies through the pass. Mean-
while, General Floyd had reached Cowdahully, a few miles from
Marenhully. He was closely followed by the enemy's cavalry.
On 6th May, the united detachments of General Eloyd, and
Lieutenant-Colonel Read, were reinforced by Lieutenant-Colonel
Brown, and on the 7th the whole 14,000 men, including 6,000
Nizam's Cavalry, assembled at Hunnoor and moved forward to
Seringapatam. This convoy consisted of 33,000 Brinjarry
bullocks, 4,358 cattle laden with rice, &c., 2,560 slaughter
cattle, and 21,900 sheep, besides arrack and medicines.
They arrived in safety at Seringapatam on 13th May. On
the same day, the Bombay army marched on its return to the
Malabar coast, via Coorg, and arrived at Cannanore on 22nd
May. General Harris, in his reports regarding the capture of
Seringapatam, alludes in a very general way to the services of
the Engineers and Artillery, and does not seem to have done
ITSW.T
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 825
full justice to their exertions. The artillery fire appears always
to have been most excellent and effective, and the extent of
approaches, and number of batteries erected, show clearlv that
the work of the Engineers was no sinecure. The fire of the
enfilading battery, constructed by Captain Mackenzie on the
north side of the river, was most effectual in clearing the breach
at the time of the attack, and enabling the assaulting party to
cross the river, and ascend to the top of the breach in seven
minutes.
The siege works were commenced on the evening of 17th
April, and on 2nd May the second breaching battery was com-
pleted, and opened fire.
In these fifteen days, three batteries were made north of the
river, and seven batteries south, not including the " Head-
quarter" batteries, which were commenced, and abandoned.
Besides this, about a mile and a quarter of approaches
were made, and a considerable amount of labour was expended
in strengthening the various posts taken from time to time.
In spite of this. General Harris makes no mention of indi-
vidual officers by name, either in Artillery or Engineers, although
in both corps they were very numerous and distinguished.*
On 28th July, Major-General Ross, Chief Engineer, forwarded
a survey of the position of the army before Seringnpatam during
the siege, comprehending a plan of attack, and section through
the breach, sent in by Colonel Gent with the following letter,
dated 10th June : —
"I beg to inform you that on 1 7th March last, I represented
to the Commander-in-Chief the advantages to be derived bv the
army taking a southern direction, and submitted to him also the
advantage of taking an early opportunity of crossing the (^au-
very. A copy of these Memos. I sent officially to him on 2-±th
• Ensij^n William GaiTard was praised by Honourable Colonel Wellesley for
his conduct on a particular occasion, whilst under his command before Seringa-
patam.
326 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 1799]
March ; on the 28th the army crossed the Cauvery near a large
village called Sosilla. On 5th April, the army arrived before
Seringapatam, when we immediately began preparing materials
for the siege. On the 9th, I was directed to prepare a plan for
an attack connected with the possession of part of the island,
and one in which that position may not be necessary, and that
I might consider the army as occupying, if requisite, both
sides of the Cauvery. On the 13th, I submitted to the Com-
mander-in-Chief two plans of attack against the fort of Seringa-
patam, one for an attack against the west angle of the fort, con-
sidering the army as occupying both sides of the Cauvery ; the
other, for the attack of the south-west angle on a supposition
of our being in possession of part of the island. I likewise
stated the advantages and disadvantages that occurred to me in
forming these attacks. On 17th April, I was informed by the
Military Secretary that the plan for the attack of the west
angle was approved of. On the same day, T formed the Corps
of Engineers into brigades, and in the evening we broke ground
on north side of the river, and on the 18th our first battery
opened on that side. We continued carrying on our approaches
and constructing our batteries on the south side of the river till
2nd May, when our second breaching battery opened, and on
4th May, at 7 a.m., I reported to Commander-in-Chief the breach
practicable. At 1 p.m. the assault took place, when Tippoo and
his empire fell.
" If I have derived any merit in the conduct of this siege, I
attribute it to the very ready support and assistance I received
from the officers of the Corps, whose activity, zeal, and per-
severance in the discharge of their duty, merit my warmest
approbation and thanks ; but to Captain Norris and Captain
Lieutenant Caldwell, I am more particularly indebted for the
information they were enabled to give me of this important
fortress, and its environs, from plans and memoranda made at
the siege of this place in 1792."
Colonel Gent writes, in a statement of services of Engineer
officers, that Colin Mackenzie was " particularly distinguished
1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 327
on several occasions, and his skill in fixing on a proper spot for
an enfilading battery at Seringapatam, under very adverse cir-
cumstances, was eminently conspicuous "; also that J. L. Cald-
well " distinguished himself by the aid afforded in planning
the attack on Seringapatam, by his active exertions during the
siege, and by his gallantry at the assault, where he was severely
wounded."
After the siege, Captain William McLeod was appointed to
superintend the police of the fort, and also to have charge of
the revenue business of neighbouring districts. Lieutenant
Benjamin Sydenham of the Madras Engineers, and Lieutenant
Thomas Mariott were appointed his assistants. Ensign
Eraser, who was Adjutant of the Engineers at the siege, was
appointed Engineer and Surveyor to detachment under Lieute-
nant-Colonel Read, and Lieutenant De Havilland still under
Lieutenant- Colonel Brown, was directed by that ofl&cer to report
upon the Guzzlehutty pass.
Captain Norris was appointed Engineer at Seringapatam, and
three or four months later Captain Mackenzie was appointed
to superintend a Statistical Survey of Mysore, with the assistance
of Dr. Heyne and Mr. Mather.
On 30th June 1800, General Harris wrote to Marquis Corn-
wallis from Manship, Indiaman, Cove of Cork : —
" My Lord,
" It having been resolved by the army which achieved
the conquest of Mysore, to request your lordship's acceptance of
the sword and war-turban of the deceased Tippoo Sultan, and
also the sword of the Mahratta Chief, Morari Row (who after
various contests became prisoner to Hyder Ally), — I have now
the honour, in the name and by the desire of that gallant army,
to present your lordship with the swords and turban.
" I avail myself of the earliest opportunity of forwarding the
swords and turban by Colonel Gent, whom I beg leave to men-
tion to your lordship, as an officer whose conduct in the charge
328 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1799.
of the Engineer department during the siege of Seringapatam,
gave me the highest satisfaction, and I have to regret that
urgent domestic concerns have compelled me to forego the
honour of personally waiting upon your lordship on so interest-
ing an occasion.
" I have, &c.,
(Signed) " G. Harris."
In reply, Lord Cornwallis wrote: —
" and I request that you will assure them (the gallant army)
that while I live I shall most gratefully feel the high honour
which they have conferred upon me by this most flattering token
of their remembrance and approbation."
Shortly after the siege, Lieutenant-Colonel Trapaud obtained
leave to the Cape and Europe, the late campaign liaving injured
his health.
In July, Colonel Wellesley, who was commanding at Seringa-
patam, applied to Captain Norris for a plan of the place, but
the latter, pleading the orders of Government, stated tliat he
was precluded from so doing. Colonel Wellesley appears to
have been very angry at this, as he reported his opinion that
Captain Norris was not a fit person to be employed as engineer
at Seringapatam.
The Government, however, took Captain Norris's view of the
case, and supported him in his refusal.
In December, Captain Norris applied for leave to proceed to
Europe on furlough. The Commander in-Chief observed " that
Lieutenant-Colonel Trapaud, Captain Lennon, and Lieutenant
Wood, of Engineers, were absent on furlough, and Captain
Bong under suspension, which, with Captain Forrest (in Ceylon)
and Captain-Lieutenant Farquhar (Malacca) on foreign service,
leaves the coast ill-provided with officers of Engineers." Strange
to say, in spite of the protest of the Commander-in-Chief,
Captail Norris was allowed to go.
On 24th September, the Commander-in-Chief recommended
1799.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 329
that a committee should be appointed to make fresh investiga-
tion into Captain Bong's case, to consist of —
Major-General Ross, Chief Engineer.
Lieutenant-Colonel Dyce.
Major Tredway Clarke, Artillery.
Ma,ior Arthur Gibbings.
Lieutenant William Castle, Engineers.
The committee recommended him favourably to Government
in consideration of his sufferings, and state that "it is evident
he is poor, as Mrs. Bong ^vas left, when he was at home, very
badly off."
They think it ought to be ascertained what repairs have been
required to the buildings since.
The Commander-in-Chief, however, considered him " unfit for
his position in the Engineers, tbught that his errors did not
arise from any corrupt motives, and hence would recommend a
small pension, and a passage to England." This measure seems
very hard, considering that Captain Bong "had served sixteen
years in the Engineers, without complaint," as he states in his
memorial.
The total amount of prize taken at Seringapatam was
91,] 1,396 rupees; of this, one-seventh was reserved for the
Company, leaving 78,09,708 rupees to be distributed.
General Harris, as Commander-in-Chief, got one-eighth of this
— 3,24,907 pagodas, or nearly ten lacs of rupees.
Generals Floyd and Stuart got 36,000 pagodas, and Major-
Generals got 27,000 pagodas, each.
Below is given the G. 0. G., 6th July 1808, which refers to
the medal for Seringapatam : —
" Some time ago we caused a medal to be executed by one of
the most eminent artists in this country, in commemoration of
the brilliant success of the British arms in Mysore 1799, for dis-
tribution amongst the officers and soldiers (European and Native)
employed on that glorious occasion. On one side of it is repre-
330 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799.
sented the storming the breach of Seringapatam, from an actual
drawing taken on the spot, with the meridian sun denoting the
time of the storm, with the following inscription in Persian under-
neath : ' The Fort of Seringapatam, the Gift of God, the 4th May
1799.' On the reverse side is the British Lion subduing the
Tiger, the emblem of the late Tippon Sultan's Government, with
the period when it was eflFeoted, and the following words in
Arabic on the banner : ' Assudalla al ghaulib ' ; signifying
'The Lion of God is the Concjueror,' or ' The Conquering Lion
of God.'
" Of these medals, gold ones have been struck for His Majesty ;
the Right Honourable Lord Melville ; the Governors in India at
the time ; Marquis Cornwallis ; the Nizam and his two ministers ;
the Nabobs of Arcot and Oude, and the Rajahs of Travancore,
Tanjore, Mysore, Coorg, Berar ; Dowlut Row Scindiah ; the Com-
mander-in-Chief; officers on the StaflF employed on the service;
and for the Oriental Museum. Silver-gilt for the Members of
Council at the three Presidencies, the Residents, and General
StafiF on service. Silver for the captains and subalterns on the
service ; copper bronze for the non-commissioned officers ; and
pure-grain tin for the privates.
"We have estimated the army employed before Seringapatam
at 51,000, exclusive of general officers, but including all others,
and an equal number of the medals must have been struck, and
there are now forwarded to your Presidency four gold medals, to
be presented to the Nobob of Arcot, the Rajahs of Tanjore,
Travancore, and Coorg.
" The medals for the late Governor of Madras, for Generals
Stuart and Bridges, and the late Generals Braithwaite and
Hartley, have been presented here, and as all the remaining
general officers employed in the expedition are in this country,
they will receive the medal here.
" One^hundred silver-gilt medals, for the Members of Council
in May 1799, for the Residents at Hydrabad and Poona at the
1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 331
same period, and for the Feld Officers and General Staff of the
army employed on the expedition, have been forwarded to your
Presidency for distribution The calculation is formed on the
returns sent in by the Adjutant- General in 1800, from which the
number of the Staff entitled to be considered as field officers
had been computed at forty-two ; but you will determine on the
accuracy of this calculation.
" These were forwarded by the Albion in September 1805.
332 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799,
CHAPTER XII.
Wnstara. — Arrakerry, stronghold of the Rajah of Bellum. — Chitteldroog. —
Dhoondiah Waug. — Blair and Garrard ordered to survey Forts on northern
frontier of Mysore. — Dhoondiah. — Koondgul stormed. — Dummul stormed. —
Dhoondiah encamps near Soondooty. — Wellesley surprises Dhoondiah at
Manowly, and captures his baggage. — Wellesley moves to Kittoor. — Detach-
ment sent against Pychy Raja in Wynaad and Malabar. — Poligar War. —
Repulsed from Pundalumeoorchy with heavy loss. — Pioneers attacked by
the enemy. — Pioneers exposed without arms or any protection. — Heitland,
of Pioneers, woiinded. — Force reaches Sberewele. — Calhacoil Pagoda. —
Attempt to reach Calhacoil from Sherewele side abandoned. — A new chief
set up in place of the Murdoos. — Fresh attempt on Calliacoil. — Thanks of
Government. — Wellesley marches against Rajah of Bullum.
Towards the end of August 1799, Captain John Malcolm was
ordered to march with his battalion towards Wustara, in order
to obtain possession of the fort of Munjerabad,* on the other
side of the Hemavutty.
On 8th September, Malcolm sent for reinforcements, and
on the 11th, the reinforcements were despatched by Colonel
Wellesley.
Pioneers accompanied this reinforcement, and Lieutenant
Davies commanded them The expedition was successful, with-
out the necessity of resorting to force, although every preparation
had been made for escalading the fort, and bursting open the
gates.
* Thirty-five miles north of Mercara. and about seventy miles north-west
of Seringapatam,
1800.) MADRAS ENGINEERS. 333
lu April 1800, a detuchuieiit of Pioneers accompanied a lield-
force under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Montresor,
77th, to attack the stronghold of the Rajah of Bullum at
Arrakerry.
Colonel Tolfrey had been defeated by Kistnapah Naig, at
Arrakerry, two or three miles south-east of Munjerabad, and that
Chief had occupied all the barriers between Munjerabad and
Hoscotta, a distance of nine or ten miles.
On 29th April, Colonel Montresor reached Munjerabad, and
the " next morning, after leaving his equipage and stores under
the protection of the guns of that fort, and of the Mysore
Cavalry, attacked and carried Arrakerry, dispersed the Poligar's
adherents, and burnt several of his villages and magazines of
grain." The column of the attack consisted of the flank com
panies of His Majesty's 73rd and 77th, under Captain Mac-
pherson, three companies of 2nd Battalion of 3rd, and Grenadiers
of 1st and 12th Native Infantry, led by Major Capper, with a
degree of spirit and gallantry which overcame a series of
obstacles and resistance for near a mile and a half, through
a most intricate country. The reserve, under Lieutenant-
Colonel Tolfrey, was conducted with considerable judgment.
I am also indebted to Captain Colebrooke, of the Guides, for
volunteering his services in the line."
The country was a dense forest, and several ranges of strong
barriers had to be overcome. Captain Onslow Grose, of the
Pioneers, was killed at one of the barriers, and was thus noticed
in Colonel Montresor's report : —
" I trust I may be permitted to express a sentiment of
gratitude and regret, when I mention that gallant and
meritorious officer. Captain Grose, of the Pioneers, who
unfortunately was killed early in the day, endeavouring to place
some ladders at one of the barriers."
And Colonel Wellesley wrote : —
" In Captain Grose, who was unfortunately killed, the
B34 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [leoo.
Honourable Company have lost a gallant, active and zealous
officer, who will be lamented by his whole profession."*
The troops on this service received the thanks of
Commander-in-Chief, and of Government, in orders dated 8th
and 12th May respectively.
On 20th June 1799, as soon as possible after the capture of
Seringapatam, a force was despatched under Colonel Dalrymple,
agaiust the hill fort of Chittledroog, and Lieutenant Blair and
Ensign Garrard, of the Madras Engineers, were ordered to accom-
pany it. On the arrival of the force before the place, it surren-
dered. The force consisted of two battalions of native infantry
and one regiment of cavalry. The Bengal regiment, of the contin-
gent under Lieutenant-Colonel Grant, joined Dalrymple at Sera.
We now come to the operations against Dhoondiah Waug.
He was a freebooter who had been confined in irons by Tippoo
at Seringapatam. On the capture of Seringapatam, he was
released by the English. He took the direction of Bednore, and
laid the country under contribution with the most unrelenting
cruelty. At length a light corps of cavalry and native infantry,
under command of Lieutenant- Colonel Dalrymple, moved
against him from Chittledroog on 21st July, and overtook a
* Captain Grose, of Pioneers, was the son of Grose, the antiquary. He was
remarkable for his humour. Having had occasion to make some communication
to head-quarters, he was told by one of the officials that no verbal communica-
tions could be received, but that what he had to say must be sent through the
medium of an official letter. Some days after, he had a party dining with him,
and among others a few of the staff. In the midst of dinner a jackass came
running among the tent-ropes, and began to bray. Grose at once rose and
addressed the intruder. " I presume, sir, you come from head-quarters. I
receive no verbal communications whatever, sir. If you have anything to say to
me, sir, I beg you will commit it to paper." The will which he made the night
before the storming of Arrakerry, under a presentiment of his fate, was quite in
character. " Oh, my nose," (Ominous), and among other bequests contained the
present of a wooden sword to an officer of rank to whom he bore no goodwill,
and who was supposed not to be endowed with any superfluous quaUty of
personal valour. He was shot dead in the act of planting a ladder against an
inner barrier at Arrakerry
1800.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 33
party of his banditti, which was dispersed with some slaughter,
no quarter being granted. Dhoondiah crossed the Toonga-
boodra. Hurryhur was taken on the 30th July, by a division
of Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple's detachment. Meantime,
Colonel Stevenson was advancing into Bednore in another
direction, at the head of a light force.
On the 3 1st, Colonel Stevenson crossed the Toongaboodra,
and took Simoga by assault on 8th August. On the same day the
fort of Hoonelly was taken by Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple.
There was great difficulty experienced in crossing the
Toongaboodra, which was quite full, and running a most rapid
stream. The activity of the engineer department, aided by the
labours of the pioneers, soon furnished the means of passing over,
on which occasion the engineer officers (Blair and Garrard),
perceiving the comparative inefficiency of the common round
basket-boats, had a barge of bamboo-work constructed, and
covered with raw hides, to which a sail, mast, and rudder
being affixed. Ensign Garrard volunteered to steer it across,
laden with a mounted 6-pounder, complete in all its parts, some
gunners, lascars, and others.
This hazardous undertaking succeeded completely, and the
barge made several expeditions across. The battery, which was
constructed immediately opposite the fort, did such good work,
that when the escalade took place it was found to be entirely
abandoned by the garrison. Both detachments having effected
the passage of Toongaboodra, it was determined to make a
combined attack on camp of Dhoondiah at Shikarpore.
Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple made a night march of twenty-five
miles to Shikarpore on the 16th, and next morning an action took
place close to the walls. Dhoondiah's cavalry was charged, and
driven into a river in their rear ; the gate was blown open, and
the infantry carried Shikarpore by assault. Dhoondiah escaped
in a boat.
Colonel Stevenson, the progress of whose detachment had
336 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1800.
been slow, owing to ditiiuult roads, uow assumed, as senior
oflficer, the command of the united detachments, and pursued
Dhoondiah so closely as to compel him to take refuge in
Mahratta territory (during this pursuit the force marched fifty-
nine miles), where Colonel Stevenson on the ^Oth August saw
him encamped with the remainder of his banditti. He might
easily have destroyed them, but the Governor- General had
strictly prohibited violation of the Mahratta territory, and
Colonel Stevenson halted his detachment on the boundary, and
informed the Mahratta officer why he did so. Dhoondiah's
camp was plundered a few hours afterwards by the Mahrattas,
and his elephants, camels, bullocks, and guns carried ofi', which
deprived him for the time of all means of depredations.
On the return of this force, Lieutenant Blair and Ensign
Garrard were ordered by General Wellesley to proceed to the
nortliern frontier of Mysore, for the purpose of visiting and
surveying six forts, as well as to prepare a sketch survey and
report of that part of the country in general. The unhealthy
season had set in, the greater part of the country was an
impenetrable jungle, the roads of the very worst description, and
in many places quite impassable ^until much labour had been
bestowed on them. Both Blair and Garrard suffered from
jungle fever; they were destitute both of medicine, and medical
aid, in a part of the countryjnever before explored by Europeans,
and their followers were dying last around them. The force with
them consisted merely of a jemadar's guard ; yet, notwithstanding
all these disadvantages, they performed all the duties required
of them. They surveyed, and completed drawings and reports
of four of the forts (the other two were found to be completely
demolished). On their return to Chittledroog quite worn out by
sickness, they were gratified by the receipt of a letter of praise
from General Wellesley for their services. Garrard was ordered
to Fort St. George ; but on arrival at Bangalore was so ill, that he
could not proceed, and was received into the house of Colonel
1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 337
Campbell (afterwards Sir Alexander Campbell, Commander-in-
Chief at Madras), who commanded. On his arrival at Madras,
Major-General Ross, in consideration of his services, appointed
Garrard adjutant of Engineers ; but he only enjoyed this for a short
time, as the jungle fever would not quit him, and in July LSOO
he was obliged to return to England.
Whilst in England, an invasion from France being appre-
hended, he applied, to the Court of Directors for pm'mission to
offer his services to Government This was at once granted,
with the expression of the Court's high approbation of his
employing the remaining period of his furlough in " so spirited
and patriotic a manner." He accordingly made the offer to Eord
Sidmouth, one of H.M.'s Ministers, and received an assurance
that it should be accepted if the invasion was attempted ; but
the Peace of Amiens followed almost immediately afterwards.
Lieutenant Blair did not suffer so severely from fever, and was
employed till the close of 179') in the province of Soonda, which
had lately been transferred to the British Government, and
annexed to the jurisdiction of Canara.
Early next year Dhoondiah again began to make himself
troublesome. In May IHOO he was reported to have got
possession of Dummul, and to be advancing on Havanoor in the
Savanore country, [about two coss from Oollaill. In June,
JJhoondiah got possession of Savanore.
On 1 6th June, the largest body of his troops were at
Savanore, and nearly every fort and stronghold on both sides
of the Wurda were held by his garrisons.
Colonel Wellesley marched against him with two brigades of
cavalry, consisting of H.M.'s 19th and 25th Light Dragoons
and 1 St, 2nd, and 4th Native Cavalry; three of infantry, con-
sisting of H.M.'s 73rd and 77th, 1st, .*^th, and 12th, and 2nd of
4th Madras Native Infantry, together with 2nd of 2nd, and 1st
of 4th Bombay Native Infantry, besides a body of Pioneers
under Captain Heitland.
22
338 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
[1800.
Colonel Stevenson commanded the cavalry.
On 16th June, Colonel Wellesley's force was at Hurryhur.
Owing to a rise in the river, the crossing was much delayed, but
by the 24th everything had been passed over.
Fifty pioneers preceded the park and heavy carriages, and
attended to the road. Twenty pioneers accompanied the 2nd
Native Cavalry, while the remainder were with the advance,
and the line, in proportions arranged by Captain Heitland.
On the 27th, Colonel Wellesley arrived at Ranee Bednore.
The cavalry were fired on from the fort, and the place was at
once escaladed by fifty Europeans, and 150 Natives as the ad-
vance party, with 1st battalion of 1st Native Infantry as a support.
The cavalry under Stevenson completely surrounded the fort,
so that the retreat of garrison was impossible.
The greater part of the garrison (500 men) were put to death.
We did not lose a man.
On the 29th, Colonel Stevenson went oil" towards Mussoor,
and Shikarpore, to clear the south side of the river. After the
capture of Ranee Bednore, all Dhoondiah's troops were with-
drawn to north of the Wurda, he himself being near Dharwar
with his army.
At this time, Dhoondiah defeated Gokla the Mahratta chief,
and a great part of the Mahratta army was now under the walls
of Hullihall, about twenty miles east by south of Dharwar.
Wellesley was at first unable to move for want of grain ; but
by 10th July he had crossed the Wurda by a bridge of boats.
Horses, bandies, and even camels crossed without difficulty ; but
the followers rushed on it in such numbers, and were so little
subject to regulation, that they sunk several boats, and the
bridge had to be partially rebuilt before the two last regiments
of cavalry could be got over.
Dhoondiah, two days before, was at Gurry, four coss beyond
Dharwar.
On i 2th July, Wellesley marched to Savanore.
1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 839
A redoubt was built on the bank of the Wurda. Wellesley
left the Pioneers, two companies of Bombay Infantry (with two
J2-pounders and two 6-pounders) to complete it, and when this
was done one company of Bombay Infantry wus left as a garrison.
Wellesley had now only two iron 12-pounders.
The next day, Dhoondiah was known to be at Koondgul,
twenty-two miles distant. On the same day Dlioondiah came,
with his whole army and guns, lo within about two coss. He
examined the p(;sition, and then returned towards Koondgul.
Wellesley threw his baggage into Savanore on morning of l4th,
and marched wit i five days' provisions to Koondgul. Dhoondiah
went off six coss to Carwah on night of the 13th. He left a
garrison of 600 men in Koondgul, wliich was surrounded and
stormed on evening of the i4th, with but slight loss to us.
The troops had marched twenty-two miles, and had been
twelve hours under arms.
On the loth, the army marched seventeen miles east to Luck-
maiser, which was evacuated.
On the 16th, they marched about twelve miles north-east to
Sirhutty. By this time, iJhoondiah was in the jungles behind
Dummul, and already his people had begun to desert him.
By the Ibth, Wellesley had returned to ISavanore.
On the lyth, he was joined by Gokla's cavalry. Uuriug the
few days he was at tjavanore he lost about half his cattle. He,
however, managed to "crawl"' to Luckmaiser on 2'6rd July,
aud there got fresh bullocks, and was able to get on again.
On the 25th he was at ISirhutty, and was joined while on the
march by l,-")00 cavalry under Chintamonuy liow.
Colonel Bowser was at Kanagherry on the 20th, and was
ordered to join Wellesley at Dummul on the 26th.
The next day Wellesley stormed Dummul. It was attacked
in three placi-s — at the gateway, and on two laces. It was
impossible to force the gateway, and the pariy oi» that attack
entered the fort by escalade. The othei at^icks succeeded
22 •
340 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [I800.
nearly at the same time, and the fort was carried with a trifling
loss, which was attributed chiefly to the eagerness of the soldiers
to get upon the ladders, which caused some to break. There
were about 1,000 men in the fort. The fort was strong and
well-built, the wall about thirty feet high, with a dry ditch, in
some places of considerable depth. It had held out against
Dhoondiah for several weeks.
Wellesley, in his letter to the Adjutant-General, says : — " I
cannot say too much in favour of the troops, who by this exploit
have added to the reputation which they have already gained in
this country. I must particularly mention to the Commander-
in-Chief, however. Colonel Stevenson (who surrounded the fort
with the cavalry), Lieutenant-Colonel Capper, Major Dease, and
Captain Macpherson of 77th (who led the three attacks), Lieu-
tenant Hooper of 73rd, and Captain Heitland and his Corps of
Pioneers."
From Dummul, Wellesley marched north-west to Gudduck on
his way to the Malpurba, ordering Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser
to follow him as soon as possible. Gudduck was evacuated as
soon as Dummul fell, and Dhoondiah had now no stronghold in
the country. He was now encamped near Soondootty, west, of
Pureshghur Hill, his object being to cover the passage of his
baggage over the Malpurba at Manowly. Wellesley accordingly
moved, and arrived on 29th at Allagawaddy, fifteen miles from
Soondootty. He at first intended to halt till the 31st for the
expected arrival of Colonel Bowser ; but Dhoondiah broke
up from Soondootty, sent part of his army to Doodwar, part
towards Jellahal, and part with baggage to right of Malpurba.
On morning of the 30th, Wellesley marched to Hoogurpoor,
east of Pureshghur Hill, where he learnt that Dhoondiah was at
Vlanowly on the Malpurba, and he determined to move on and
<>ttqck him. Dhoondiah's camp was strong, with its rear to the
Malpurba, covered by fort of Manowly on the other side of it
and a deep nullah along its front and left. Wellesley surprised
ifW.l MADKAS ENGINEERS. 311
his camp at 3 p.m., drove into the river or destroyed everybodv
in it, and took two elephants, many camels, bullocks, horses, &c.,
families, women and children. The guns, however, got over;
numbers of the enemy were drowned. Wellesley managed
eventually to take the guns (six in number).
He ordered some of the Europeans* to swim over to seize a
boat, and the boat and guns were readily captured.
Dhoondiah's baggage was also taken, and about .o,000
people driven into the Malpurba, and very many drowned.
On 1st August, Wellesley saw Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser,
who was at Hoogurghur, within five miles of Soondootty. His
absence from this expedition was attributed to remissness of one
of Wellesley's messengers. Colonel Bowser ought to have
receiveil Wellesley's letters on the 25th, and would in that case
have been at the storm of Dummul, and in action of the 30th ;
but he did not receive them till night of the '^fUh, and could not
reach Dummul till the 28th.
On oth August, Wellesley was at Kittoor when Dhoondiab
had gone quite into the jungles at the sources of the .Malpurba.
A detachment from Colonel Stevenson's corps followed his track.
Wellesley halted at Kittoor to construct boats, as it was in the
neighbourhood of bamboo jungles, as well as near Dharwar,
where he could get hides. He proposed to have a com-
munication across the river at Sungoly, three coss from
Kittoor.
On the Ifith, we learn that Dhoondiah had continued his
progress to the north, and tried to get possession of Shawpoor
and Gokank, but failed.
Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser was at Shawpoor on 1 6th.
On the night of the 21th, Dhoondiah escaped across the
Malpurba at Boodyhaul, a little above its junction with the
Kistna, and went towards the Nizam's country.
* LieutonantH Fitohet and .lackson, with some men of T^rd and 77th.
342 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1800.
riolonel Stevenson arrived at Boodyhaul on the 28th, and
crossed the river.
On the 29th, Wellesley crossed at Jelluhal, some twenty miles
higher up.
On the 7th September, Wellesley was at Kanagherry, twenty
miles north-west of the Toomboodra, and Stevenson at Mood-
gal, thirty-two miles north of Kanagherry.
Next day, Wellesley moved with cavalry to Buswapoor, seven
miles north-west of ('hinnoor, and on the 9th to Yepulpuroy,
thirteen miles north-east of Chinnoor, on road to Bhunoor,* the
infantry being at Nowly, ten miles in front north-east of
Kanagherry, and Chinnoor fifteen miles in the rear.
It appeared probable to Wellesley that when Dhoondiah was
pressed by the whole of our force on north side of the Do-ab,
he would return into Savanore by Kanagherry. So he brought
his detachment to Kanagherry, while Stevenson was to move by
Moodgal and Moosky, twelve to tweutv miles from the Kistna, with
the Mahrattas and Mogul cavalry between the two detachments.
On the 9th Dhoondiah moved from Mudgherry.f a place
twenty-five miles fi'om Raichore, towards the Kistna; but having
seen Stevenson's camp on his road, returned, and camped nine
miles in Wellesley's front between him and Bhunoor. He
supposed Wellesley was at Chinnoor. Wellesl^v moved forward
on evening of the 10th, and met his army at a place called
Conahgull, six miles from Yepulpuroy. He was on his march
to the west, and had only about 5,000 cavalry, which Wellesley
immediately attacked with 19th and 25th Dragoons, and 1st and
2nd Regiment of Cavalry.
The enemy was strongly posted, with his rear and left flank
covered by village and rock of Conahgull, and stood for some
time with apparent firmness ; but such was the rapidity and
determination of the charge, that the whole gave way, and were
* Sixteen miles in front north-east of Nowly.
t Seven miles north of Bhunoor,
l«00.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 348
pur&ucd lor many Uiiles. Mauy (umoug uiLicib JJhuuuJiali) were
killed, and the whole body dispersed. All the enemy's baggage
was taken in his carnp, three miles from Conahgull.
On the lUth, near Deodroog. Colonel Stevenson came up with
tiie only two remaining guns the enemy had, as well as a
quantity of baggage, camels, bullocks. He took the guns, &c.
and dispersed or destroyed the whole force, and the campaign
was brought to a close. Wellesley tendered his thanks to
Colonel Stevenson, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser, and to the
troops under their orders.
The troops employed received the thanks of the Governor-
Generai in Council, as well as those of the Madras Government.
In thn beginning of LsOO, a strong detachment was to be
sent into the Wynaad and Malabar against the Pychy Raja ; but
it did not move till late in the year, when Colonel Stevenson took
the command The service was very severe, and was not con-
cluded till May 1801, when Colonel Stevenson and his troops
received the thanks of Government.
The I'ioneers suffered much from fever contracted in the
jungles, and large numbers of them were thereby rendered unfit
for duty. Those who recovered were sent to the soutii, under
Captain Heitland, to join the force under Colonel Agnew, then
employed against the Poligars in Tinnevelly.
On '^nd February, while the force in Tinnevelly was can-
toned at Shankemacoil, thirty miles north-west of Palamcottah,
and about twenty ladies and gentlemen of the force were dining
with Major Macaiilay (the Resident), at Palamcottah, a number
of Poligar prisoners confined in the fort overpowered the guards,
and made ofi" for Pundalumcoorchy
Next day our troops marched to Kytar, and then to Punda-
lumcoorchv, but finding the fort raised again, and well manned
with several thousand Poligars, they retreated to Pahimeoltah.
The force was without any battering guns, and had no Euro-
peans to lead a storming party.
344 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1800.
The force was harassed on its way hy the Poligars, but
reached Palamcottah on 10th February They remained there
till the 27th, receiving reinforcements, when a small detachment
was sent to take Cadulgoody. The Poligars heard of this, and
sent 2,000 men to reinforce the garrison ; and our detachment,
after every exertion that bravery and discipline could' oppose to
numbers, were compelled to retreat with loss of three killed
and eighteen wounded.
The Chief of the Poligai:s, Cataboraanaig, had defended the
fort of Pundalnmcoorchy against Colonel Bannerman, two years
before; but at length was taken prisoner, with his family, kept
in confinement, and the fort razed. This treatment was not
calculated to conciliate a high-spirited people, and they now
again broke out, and for a time bore all before them.
On 3rd March, our detachment went to Kytar (twenty one
miles), and took up ground to allow of reinforcements joining
us Several of our small posts fell into the hands of the
enemy ; but the Streevigoondum Pagoda, slightly fortified
(fifteen miles below Palamcottah), held out beyond expectation.
The Poligars beset them on all sides, ^^a;jor Sheppard and
two 0-pounders, marched to their relief. He arrived at Palam-
cottah on the 13th, left his heavy baggage, and on 16th came
in sight of the Pagoda * He was immediately attacked by
swarms of the enemy, but Sheppard forced his way across, and
the garrison was withdrawn. On the way back to Palamcottah
they were annoyed the whole time by the enemy.
On 27th March, the battalion and stores reached Kytar, and
the force now consisted of —
A detachment Pioneers under Lieutenant Bagshaw.f
,, Bengal Artillery.
2 companies 74th.
* On opposite side of river.
f Lieutenant Bradley, of Engineers, was the engineer with this force,
iftOO] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 345
1 troop Governor's Body-Guard.
1 ,, 1st Native Cavalry.
1st battalion 3rd Native Infantry.
5 companies 4th ,,
6 „ I4th
3 „ 9th
1 „ IGth
3 „ 13th
2 6-pounders and 2 4-pounders, field -pieces.
2 12-pounders and 1 18-pounder, 2 5 -inch howitzers.
Altogether, about 3,000 men, under the command of .Major
Colin Macaulay, Resident of Travancore.
It marched to Wootranpetty and Peshavanthully, and on 31st
March advanced to Pundalumcoorchy. On the march we were
met by 500 or 600 of the enemy, who boldly advanced. The
cavalrv, ninety men, at once charged them, led by Lieutenant
.Tames Grant. They retired leisurely, keeping u^) a running
fight. When they were charged they halted, and faced about
but they were soon overborne. Lieutenant Grant fell wounded,
and his Subadar, Shaik Ebram, and four troopers were killed.
Lieutenant Lyne lost his horse, and a naigue* and eleven
troopers were wounded. Tlie enemy lost ninety-six killed,
besides a number wounded. Arriving at 8 a.m., preparations
were at once made to breach the north-west bastion. The fort
was an irregular parallelogram, 500 feet by 200 or 300 feet. Wall
twelve feet high, with square bastions and short curtains, while
the whole was surrounded by a thick hedge of thorns, but there
was no ditch. An attempt was made to breach with two
12-pounders and one 18-pounder, from a bank 900 yards
distant ; at noon, the guns were moved to another bank 400
yards from the walls, and at half-past 3 the breach appeared
practicable The assaulting party consisted of two companies
71th, all the Native Grenadiers, and a company of 3rd Native
• A corporal.
346 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri8no.
Infantry. Tliey succeeded iu p;issing the hedge, but repeated
attempts to surmount the breach failed, and at length a retreat
was ordered.
Our loss was four officers and forty-nine men killed, and
thirteen officers and 254 men wounded. A camp was now
formed 1,500 yards from the fort. Major Macaulay deter-
mined to blockade the place, and wait for reinforcements. Until
the 21st May, they had constant skirmishes with the Poligars,
in which a few men fell on both sides, and our pioneers, &c.,
were busily employed in strengthening our outposts, and in
raising a breastwork.
On 22nd April, at 9 p.m., 200 or 300 men came rushing on
the line, and at first supposed to be the enemy, were nearly
being treated accordingly, when they were discovered to be
pioneers, lascars, &c., who had been at work on an intended
battery about 450 yards from the fort. The pioneers had been
exposed without arms or any protection, had been assaulted
in the battery, and their sandbags, &c. carried off in triumph.
Major Macaulay next day made a strong reconnaissance
round the fort.
On 21st May, Lieutenant-Colonel Agnew arrived with rein-
forcements,*— 77th Regiment, a company of artillery, under Sir
John Sinclair, three companies 1st battalion 7th Native Infantry,
four companies 1st battalion 18th, with four 18-pounders, two
5^-inch and two 4^-inch howitzers, 1st Regiment Cavalry, and
150 Malays.
On the 22nd, Colonel Agnew reconnoitred the fort with
Sir John Sinclair, and Lieutenant Bradley, of Madras Engi-
neers, and determined on our post on tlie south bank for a
breaching battery.
On the morning of 23rd, we opened two batteries at once on
south-west bastion, one breaching with two 12-pounder and two
* Captain Heitland, with another detachment of Pioneers, was also with this
reinforcement,
1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 347
howitzers, while the grand battery had 18-pounders. This fire
soon demolished the southern face and angle of the bastion.
Firing was kept up all night.
On the Ji4th, at 1 p.m., the storming party was ordered to
advance.
Two companies 74th.
77th.
Native Grenadiers of 3rd, 4th, 7th, I3th, and 14th.
The Malays.
Detachment, 9th.
The breach was stoutly defended, so that it was half an hour
before a man could stand on the summit ; after another half
hour our grenadiers succeeded in mounting, and resistance after-
wards was of no avail. A panic then seized the enemy, and
they fled ; but after getting out of the fort, they formed up into
two columns, and retreated. Our cavalry attacked them ; but
2,000 men made good their retreat, although fully 000 were cut
off by the cavalry. Four hundred and fifty dead bodies were
found in the fort.
Our loss was heavy : Europeans, 19 killed, and 76 wounded ;
Natives, 24 killed, and 96 wounded; total, 215. Of officers,
4 were killed, and 5 wounded. Three companies of 9th, under
Captain Hazard, were left with the Pioneers to destroy the fort.
Colonel Agnew, in his report, dated 25t!: May 1801,
remarks : —
" The behaviour of Captain Bagshaw, and his able arrange-
ment of the Pioneers during the attack, attracted the particular
notice of the commanding officers."
On 28th May, the whole force arrived at Naglepore, twenty-
six miles. On 2nd June, they were at Trippoowanum, forty-six
miles from Naglecherry ; on the 7th, at Tripachetty, eight miles
and a half.
This day thcv had a severe engagement with the enemy.
348 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [isoo.
Major Gray was killed, and four lieutenants wounded, sixteen
men killed and thirty- five wounded.
On 10th June, having made three easy marches, they set out
through a very strong country, having the river on their left.
Loss on this march was severe : ten Europeans and eighty-six
Natives killed and wounded The camp was now near Patianoor
The next march was to Permagoody, eleven miles.
On 12th June, they marched to Chatumarun, twelve miles.
On 14th June, the force reached Ptamnad, halted for six days,
and on 22nd encamped at Comery, twenty miles distant, near the
east hank of the Palmery river. A garrison was left at Comery,
under Lieutenant Greaves. Reached Tricateanoor on 2J:th July,
and waited to be joined by another force, under Lieutenant-
Colonel James Innes.
On evening of "^Sth, heavy firing was heard to the north-west.
A strong detachment was sent out, came up with Colonel Innes
about half-past 10, and found him engaged with the enemy
who where hanging on his rear.
They were driven off. Our loss this day was twenty-one
killed and wounded. Amongst the wounded was Captain Heit-
land of the Pioneers.
On the 28th, the force marched to Ookoor, when the enemy
attacked the rear-gaard, but met with a warm reception.
On the 29th, they allowed us to proceed two miles without
opposition, after which we had to manoeuvre every inch of the
road.
The country was most difficult, banks on both sides within
shot, flanked by palmyra-trees At 3 p.m. we took possession of
a line of banks with hedges facing Sherevele. Our loss on this
march : thirty-six killed and wounded.
On 30th July, we obtained possession of Sherevele after a
march of two miles and three quarters, which took six hours.
* The fugitives from Punclalvuncoorchy made good their retreat to Sherevele,
or Serruvail,
1800.] MADBAS EKQINEEKS. 319
On the 31st, we commenced our operations through Sherevele
or Calliacoil jungle, one of the thickest and most impenetrable
in the Carnatic.
Our camp remained in front of Shereveie from 30th July to
2nd September 1801, during which time the pioneers had
constant laborious work. On the first day the pioneers and
woodcutters cut a broad road one mile and a half in the direction
of CaUiacoil, Next day they cut three-quarters of a mile, and
the third day 600 yards, being all the time much harassed by
the enemy.
On 3rd August it was found that the Poligar had thrown up
a breastwork in front of the road ; but as soon as we opened
fire they fled. The pioneers cut 430 yards this day.
August 4th. — Working parties fell in with the enemy, who
were charged and routed. Pioneers cut 580 yards.
August 5th — Pioneers cut 440 yards.
August Gth. — Found a high bank at end of road formed into
cover for a large body of the enemy, and four guns bore from it
on the road.
They defended this post with great resolution. However,
they were at last put to flight ; but our loss was very heavy.
Pioneers cut 237 yards.
August 7th. —The bank was again defended, and again
stormed. It was at last taken in flank, but the enemy succeeded
in carrying ofl" their guns. Pioneers cut 350 yards.
August 8th. — The bank was again defended, but it was again
taken in flank. Pioneers cut 500 yards. Calliacoil Pagoda was
now in sight.
August Uth. — A field redoubt for three guns and 300 men
completed and occupied. The work was thirty yards square.
From August 10th to 14th (five days), the pioneers cut 2,000
yards, when the Calliacoil Pagoda was conjectured to be about a
mile distant.
On the 15th, tlie working-party received a cannonade from
350 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE U800
three guns and a constant fire of musketry. It was found
impossible to persuade the woodcutters to work, so Major
Sheppard, who commanded, returned to the redoubt.
On the 1 6th, the working-party under Major McLeod advanced
in two columns, without guns, and penetrated with difficulty to
the front of the bank from whence the enemy had fired the day
before ; but they found it so strongly fortified by nature and
art that, after a long struggle, the enterprise was abandoned.
August 17th. — The working-party in advance was formed into
two columns, one of which proceeded direct, while the other cut
a small road 1,2U0 yards to the right, and returned; the first
column remaining in main road, and keeping up a constant fire
of cannon till they came back.
On l«th August, working-parties cut 500 yards further on the
small road, but were fired on, and several killed and wouuded.
Colonel Innes had a narrow escape from being shot.
August 19th. — Colonel Agnew determined to take the enemy's
guns. A select party was formed under Captain Weston, com-
posed of 800 men, Europeans and sepoys, with two 6-pounders,
and some pioneers under Captain Bagshaw and Lieutenant
Gordon.
At about half-past 10, a tremeodous tire opened all round
them, and though within a few yards of the enemy, no one could
be seen. Having ascertained that they were still advancing on
our right flank, our men formed four deep, facing outwards with
a gun on each flank, and occupying the whole road. When we
perceived them within ten yards our tiring commenced, the
Infantry all sitting. Screams and groans succeeded ; but the
firing still continued for twenty minutes, when all was hushed,
and we pushed on and gained another broad and high bank
covered with jungle. After this it was determined to retire, and
at 12 the retrograde movement was commenced. By 2 p.m., the
working-party, a few hundred yards in front of the redoubt, was
readied.
1800.]
MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 351
On the 21st a road was commenced to the left, thirty feet
broad and 200 feet long.
On the 22nd, but little work was done, the weather being very
wet.
On the 2-'Srd, another small redoubt was constructed, at the
commencement of the road leading into the jungle.
On the 24th, a working-party cleared some more ground
round the redoubt, and on returning were fired on
The working-party had a light gun invented by Captain
Sadler. Not being accustomed to its munagement, one of our
own pioneers was killed by the first discharge ! The gun was
consequently condemned I
During the next few days, working-parties were employed.
On 30th August, it was determined to abandon our attempt
to reach Calliacoil from Sherevele side.
On 1st September, the redoubts were destroyed, and all the
brushwood in their neighbourhood burnt.
On morning of the 2nd, our whole force marched to Ookoor,
from whence we had advanced at the end of June.
On the 12th, Woodia Taver, a new chief set up in place of the
Murdoos, was installed atSholaveram, Zemindar of Shevagunga.
On the 27th, the force prepared to make a new dash at Callia-
coil.
On the 30th, Lieutenant- Colonel Spry was directed to march
at night with a detachment bv the old road to Sherevele, and
thence proceed through the road we cut in the jungle to Callia-
coil. The remainder of the troops were to proceed in the
morning, and Colonel Innes" force was to meet us by another
route from Sholaveram.
On 1st October, we advanced by three distinct routes to
Calliacoil. No opposition was experienced for three miles, when
we arrived at a barrier, from which a gun opened upon us. It
was at once attacked in Hank, and carried without any loss,
except i)r. luylj» mid vul' pioneer wounded.
352 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1800.
Colonel Spry, after dispersing a party near the place, had
taken post there at 8 a.m., and Colonel Innes having routed the
enemy whenever they appeared, and killed lOO of them in one
tank, took possession of Calagoody, and then encamped at
Calliacoil. Twenty-one guns were taken, and a great quantity of
stores
On 3rd October, a division under Major Sheppard marched to
Mungalum to find Murdoo, but he had retreated into the jungle.
Colonel Agnew returned to Madras on the ith, and Major
Macaulay again took command. The Murdoos now disbanded
their forces. In a few days both the Murdoos, Catabomanaig^
Dalawai Pillay, and the dumb brother, were taken, and were
all hanged, except Dalawai Pillay and the dumb brother, who
were transported to the Prince of Wales' Island.*
This most harassing warfare now ended. The expenditure
of life had been profuse. On our side 800 or 900 were killed
and wounded, and among these fourteen officers were killed, and
twenty-six wounded.
" The greater part of the Poligar country was then a dense
forest ; and the labour undergone by the pioneers, &c. was
extremely severe, and frequently performed under fire."
Order isHUed by Lruverntnenl.
" The whole course of operations connected with that service
has been distinguished by a sj)irit of animated bravery and
persevering exertion, which has merited the warmest approba-
tion of the Governor in Council; and His Lordship in Council,
in bestowing on the officers and troops the applause due to
their conduct, reflects with the greatest satisfaction on the
advantages which have been derived to tlie public interests by
* Catabomanaig, chief of Pundalumcoorchy ; Cheena Murdoo, chief of
Calliacoil and Sherevele ; Velli Murdoo, his brother ; Uorasawmy (or the dumb
brother), was youngest son of C'hcena ^Iiirdou.
1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 353
the suppression of a confederacy which threatened the most
injurious consequences to the tranquillity of the British posses-
sions."
On 5th January 1804, Colonel Wellesley marched from
Seringapatam against the Rajah of Bullum and Mysore, who
had again been refractory.
On the Ifith, he attacked and carried the fort at Arrakerry.
Captain Heitland and his pioneers were thanked as follows : —
"In the performance of this service, I have had every reason
to be satisfied with the zeal, alacrity, and good conduct of all.
My acknowledgments are, however, particularly due to ... .
and to Captain Heitland and his pioneers."
" The country in the neighbourhood of Arrakerry being thick
forest, and every village fortified. Colonel Wellesley left a strong
detachment on the spot, for the purpose of protecting the
pioneers under Captain Heitland and Lieutenant Davis, who
were directed to fill up the ditches, and destroy the fortifications
of the villages, to open roads through the forests, and also
down the sevei'al passes leading into Malabar, viz. the Bisolv-
seisul, Sampogee, and Soobramoney Ghauts. The fortifications
of twenty-five villages were demolished on this occasion."
28
354 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1800-
CHAPTER XIII.
Expedition to Egypt. — Expeditions at the Spice islands. — Changes in the Corps
from 1799 to 1803. — Engineer Coi-ps after the capture of Seringapatam. —
Major-General Ross recommends an increase to the Corps of Engineers. —
Proposed Establishment. — Distribution of Corps. — Major-General Rosa
reports on Fort of Seringapatam. — Approval of Colonel Gent's services. —
Engineer Corps on 1st January 1803. — Expedition into kingdom of Candy,
in Ceylon. — Increase of the Corps of Pioneers, January 1803.
General Baird sailed from India in the latter part of
December 1800, with the view of co-operating with the British
army in Egypt, and a division of troops from the Cape was
ordered to join him in the Red Sea.
His object was to land at Suez, and act according to
the circumstances with which he should become acquainted
there.
The hope was always entertained that he would arrive in time
to assist the European army. Unfortunately the monsoon had
commenced before his entrance into the Red Sea in the month
of April, and it was found impossible to gain his destination :
but hearing at Jeddah of the successes of the English on the
21st March, Baird determined to land at Cosseir, and brave
the difficulties of the desert.
The action of the 21st March was fought near Alexandria, be-
tween the French under General Menon, and the English under Sir
Ralph Abercrombie, in which Abercrombie was mortally wounded,
lan] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 355
and the English repulsed the attack made by the French ou
their lines.
On 8th June, Baird arrived at Cosseir, and found Colonel
Murray, Adjutant-General, who had preceded him, and had
reached that port on 14 th May.
The greater part of the army was still missing, and none of the
troops from the Cape had arrived.
Baird employed himself in preparing means for crossing the
desert, and in a short time had 5,000 camels.
He set out for Kinneh, arrived 30th June, and arranged for
the march of the remaining divisions by establishing posts at
different wells, and by digging other wells. It was not till the
end of July 1801 that his army had assembled. The collected
troops amounted to 5,226.
King's troops .. ... 2,838
East India Company's Artillery 448
Native troops ... ... 1,940
5,226 privates.
To these must be added — 271 officers, of which 53 were
natives; 331 sergeants, 125 drummers, 440 lascars, 276 ser-
vants (not soldiers), 572 followers (public), 305 followers
(private), = 2,320, which makes a total of 7,546, including
sick.
Sir Home Popham sailed from the Cape with Romney and
Sensible on 2Hth February 1801 ; other vessels left on 30th
March ; the first arrived in the middle of June, the second on
10th July.
The force from the Cape consisted of 1,200 men.
The Madras Pioneers consisted of 1 captain, 1 jemadar, 4
sergeants, 8H rank and file.
Lieutenant De Havilland, of the Madras Engineers, accom-
panied the expedition, as well as 1 captain of Royal Engineers,
23 *
356 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE tiSOl.
1 lieutenant and 2 ensigns of Bengal Engineers, and 1 lieutenant
of Bombay Engineers ; total engineer officers, 6.
At Cosseir the heat was very intense, water very bad and
impregnated with saltpetre. When the Cape force arrived.
General Baird was at Kinneh.
On 15th June, Baird received a despatch from General
Hutchinson, dated 13th May, announcing that he had heard of
arrival of the Indian army ; that he intended to push forward
towards Cairo, to keep the French troops there in check; that
he meant to continue near Cairo until he heard that Baird was
in a state of security, and then intended to descend the Nile,
and besiege Alexandria.
On 20th July, Colonel Carruthers left Cosseir with a division
of 600 men of the 61st.
The first three days the troops passed in a ravine, which
terminated at Moilah. At this place, and at Legaitha were posts
of sepoys and depots of provisions, to supply the troops with sheep
and biscuits. Wells had been mostly dug by the sepoys. The
troops marched by night ; during the day-time the thermometer
rose to 110° and 115°. Eight or ten hours were required to
perform the allotted distances.
On 29th July, Colonel Carruthers arrived at Kinneh, with the
loss of only one drummer-boy.
The route of the army was as follows : —
Miles.
Cosseir to New Wells ... 11 — water.
To half-way to Moilah ... 17 — no water.
Moilah ... ... ... 17 — provisions and water.
Advance wells ... ... 9 — water.
Half-way to Legaitha ... 19 — no water.
Legaitha ... ... ... 19 — provisions and water.
Barmita ... ... ... 18 — water.
Kinneh , 10 — the Nile.
120 miles.
1801.] MADKAS ENGINEEKS. 357
The following instructions will show clearly how difficult the
march across the desert really was : —
Memo, to Lieutenant-Colonel Carruthers.
" You will proceed with the detachment under your orders on
the evening of the 20th instant, to the New wells, distance about
eleven miles.
"The wells are a little off the road, therefore be careful not to
pass them, nor allow your camels and baggage to miss them.
" An officer's party is stationed at the wells. On your arrival
there, which would be about 11 p.m., you should not allow your
men to straggle about, or keep each other awake, as a good
night's rest will enable them to make the march of the next
night with more alacrity. In the morning, half-a-pint of wine
should be issued to each man, and then rice, which they must
cook for that day and the following. The men's canteens
should be filled with congee ; and, just previous to their march-
ing, another half-pint of wine should be given them to mix with
their congee. The men should be kept in their tents, and as
quiet as possible during the heat of the day. The mussucks
will be filled up at the wells, if any should have leaked out.
As you will find plenty of water at the wells, of course you will
not use any of the water carried from this. But be extremely care-
ful of your mussucks, that they do not get damaged, particularly
in lifting them on and off the camels, which ought to be done
with a tent-pole. On evening of the 21st, you will proceed
half-way to Moilah, which is thirty-four miles from the wells.
Therefore, if you start from the wells at 5 p.m., and march till
midnight, you will have marched seventeen miles and a half (at
two miles and a half an hour), or half-way to Moilah. You
will halt there, and in the morning issue half-a-piut of wine
per man, and the rice which was cooked the preceding day.
No water is to be had at this halting-place ; you will there-
fore issue to the troops and followers from your casks and
358 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE dSOl.
mussucks a proportion of water. Two gallons of water for each
man is sent with you, with an allowance for leakage. You will
therefore in the morning issue a gallon per man, and fill the
canteens in the evening before you march.
" If you find you still have water to spare, you will issue
it at your discretion. On the evening of the 22nd, you will
proceed to Moilah, where you will find an ofiicer's party.
Water and provisions are to be had there. You will indent on
the commissary for two days' provisions, to be carried with
you, to serve on the way to Legaitha.
"If you find your men much fatigued, you may halt one day
and night at Moilah, and on the following evening you will
proceed to the advanced wells, about nine miles beyond Moilah.
There you will fill up your mussucks, and cook rice for the
following day. Your next march is half-way to Legaitha, which
is about thirty-five miles from the advanced wells. You will
take the same precautions and measures on this march as directed
in that from the wells to Moilah ; for as there is no water until
you arrive at Legaitha, you must carry your provisions cooked
for one day, and be very careful of your water. Your next
march is to Legaitha, where you will find water and provisions.
You may halt there a day and night, if you find it necessary.
Your two next marches carry you to Ghenna,* twenty-eight miles.
" Every halting- day the camel- drivers are to receive forty
comasses for each camel. The Deputy Quartermaster General
will advance the money, if you require it. 450 comasses =
one dollar. You will endeavour to conciliate the camel- drivers,
as much as possible, lest they desert. One head-man will have
the charge and direction of them, and you will give your orders
through him. You will write to me from New Wells, Moilah,
and Legaitha, mentioning any inconveniences or impediments
you may have met with ; and whether you halt, in order that
succeeding divisions may be guided by it. You will find fresh
* Kinneh.
1801-2.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 359
meat at Moilah and Legaitha, which you will issue to your men ;
also spirits, as your wine must be used only on marching days.
You have with you one gallon of wine for each European
soldier, which is to be issued on marching days, at the rate of
one pint per man. You will endeavour to dissuade your men
from drinking a great quantity of water, which has been found
very hurtful and weakening ; and when you are at those
stations where water can be had, your men should be marched to
the wells to fill their canteens morning and evening, and no
more should be allowed. At those places where they cannot
cook their victuals, they must be persuaded to eat what was
cooked the day before ; as they will not otherwise be able to
perform the succeeding march, through faintness and weakness."
(Signed) "J. Montresor.
" Lieutenant-Colonel."
On 8th August, General Baird reached Gizeh, and having
completed his arrangements for the supplies and comforts of his
men, shifted his head-quarters to the island of Rhoda, to which
he removed on 16th August.
By the 27th, all his force had assembled at Rhoada, and on
the same night the light wing began to move.
General Baird left Rhoda the same day, and arrived at
Rosetta on the 30th, where the first division of his army was
already encamped.
General Hutchinson now, much to Baird's annoyance,
announced that the French had sent a flag of truce to him to
treat for surrender ; and when General Baird went next day to
Sir John Hutchinson's tent, he found that the capitulation was
actually signed, and that the troops were to take possession of
the outworks on the following morning.
Sir John Hutchinson, after the capitulation, went home, and
Lord Cavan was placed in command.
It was not till the 7th May 1802 that General Baird quitted
360 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE
[1801-2.
Alexandria. He arrived at Gizeli on the 11th; as soon as he
reached Gizeh he sent to the Pasha, and informed him that he ex-
pected every assistance during the march across the desert to Suez.
General Baird immediately put the army in motion and began
the march to Suez, which place he reached on 25th May 1802.
The troops crossed the desert in five easy marches without
experiencing much difficulty, and with the loss of only three
Europeans.
Through the exertions of Sir Home Popham, the transports
were ready to receive the troops nearly as soon as they arrived.
On the 6th June, the General embarked on H.M.S.
Victor, having given orders that the whole of the troops (except
those from Bombay) should touch at Madras.
Lieutenant De Havilland was away from Madras from
December 1800 to 10th April 1804. A part of the time he was
field engineer, a part of time commanding engineer, and a part
surveyor. His services in Egypt ended on 4th July 1802*; but
his return to Madras was delayed in consequence of his being
captured by a French privateer, and sent to Bengal at a season
when a passage could be procured and made with difficulty.
De Havilland was captured in January 1804, on board the
Company's ship Admiral Aplin, by the French privateer La
Psyche. From the Commander he obtained permission to
proceed to Madras on a neutral vessel, under the condition of
not carrying arms against France until a French prisoner of war
should be exchanged for him. He was allowed to resume his
rank in April 1804, but the Commander-in-Chief considered
" that the parole given by Captain De Havilland disqualified him
for employment in military works ; as military works are
erected against all the enemies of the State, and consequently
against the French, who are the most prominent of ours." It
was not till December 1804 that Captain De Havilland was
appointed Engineer in the ceded districts. He was mentioned
* From Egypt it is supposed De Havilland proceeded to England.
1801-2.J MADBAS ENGINEEES. 361
as " distinguished by his valuable aud indefatigable exertions
in obtaining topographical information, in facilitating the
communications, and the supply of water to the Indian
detachment in Egypt,"
It has not been possible to ascertain the name of the captain
who commanded the Madras Pioneers.
Despatch by Lieutenant- Colonel Hutchinson, 19 th August, 1801.
"Major-General Baird, after having struggled with many
difficulties in passing the desert, and from want of boats to
descend the Nile, has at length arrived at Cairo, with the greatest
part of the troops under his command, and I imagine he will
reach Rosetta in the course of a few days."
To perpetuate the services rendered to the Ottoman Empire
the Grand Signor established an order of knighthood, which he
made the Order of the Crescent.
In the First Class were Lord Hutchinson, Lord Keith,
Admiral Bickerton, Major- General Coote, Major- General Baird,
and Lord Elgin.
In the Second, General Officers and Naval Officers of equal
rank.
Field Officers had large gold medals.
Captains had smaller ones, and subalterns still smaller ones.
Finally, as a further proof of the sense he entertained of the
services rendered, the Grand Signor ordered a palace to be
built in Constantinople for the future residence of British
Ambassadors.
Extract from Despatch from the Governor-General, dated
Sth Fehruary 1802.
" I consider it to be my duty on this occasion to express to
you the high sense which I entertain of the zeal, fortitude, and
ability which have distinguished your conduct in the execution
of the arduous duties committed to your charge since you have
held the important command of that part of the Army of India
362 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1801-2.
destined to co-operate in the expulsion of the French from Egypt.
The successful march of the army under your command through
Upper Egypt, under circumstances of extraordinary diflSculty,
embarrassment, and danger, is to be ascribed principally to your
prudence and perseverance, aided by the approved skill and
determined spirit of your officers, and by the discipline and
firmness of your troops.
" It will afford me the highest satisfaction to submit to His
Majesty's Ministers, and to the Honourable the Court ol
Directors, my cordial approbation of your eminent merits,
and services of those of your officers and men on the late
important service. Although the rapid progress of the British
arms under the able conduct of the late Lieutenant- General
Sir Ralph Abercrombie, and of Lieutenant - General Sir
John Hutchinson, precluded the troops under your com-
mand from participating in the glory of those operations
which terminated in the conquest of Egypt, you omitted no
exertions to render your approach useful to the common cause;
and if the course of events had required your exertions, and those
of the Army of India in the field, I am confident that your
conduct, and that of your army, would have been correspondent
to the character which you have acquired in this quarter of the
globe, and to the renown of the British arms in India. I desire
you to consider this despatch as a public record of my thanks to
you and jour army for your services in the execution of my
orders, and you will be pleased to make such notification of these
sentiments as you may think proper to the officers and troops
under your command."
At the close of 1800, Colonel Burr commanded the troops in
the Moluccas. In December he projected the capture of Ternate.
On 10th February 1801, the British armament, composed
chiefly of the Madras European Regiment, and accompanied
by a small party (twenty-one men) of Madras Pioneers, under
1801-2.] MADKAS ENGINEEES. 363
Lieutenant Wissett, arrived in sight of the island. A flag of
truce was sent on shore, but terms were refused. The troops
landed, but were unsuccessful in their attempts on fortifications
of Telooke. The pioneers on this occasion carried the scaling-
ladders.
On the 19th they re-embarked.
On 2nd April aaother stronger expedition sailed from
Amboyna, and arrived on the 30th,
On 8th May the troops landed, and, after some severe service,
the island, &c. surrendered.
Captain Ross, of the Artillery, acted as field engineer on both
the expeditions against Ternate.
It will here be convenient to detail the changes which took
place in the Corps of Engineers from the time of the capture of
JSeringapatam up to the commencement of the first Mahratta
War in 1803.
At the former date the corps consisted of thirty officers,
including those absent from India. During the next four years
there was a large number of casualties from various causes, so
that although twenty officers were in the meantime posted to the
corps we find that at the time of the second Mahratta War, five
ensigns were required to make it up to its proper complement of
twenty-eight officers.
After Seringapatam, the Corps consisted of the following
officers : —
Patrick Ross, Major-General.
William Gent, Colonel.
Elisha Trapaud, Major. ^
Jacob Hemming, Captain (invalided September 1793).
John Norris, Captain.
Walter Lennon, „
Colin Mackenzie, ,,
Arthur Forest, „
George Johnstone, „
364 MILITAEY HISTOKY OF THE [1801-2.
Thomas Wood, Brevet Captain.
J. L. Caldwell, Lieutenant.
John Blair,
W. Farquhar,
John Carruthers,
K. H. Fotheringham, ,,
William Castle,
J. R. Cleghorne,
T. F. De Havilland,
John Cotgrave,
J. Fotheringham,
Benjamin Sydenham, ,,
H. H. Torriano, ,,
Thomas Fraser, Ensign.
W. Ravenshaw, ,,
G. Bradley, „
Thomas Arthur, „
William Garrard, ,,
George Rowley, ,,
Edward Malton, ,,
C. W. Bell,
John Smith, ,,
On 17th December 1799, John Carruthers was struck off the
strength of the Corps, probably because he went to England, and
did not return.
Jacob Hemming, who had been invalided on September 1793,
probably owing to the wound he received in 1792, finally retired
in 1800.
George Johnstone was dismissed in 1800, after long and good
service, for horsewhipping a civilian. His case was a very hard
one, and I hope further on to show that he was harshly used.
Tliomas Wood returned from the Cape at the end of May
1800, and died at Arnee in August following.
Edward Malton was transferred, at his own request, to the
Infantry on 2nd September 1800.
01-2.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 365
Early in 1801, Patrick Koss, who had been for nearly thirty-
one years Chief Engineer of the Corps, retired from the
service.
In June 1801, Ensign Bell was transferred, at his own
request to the Cavalry, but was directed to continue to act as
Engineer at Seringapatam for the present
On 24th August 1801, Lieutenant Castle, and on 14th
October 1802, Captain Forest, died.
Early in 1800, Colonel Gent went on furlough to Europe;
and when Major General Ross retired, Lieutenant-Colonel
Trapaud became Chief Engineer.
Colonel Gent does not appear to have returned to India after
1800, and finally retired as Major- General on 11th August
1802.
Thus, in the four years, 1799 to 1803, there were ten
casualties, which reduced the numbers to twenty-one; in the
meantime (1801) two ensigns joined, Russell and Blakiston, so
that after the commencement of the Mahratta War, the Madras
Engineers consisted of only twenty-three officers, or five below
their regular strength.
Major-General Ross, before he left the country, addressed a
letter to the Government, in which he "considered it his duty
previously to his quitting the service, to recommend an increase
to the Engineer Corps." He defended the Corps from the imputa-
tions contained in Mr. Secretary Webbe's letter of 1 9th March
1793, and the report on the Minute of the Committee of Military
Board, August 1798, will evince his (Major-General Ross') un-
remitted attention to the duties of his station. He enclosed copy
of his report making observations on the appointment of a Civil
Engineer, and suggested that if his " recommendations had been
attended to, in many instances fortresses might have been kept
in good order which are now running into decay." He pointed
out " the impropriety of permitting the erection of several
buildings in Fort St. George, which weaken the defence," and
366
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1801-2.
alluded to " the necessity of erecting additional powder maga-
zines and improving the interior of the fort." He suggested
various alterations in the mode to be observed in superintending
the public works, which he conceived better calculated to have
the works well executed, and to save expense.
He proposed an increase to the corps of —
One lieutenant-colonel, one major, one captain, one captain-
lieutenant, two lieutenants, and two ensigns, and the establish-
ment would then be —
1 Colonel.
2 Lieutenant-Colonels.
2 Majors.
5 Captains. |
5 Captain-Lieutenants.
10 Lieutenants.
10 Ensigns.
1 Adjutant.
36 officers in place of 28, as at present
The distribution of the above was to be as follows : —
Carnatic Division —
Colonel...
1
Captain
Captain-Lieutenant
1
1
Lieutenants
4
Ensigns
3
Adjutant
1
—11
Northern Division —
Major
Captain-Lieutenant
1
1
Lieutenant
1
Ensign...
1
— 4
1801-3.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS.
3^7
Southern Division —
Major ...
Captain
Lieutenant
Ensign ...
Mysore Division —
Lieutenant-Colonel
Captain
Captain-Lieutenant
Lieutenants
Ensign ...
Ceded Provinces from Nizam-
Lieutenant-Colonel
Captain
Lieutenant
Ensign...
1
1
1
1
— 4
1
1
1
2
1
— 6
1
1
1
1
Nizam's Detachment —
Captain
Ensign
Ceylon and Eastern Islands —
Colombo: Captain ... 1
Ensign ... 1
Trincoraallee : Lieutenant 1
Malacca: Captain-Lieutenant 1
Ensign
1
— 5
36
After the siege of Seringapatam, Major- General Ross was
ordered to report on the fortifications. In August IbOO, he
accordingly sent in a report, with plans and estimates. The
368 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri80l-3.
Board highly approved of his suggestions, but considering the
great expense of carrying them out in their entirety, recom-
mended that only those necessary for the actual security of the
place should be commenced.
1st. To reform the west bastion.
2nd. To complete rampart, revetment, and flanks of west
and north faces,, as far as the cavalier on west
face, removing two round towers, and improving
out-works.
3rd. To complete flanks of Sultan's battery.
4th. As noxious exhalations proceed from the stagnant
water of inner ditch, the pioneers to be employed in
filling it up.
The officers who were employed on the surveys of Seringa-
patam were Captain Norris, Lieutenant Castle, and Ensign
Fraser.
The estimate for the proposed reforms to the fortifications of
Seringapatam amounted to 609,755 pagodas, and for reinstating
the fort of Bangalore with the addition of two caponiers, 87,238
pagodas.
When Colonel Gent went home, the Board resolved to express
in general orders " the sense they entertained of the services
rendered by Colonel Gent during a period of twenty-five years,
and particularly in the distinguished situation of Chief Engineer
at the siege of Seringapatam."
On 1st January 1803, the Corps was composed as follows : —
Colonel Elisha Trapaud, Chief Engineer.
Lieutenant-Colonel John Norris.
Major W. C. Lennon.
Captain Colin Mackenzie.
J. L. CaldwelL
„ John Blair.
,, W. Farquhar
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 369
Captain-Lieutenant R. H. Fotheringham.
„ „ J. R. Cleghorne.
T. F. De Havilland.
„ ,, John Cotgrave.
„ ,, J. Fotheringham.
Lieutenant B. Sydenham.
„ H. H. Torriano.
„ Thomas Fraser.
„ W. Ravenshaw.
„ G. Bradley.
„ Thomas Arthur.
,, W. Garrard.
Ensign George Rowley.
„ John Smith.
„ Samuel Russell.
„ John Blakiston.
In the middle of the Island of Ceylon was the kingdom of
Candy.
Its relations with the British Government were very un-
settled, and the country was in a state of confusion owing to
the death of the kiug, and the elevation of an usurper, to the
exclusion of the rightful claimant, effected by the chief adigar
or minister, Pelime Talanoe.
The lawful inheritor of the throne was Mootoosawmy. He
escaped, and claimed the protection of the British Government,
which was granted.
Major- General McDowell was despatched on a mission to
Candy, to ask for permission to construct a road to connect
Columbo and Trincomalee. This was refused.
Warlike preparations were now made by the Candians, and
various acts of aggression on British subjects followed
The Governor, Mr. North, now determined on war. On 31st
January 1803, General McDowell marched from Trincomalee,
and on 20th February, the two divisions met before Candy.
24
370 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1803
General McDowell had marched 103 miles, while Colonel Barbutt
had traversed 142.
The resistance they met with was inconsiderable.
On 21st February, a strong detachment marched into Candy,
which was found evacuated.
On 4th March, Mootoosawmy was duly installed King.
Pelime Talanoe still continued to intrigue, and finally promised
to betray the King to the English, and requested the despatch of
two strong detachments to the place where the King was to be
seized.
General McDowell and the Candian negotiator agreed that
Pelime Talanoe's pageant King should be given up to the
English, and the Adigar himself invested with supreme autho-
rity in Candy, and that he should pay 30,000 rupees annually
to Mootoosawmy, who was to hold court at Jafi'uapatam.
Soon after this, General McDowell left for Columbo, leaving
in Candy 700 Malays and 300 Europeans, besides sick.
On 3rd May, the terms agreed upon were confirmed by the
Governor. Madras Pioneers were present with this force, as
well as Lieutenant Cotgrave of Madras Engineers.
All the shameful occurrences which took place during the
next few months are detailed at some length in Thornton's
History of British India ; but as no Engineers or Madras
Pioneers appear to have been present in these, for the most part,
discreditable operations, it is superfluous to continue the
account.
Candy was not finally taken possession of till the year 1815.
On 28th January 1803, the Commander-in-Chief increased
the numbers of the Pioneer Corps from 1,400 to 1,600. He
thought '' that the services of the pioneers in this country
always repay their expenses in war by the additional facility
which they give to the movements of an army ; and in peace by
the useful labour which they perform. They have completed a
number of useful works since their formation — filled up ditches
1803.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 371
and levelled wall at Seringapatam ; formed roads in Baramahl,
Southern Division, Ceded Districts, and Mysore. Pioneers to
be increased from fourteen to sixteen companies. Each battalion
to consist of eight companies, and each company to have one
jemadar, three havildars, three naigs, one puckally, and 100
privates."
Captain Heitland to command the 1st battalion, and Captains
Brown and Davis, and Lieutenant Barclay to do duty with the
1st battalion.
Captain J. Fitzpatrick to command 2nd battalion, and Captain
Bagshaw and Lieutenant Grand to be with it.
In January 1803, Benjamin Sydenham, Madras Engineers,
was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Lord Wellesley, Governor-
General.
24 •
372 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 11803.
CHAPTER XIV.
Canses of the Mahratta War in 1803. — Ensign Rowley dies. — Pettah of Ah-
mednugger taken by escalade. — Fort of Ahmednugger captured. — Colonel
Stevenson takes Jaulna. — Battle of Assaye. — Colonel Maxwell killed. — Loss
of the Pioneers. — Battle of Argaum. — Siege of Gawilghur. — Assault of
Gawilghur. — Scarcity of forage. — Anecdote of siege of Ahmedniigger. —
Blakiston slightly wounded at Assaye. — Captured standards made use of by
Pioneers in a comical way. — Mode of attack of 19th Dragoons at the battle
of Argaum. — Remarks on tlie work of Captain Johnson and the Pioneers. —
Blaldston suffers from dysentery. — Remarks of Captain Johnson on the
siege. — Expedition against Cuttack. — Four stands of colours captured by
the troops. — Hostilities with Jeswunt Row Holkar. — Chandore surrenders. —
The strong fortress of Dhoorp included in the capitulation of Chandore. —
Employment of Pioneers in 1805. — Government make provision for families
of natives killed in action. — Pioneers in Wynaad. — Pioneers in Poloor
Pollums. — Pioneers at Chittoor. — Court of Directors appoint cadets to
Artillery and Engineers. — Lieutenant Blakiston in Wynaad. — Full batta
granted to Pioneers. — Captains commanding to draw batta of Majors. — A
company of Madras Pioneers serve with Poena Subsidiary Force till April
1806. - - ■ - —
The Peishwa had acquiesced in the necessity of the late war
against Tippoo, but did not fulfil his treaty obligations, owing
chiefly to the influence of Scindia. Marquis Wellesley, however,
ignoring this, off'ered a considerable amount of territory to the
Peishwa on condition of his reviving his alliance with the
British Government. This overture was rejected, again owing
to Scindia.
This hostile attitude of Scindia, and the great strength of
Monsieur Perron's Army (at Coel) in the vicinity of the most
803.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 873
vulnerable part of the British possessions, induced Lord Wellesley
to conclude a subsidiary treaty and defensive alliance with the
Guicowar at the beginning of 1802.
In June 1802, overtures were again made to thePeishwa. He
declined them. Holkar at this time was a few days' march from
Poona, with the intention of destroying Scindia's influence, and
usurping the authority of the Peishwa.
Scindia sent a force at once to co-operate in the defence of
Poona. A general action took place near Poona, when the forces
of the Peishwa and Scindia were defeated, on 25th October 1802,
and the Peishwa fled to the Concan. The Peishwa now sent his
Minister to the British Resident at Poona, soliciting the aid of
a British Subsidiary Force, and wished to form a general defen-
sive alliance. His wishes were acceded to. The treaty was
signed on 31st December, and the ratification by the Governor-
General was received in March 1803.
On 29th February, General Stuart was directed to adopt the
necessary measures for the march of British troops into the
Mahratta territory. General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley
was appointed to command this advanced force.
On 8th February, the force from Seringapatam under Wellesley
made its first movement. It consisted of
H.M.'s 33rd.
2nd Native Cavalry.
Artillery.
Six Regiments of Native Infantry.
2,000 Poorniah's Horse, and
5,000 „ Infantry.
After a very hot march, it reached the Grand Army under
General Stuart, and the Centre Army under General Campbell,
near Hurryhur on 28th March, having come 200 miles.
Generals Stuart, Campbell, and Baird were to remain with a
reserve army, while the fighting one was to push on under
Wellesley.
374 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE tl803.
The Cavalry Brigade under Colonel Dallas was to consist of
19th Light Dragoons, and 4th, 5th, and 7th Native Cavalry.
1st Infantry Brigade under Colonel Harness.
Scotch „ „ Major Ferrier.
2nd Infantry ,, „ Colonel Wallace.
Artillery „ ,, Captain Beauman.
Pioneers „ „ Heitland.
The Chief Engineer was Captain John Johnson* of Bom-
bay Engineers, and Ensigns Kowley,t Eussell,t and Blakistonf
of Madras Engineers, accompanied.
The march from Hurryhur to Poona, 350 miles, was accom-
plished by the General, and Cavalry on 20th April, and by the
remainder of the Army on the 22nd.
Ensign Kowley had command of the Guides.
During the night of the J 9th, Wellesley made a forced march
of forty- two miles to save the city from being plundered and
destroyed by Amrut Row, who had been left there by Holkar.
Wellesley's force remained encamped near Poona till 4th June.
The Peishwa meantime came back to his capital, from which
he had previously fled.
The Army, after leaving Poona, suffered much from heavy rain.
Under Wellesley —
H.M.'s 19th Dragoons 384
4th, 5th, and 7th Native Cavalry 1,347
Artillery 172
H.M.'s 74th and 78th 1,368
Six Battalions Sepoys ... ... 6,631
Madras Pioneers ... ... ... 653
Artillery Lascars ... ... ... 357
9,912
* He joined the force near Dharwar.
f These officers marched from Hurryhur with Wellesley.
} This officer was with the Nizam's subsidiary force under Colonel Stevenson,
which arrived within a short distance of General Wellesley's force at Akloos,
■within eight miles of the Neera river, on 15th April, 90 or 100 miles from
Poona.
1803.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS.
375
er Colonel Stevenson —
Native Cavalry ...
900
European Artillery
120
H.M.'s Scotch Brigade ...
778
Native Infantry ...
. 6,113
Pioneers ...
202
Artillery Lascars
276
Grand Total 18,801
On the 5th June the army was at Sedagaum.
„ 9th „ „ Pagtah.
„ 16th „ „ Angah.
„ 28th ,, „ Walkee, a strong fort belong-
ing to Dowlut Kow, Scindia, near Ahmednugger.
At this camp Ensign Rowley, of Madras Engineers, died from
exposure, as Commandant of the Guides, during the very rainy
weather.* On his death Captain Johnson took charge of the
Guides.
On 8th August, the weather cleared up, and the army advanced
on Ahmednugger, as Wellesley found that Dowlut Row
Scindia and the Rajah of Berar were evidently hostile.
The pettah was found to be held by Arabs, supported by
a battalion of Scindia's infantry and horse. The Pettah was a
large native town, surrounded by a wall of stone and mud,
eighteen feet high, with small bastions at every lOo yards. The
pettah was stormed by escalade.
First column attempted a long curtain to the extreme left, but
it failed, with a loss of fifteen killed and fifty wounded.
* Blakiston remarks : " To a steadiness above his years he (Rowley) joined
an ardour and a zeal in his professional duties which secured him the conlidence
and goodwill of the general (Wellesley), who lent him one of his tents during his
illness, as being more comfortable than his own, and who expressed great regret
at his death."
376 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri803.
Third column, to the right, planted scaling-ladders at a re-
entering-angle, formed by a small bastion. This party had only
two ladders; one broke, but, in spite of this mishap, Captain
Vesey was soon on the bastion. Two European companies had
scrambled up, and 150 to 200 of 3rd Native Infantry, when a
cannon-shot smashed the ladder, and broke the thigh of the
subadar of 3rd Native Infantry.
The party of about 300 dashed down into the place, and
scoured all the streets near the wall. The second column, under
Colonel Wallace, advanced and battered in the gate. The two
parties, now uniting under Colonel Wallace, soon succeeded in
clearing the place of its defenders, who consisted of 1,500 Arabs
and 3,000 Mahrattas.
Killed. Wounded.
First column lost ... 15 ... 50
Second „ „ ... 1 ... 20
Third „ „ ... 11 ... 22
Total loss ... 27 ... 92=119
Of which number nine pioneers were wounded.
The fort was very strong — built of stone, nearly circular, with
a wide and deep dry ditch, and large circular bastions at short
intervals, each mounting three or four guns, pointed through
casemated embrasures with solid terrace above, and loop-holes
for musketry. Bastions fifty or sixty feet high, with curtains
short and low. Sixty guns were mounted on bastions ; glacis
very high, and covered thirty feet of the walls.
On the 9th, Wellesley reconnoitred the ground in the neigh-
bourhood of fort, and seized a position 400 yards off. A
battery was constructed during the night, which opened on the
10th, at daylight, and breached two contiguous bastions as low
as the glacis would admit.
On night of the 10th, the battery was lengthened for two
howitzers, and an approach was carried from some broken
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 377
ground in the rear to the bed of the nullah, whereby a tolerable
secure communication was made between the camp and the
battery, the ilauks of which were extended so as to form a small
parallel. As our guns could not see sufficiently low to breach
the walls effectively, it was determined that during the 11th
night, a lodgment should be made on the crest of the glacis in
front of the breach, with sand-bags, and this duty was allotted
to Ensign Blakiston. Just as they had commenced the work,
however, orders came down to cease hostilities.
On the 12th, the enemy sued for capitulation, and the British
took possession. Captain Johnson, of Engineers, and Captain
Heitland, of the Pioneers, were favourably mentioned by Wel-
lesley. On the three days of the siege, the Pioneers lost one
man killed and six wounded ; total casualties of the Pioneers at
Ahmednugger were thus sixteen more than one-ninth of total
loss, which was 141 (30 killed and 111 wounded).
Blakiston remarks : " The activity and address of this corps
( Pioneers) was the admiration of the army."
In G. 0. G. G., 8th September 1803 :—
" The Governor-General in Council has remarked with par-
ticular approbation the conduct of Lieutenant-Colonels Harness,
Wallace, and Maxwell ; of Captain Beauman, of Artillery ; of
Captain Johnson, of the Engineers; and of Captain Heitland,
of the Pioneers."
Captain Graham was appointed collector of the district, and
Captain Lucas was left in command of the fort.
Captain Johnson sent in an estimate on the 1 6th for repair-
ing the two breaches, amounting to 2,830 rupees ; and the work
was executed without loss of time.
A few days after, the army marched, and on 21st August
reached Tokah, on the Godavery, fifty miles from Ahmednugger.
'J'he river was found to be deep and rapid, and the army did not
till get over till the 28th. The passage was effected by boats. A
few men, &;c. were lost.
378 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE ti803.
On the 29th reached Aurungabad (twenty-six miles). Here
Wellesley had a conference with Colonel Collins, the late
Resident at Scindia's Court. Colonel Collins had attempted to
induce Scindia, and the Rajah of Berar to retire from the
Peishwa's territory, but without success.
On 30th, force reached Baulgaum (eleven miles), passing
through a wide defile between hills, six miles apart.
31st. — Bamungaum (twelve miles).
The Pioneers here constructed some field-works, in which it
■was intended to leave 18th Native Infantry and heavy guns, &c.;
but some after-intelligence induced General Wellesley to destroy
the new works. The Pioneers, with two companies of Native
Infantry, v^ere left to do this work, and at 0 a.m. on 2nd
September, the army marched to the north bank of the Godavery,
twenty-two miles and a half. The Pioneers, after completing
the work, followed, and heard some heavy firing on the left,
which proved to be Colonel Stevenson taking Jaulna.
On 25th August, Lieutenant-Colonel Woodington captured
the pettah of Broach, in Guzerat ; and on the 29th, stormed the
fort. Captain Cliffe, of Bombay Engineers, Chief Engineer.
The Governor-General in Council " observed with particular
satisfaction the conduct of Captain Clifie." Our losses were
fifteen killed and fifty-four wounded.
On Ilth September, army arrived at Hudgaum.
On the 21st, General Wellesley and Colonel Stevenson met
and concerted a plan of combined movement, expecting to
attack Scindia from opposite quarters on the 24th. Colonel
Stevenson's guides misled him ; and on the 23rd, General
Wellesley found himself close to Scindia's army of 40,000
men. Wellesley ordered his rear-guard to halt, and cover the
baggage at adjoining village, and he then moved on with his
Staff, and Captain Johnson, of Bombay Engineers, ordering
picquets to follow, and the line to come up as soon as formed.
After marching three miles, he suddenly came in sight of the
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 379
enemy on a small peninsula formed by the rivers Kaitnah and
Jooee — cavalry on their right, and infantry and guns on the
left. The Kaitnah was half-a-mile in their front, and the Jooce,
■with very steep banks, three-quarters of a mile in rear. The
General determined to turn their left flank. Captain Johnson,
Bombay Engineers, was ordered to ride forward and examine
the road, and then lead the infantry on to the attack.
The enemy brought their whole force to face the danger,
forming across the ground in two lines, right close to the
Kaitnah, and left on the village of Assaye, and the Jooee river.
They opened fire with their artillery. Our army crossed the
river, and formed opposite to them. Our guns opened fire, and
our cavalry formed in rear of the infantry. Finding our artillery
too weak in number and weight, the General ordered them to
cease fire, and the infantry to advance, which they did in a most
gallant manner, and were soon in possession of the enemy's front
line of guns — when, forming afresh, they proceeded to attack
the second line, where whole of enemy's force of infantry and
cavalry, with half their artillery, were well drawn up, with river
Jooee in their front.
At this time, the enemy's cavalry charged in our rear, and
took possession of their own guns, which we had just captured,
as well as our guns — killing our artillerymen, and turning the
guns on our line.
Our cavalry had just charged a body of the enemy in the
front, which had nearly annihilated the 74th on our extreme
right.* The enemy's second line stood well, but was at last
broken, and the guns captured ; while our cavalry, pursuing, fell
in with an immense column, who, though retreating, opposed
them. They were charged by our cavalry, and utterly routed ;
but Colonel Maxwell, of I'Jth Dragoons, was killed.
The second line being thus dispersed, the General, placing
• The 74th lost 11 oflBcers, 9 sergeants, and 104 men killed : and 6 oflBcers,
17 sergeants, and 254 men wounded. Total, killed and wounded, 401.
380 MILITARY HIBTOET OF THB [MOS.
himself at the head of the 78th, faced about, and charged the
enemy (who were in possession of first line of guns), and routed
them. 103 cannon and 12 howitzers were taken, and the enemy
left 1,200 dead on the field.
The enemy had in action 10,800 infantry, and 30,000 cavalry ;
while our force consisted only of l,*-iOO Europeans and 3,300
natives — total, 4,500.
Our loss was : —
23 officers killed and 30 wounded.
198 European soldiers killed and 442 wounded.
428 Native Infantry and cavalry killed and 1,138
wounded.
18 missing.
Total killed, wounded, and missing = 2,277.
The Pioneers suffered severely in this battle — having lost
fifteen killed and fifty-one wounded, and five missing.
Killed, one jemadar; wounded, three jemadars, two havildars.
Captain Heitland had his horse shot under him. General
Wellesley lost two horses.
On 24th September, Colonel Stevenson arrived at Assaye, and
immediately went in pursuit of the enemy, whom he followed
for some time.
The army under Wellesley after this, marched and counter-
marched a good deal without the occurrence of anything of
consequence till the 7th November at Chichooly, when Scindia's
Vakeel came to camp.
Meantime, Colonel Stevenson crossed the Taptee, took
Boorhaupoor and advanced thence to the siege of Asseerghur —
a very strong hill-fort belonging to Scindia. Wellesley, hearing
that Scindia and the Berar Kajah showed a disposition to molest
Stevenson, on the 19th October descended the Adjunteh Pass.
Stevenson pushed the siege of Asseerghur with vigour, and on
the 2l8t it surrendered. Our loss was small.
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 381
Wellesley received, and returned visits from and to the Vakeel.
Afterwards several marches were made by the army, without
seeing the enemy till the 29th November. On the morning of
the 29th, our army marched early, the army of the Bonsla, the
Rajah of Berar, being encamped at Puthalee, ten miles in our
front. Colonel Stevenson's force moved on the left. After a
march of ten miles, the enemy was found in front, and the
English army was formed in advance of the village of Sirsony
with a tolerably extensive plain three miles before it, iu which
were the army of the Bonsla in front, and Scindia's in the rear.
At half-past 4 we were ordered to leave our guns and advance.
The Arabs, when we arrived within sixty yards, alter a round
of grape, charged ; a severe struggle ensued, in which 600
Arabs were killed and wounded, and a large number of standards
taken The Arabs once defeated, and the rest of our line
coming up, there was soon a perfect rout.
The enemy's cavalry made two feeble attempts to charge our
two flank corps, but were repulsed.
Our cavalry now charged, and they followed the enemy for
some miles, cutting down about 3,000 of them.
Thirty-eight pieces of cannon were taken, and immense
quantities of ammunition, &c., with twenty or thirty standards.
Our loss was forty-si m killed and 300 wounded and missing,
besides forty-forty horses.
After this battle of Argaum the army moved to the neighbour-
hood of Gawilghur, twelve miles north-west of Elliclipoor. As
well as the 1st battalion of Pioneers, a detachment of 2nd
battalion was present with Wellesley.
Colonel Stevenson's force moved round to the opposite side of
the range of mountains, as it was understood to be more acces-
sible from south side.
On 27th December, operations were commenced against
Gawilghur.
" The fort consists of a lofty mountain, the plan of which is
382 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE ae03.
somewhat in the shape of the figure 8, the smaller end heing
connected with the tahle-land to the north hy a narrow isthmus,
and the larger jutting out into the plain, having the sides
separated from the mountains by deep chasms. It is thus
divided into two forts — one to the south, being the inner one or
citadel, having its sides very precipitous ; while that to the north
forms the outer fort. Excepting across the isthmus, and at the
separation of the two forts, the walls are not particularly lofty ;
but at those weak points, the walls were both strong and high,
and well flanked with towers, but without any ditches of
consequence."
" The outer fort has a thick wall, which covers the approaches
to it, by the north, from Lambada."
Captain Johnson reconnoitred the south side of the fort, and
formed the opinion that it was by nature so strong on that side,
that it would be better to examine the side connected with the
tableland in the mountains, before deciding on the point of
attack. Johnson accordingly resolved to enter the mountains
for that purpose, having guides with him, who engaged to lead
him to the point in question. Blakiston accompanied him.
The road being extremely rugged, difficult, and very circuitous,
it took them two days of hard marching before they came in
sight of the fort. They found the outer fort connected with a
small table-land, by a neck of about 300 yards in breadth, across
which was a strong wall; but having only a shallow ditch, and
no glacis, it was quite exposed ; while the ground in front
afforded every facility for the construction of batteries and
approaches. The objection to attacking the fort on this side
was that we should have two forts to take instead of one. This
was over-ruled, as from what we could see of the inner wall,
which was nearly at right angles with the face we were
examining, it did not at all contribute to the defence of the
outer one, and was besides so situated that part of the ground
within the outer fort completely commanded it.
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 383
There are three gates : one to south, leading to inner fort ;
one to north, which leads to outer fort ; and another com-
municating with third wall. The ascent to the first of these
gates is very steep and difficult, that to the second is by a road
used for the intercourse between the garrison and the country to
the south, but leading no farther than the gate itself. The road
is extremely narrow, and from its passing round west side of
fort, is everywhere exposed to its fire. The road to northern
gate is from Lambada, and on ground level with that of the fort.
As this last road leads to Lambada for about thirty miles from
Ellichpore, it was obvious that the labour of moving ordnance
to the village would be very great. No other point of attack
was so advantageous, and, therefore, it was adopted. It was
now determined that Colonel Stevenson should make his attack
by Lambada; while General Wellesley, with his division, and
all the cavalry, covered the operations, and would assist, if
necessary, by attacks on south and west.
Captain Johnson remained with Colonel Stevenson's force to
conduct the principal attack; while Blakiston was ordered back
to superintend operations on the south.
The whole of the Pioneers commenced the arduous task of
making a practicable road for artillery to the point of attack —
a distance of about thirty miles.
On 6th November, the enemy were driven from the ground
they occupied south of fort. At the same time, the fortified
village of Damergaum was seized ; this village covered the
entrance to the mountains by the road which Colonel Stevenson
had to pass. General Wellesley had sent Captain Heitland, of
Madras Pioneers, to assist Colonel Stevenson.
On the 7th, both divisions marched from Ellichpore — Wel-
lesley to south of Gawilgliur, and Stevenson by Damergaum.
Up to the 1 2th, when Colonel Stevenson broke ground at
Lambada, the troops in his division had much laborious
service. Heavy ordnance and stores had to be dragged for
384 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE Uers.
thirty miles over mountains and through ravines, along roads
previously formed hy the troops themselves.
On night of the 12th, two batteries were erected fronting
the north face of fort- -one of two l8-pounders and three 12
pounders, to breach the outer fort and third wall ; the other of two
12-pounders and two 5|-inch howitzers, to destroy the defences
on the point of attack. Wellesley, the same night, constructed
a battery of four 12-pounders, on the mountain, to breach
the wall near south gate, or at least divert the attention of the
garrison.
The construction of this battery was a most arduous task ;
the materials had to be brought upwards of half a mile, up a
steep mountain, and the guns could be hauled up only by fasten-
ing tackle to the trees; all which operations were completed,
however, in one night.
Unfortunately, the iron guns could not be moved into the
battery, and the brass guns produced little effect.
On the 13th morning, a heavy fire was opened from all these
batteries. The same night another battery was erected for
mortars and howitzers, and a parallel was thrown up connecting
the different works ; on the night of the 14th, the breaches
in the walls of outer fort were practicable, and it was resolved to
assault the place on the loth morning.
The storming-party consisted of flank companies of 94th, and
of Native Corps in Colonel Stevenson's division, supported by
94th, and brigades of liieutenant-Colonel Haliburton and
Lieutenant-Colonel Maclean; while two attacks were to be made
on southern side : one under Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace,
of 74th — five companies 78th and 8th Native Infantry, on the
south gate ; the other under Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmers, con-
sisting of five companies of 78th and 10th Native Infantry, on
north-west gate.
On the 15th, at 10 a.m., the three parties advanced simul-
taneously, Chalmers arrived at north-west gate just as enemy
■■■:*,
(iMe^c/i o/^^A&
GAWILGHUR
SooTe^ of^J%i7'7ori^j' 7i> cm/^ic7iy .
C.SoiU O It'cU/ (-iScuZcuted oAer caffdizre-
1803.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 885
were attemptiug to escape through it. Kenny and he entered
without difficulty. The wall of the inner fort, in which no
breach had been made, had then to be earned. After some
attempts upon the gate, a place was found suitable for escalade.
This was performed by Captain Campbell, with light infantry of
9-ith, who mounted the wall and opened the gate for the
storming party ; and the fort was shortly in our possession.
Vast numbers of the enemy were killed, while our loss during
the siege and in the storm was only 126. Colonel Kenny
was, however, wounded ; Lieutenant Young, and another officer,
killed.
In the fort were fifty-two cannon, 2,000 stand of English
arms, and 150 wall-pieces.
These operations, and those in the northof India, brought the
war to a speedy conclusion, and the Rajah of Berar sued for an
immediate and separate peace. General Wellesley acknowledged
the services of Captain Heitland, Madras Pioneers.
During the campaign of 1808, great difficulty was experienced
in getting forage for the baggage- animals, and the following
curious circumstance was witnessed by Lieutenant Blakiston : —
" Lolling one day in my tent, my thoughts were naturally
attracted to my cattle, who were picketed at a short distance, with
nothing to chew. I observed one of these stretching out his
head to a turban, belonging to one of the servants ; after giving
it a turn or two with his nose, he seized the loose end in his
mouth, and began to swallow it. He swallowed and swallowed
until, of about ten yards of stuff, a small bit only remained
pendant. I observed his operations for about an hour; at tliis
critical moment the owner returned, and, looking for his
turban, he beheld the end dangling from the mouth of the
animal. With an oath, he flew at the bullock, and, seizing the
end, pulled and pulled, hand over hand, and oath upon oath,
while the tattered but still connected cloth came forth like a
measuring-tape out of its case. The man's rage and gestures,
25
386 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri803.
and the beast's astonishment at the novel kind of emetic he was
undergoing, and the attitude of both, formed a scene absolutely
irresistible."
At the siege of Ahmednugger, " one of those enormous
engines called Malabar guns was fired at our works. The man
stationed on the flank of the battery for the purpose of giving
notice of the advent of shot, &c., seeing the flash, gave the usual
signal: 'Shot!' A moment afterwards, seeing a large body
taking its curving course through the air, he corrected himself
by calling out: 'Shell!' As the ponderous missile (an
enormous stone shot) approached, he could not tell what to make
of it, and his astonishment vented itself in the exclamation :
' Blood and 'ouns, mortar and all ! ' "
" At the battle of Assaye, Lieutenant Blakiston was twice
struck by shot, but not in such a manner as to be returned as
wounded. The first was a graze in the wrist, which cut through
his coat and shirt, but carried away only a small portion of skin.
The next was from a spent piece of grape-shot, which hit him in
the pit of the stomach, so as to take his breath away, and cause
him to nearly fall from his horse."
" Several standards were the trophies of this victory ; these
were chiefly picked up by the pioneers when burying the dead.
Not seeing any intrinsic value in them, they had given them to
their wives to make petticoats of, from which ignoble purpose
they were rescued."
At the battle of Argaum, Lieutenant Blakiston witnessed " a
curious mode of attack adopted by the J 9th Dragoons, in their
pursuit of the native horsemen, whose bodies were so protected
that there was no getting a cut at them, while their heads were
protected by a large turban, with a thick pad over ears and neck.
To eflPect their object they first gave point at their turbans, and
that being knocked off, they had a fair cut at the head '
" The exertions of the army during the siege of Gawilghur,
and in the previous operation, of cutting a road through the
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 387
mountains, was such as to call foriL the warmest applause of the
General. The pioneers, as usual, performed their tusk in the
most efficient manner. But the conduct of Captain Johnson,
of the Engineers, was the theme of admiration from the General
downwards. To great natural and acquired talents, he joined a
zeal and an ardour in his professional duties which I never saw
equalled. Having no one to assist him in the duties of an
engineer, (Blakiston was with the other force,) he was compelled
to live constantly in the trenches during the siege ; but a strong
constitution enabled him to get over it without injurv."
Blakiston, who for nearly a fortnight had not been to bed,
and most of that time without a tent, while the thermometer in
the shade during the day was upwards of 100°, and during the
night down to freezing-point, was seized as soon as siege
(Gawilghur) was over with a severe attack of dysentery
Blakiston also, for nearly a year afterwards, suffered from guinea
worm.
Captain Johnson, of Engineers, in his report on tlie siege,
remarked that " in the performance of this service all the good
qualities of British troops have been conspicuous to a degree
which I have seldom witnessed. In bringing on their ordnance
and stores to the point of attack, the troops of Colonel Steven-
son's division performed the most laborious work, with a zeal for
tiie service, and patience and perseverance never surpassed ; and
when opposed to the enemy, their conduct showed the same
gallant spirit that has carried the British troops through so many
difficulties in the course of this war.*'
The troops expected to make their fortunes at Gawilghur, us
immense treasures were reported to be deposited in the fort.
But little booty was, however, found. A great deal of specie
and jewels had been carried off during the siege, owing to the
impossibility of investing tiie fortress properly.
On 20th November, the troops returned to Ellichpore, and
began tiicir murch towards Nagpore, the capital of the Berar
26 •
388 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti808.
Raja; Colonel Stevenson remaining to keep Scindia in check.
The Berar Raja now sent Vakeels to our camp, and on ITtli
Decemher, a treaty of peace was signed in our camp at
Deogaum.
On 30th Decemher, Scindia, finding himself left in the lurch,
concluded a treaty also. The Nizam's subsidiary force now
went into cantonments at Jaulna, while Wellesley's division
returned towards Poona. Two or three marches distant from
Ahmednugger, Wellesley dispersed a large body of Pindarree
Horse with some loss. When within some 120 miles of Poona,
Wellesley found he was required at Poona and Bombay, so he
left the division under the command of Colonel Wallace, and
pushed on with Blakiston, who was to survey the road while
accompanying the General He had to survey daily twenty-
five miles of road for five days, and as he was sufi'ering severely
from guinea worm, his task was a hard one. After remaining
at Poona a few days to consult with Colonel Close, Wellesley set
off for Bombay. He had previously asked Blakiston to accom-
pany him, but the latter was obliged to decline the honour
owing to the troublesome guinea worms.
At the end of March, Wellesley returned from Bombay, and
having organised a subsidiary force for the Peishwa, under
Colonel Wallace, left for jVIadras.
That part of the force which formed no portion of the sub-
sidiary force, marched to the south, under Lieutenant- Colonel
Hill, and Blakiston accompanied this detachment. They reached
the banks of the Toongaboodra about the end of May. Thence
Blakiston obtained leave to visit his brother, who commanded
the fort of Bednore.
General Wellesley, on 15th December 1803, in a letter to the
Governor General, thus writes : — " Captain Burke, who com-
manded the artillery with subsidiary force, Captain Heitland of
the Pioneers, and Captain Johnson of the Bombay Engineers,
are also entitled to acknowledgments. The two latter were sent
1803.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 389
from my division to assist Colonel Stevenson. Upon the occa-
sion of mentioning the name of Captain Johnson, I cannot omit
to inform your Excellency that throughout this campaign, that
officer has performed the most important service in the depart-
ment of the Guides entrusted to his charge, and I have no
doubt but that his surveys will be a valuable public acquisi-
tion."
While the eampaign under Wellesley was in progress, the
occupation of the mountainous district of Cuttack was resolved
upon.
The force destined for this service was assembled under
Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell at Ganjam, and consisted of —
573 Europeans and 2,-468 Native Infantry and Cavalry, with
some artillery, besides 500 Bengal Volunteers, and a battering-
train of four l8-pounders and four 12-pouuders, and two
Sl-inch howitzers.
This force moved on 8th September; but after one day's
march, Colonel Campbell suffered so from fever, that his life was
despaired of, and he was carried back. His successor, Lieute-
nant-Colonel Harcourt, of 12th, and Military Secretary to the
Governor- General, arrived at Py ghee on 11th September. He
occupied Manickpatam on 14th, without any resistance from the
Mahrattas. The Engineers with the force were Captain Blunt,
B.E., Lieutenant W. Kaveushaw, M.E., and the Pioneers were
commanded by Lieutenant Sheppard. Having in two days
passed the outlet of the Chilka lake. Colonel Harcourt marched
on 17th to Nursingapatam, and thence next day to Jagarnaut.
On the 24th he marched to Ahmadpore, after experiencing great
difficulties owing to the inundated state of the country. The
advanced guard was frequently annoyed by the enemy.
The difficulties that impeded the march detained the heavy
baggage and guns five days, when Colonel Harcourt proceeded
to Biirpoorshuttumpore, where he was again detained till Jird
October, by badness of the road, and by rain.
390 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [laoJ.
From this place, a force under Captain Hutchinson was
detached to occupy a position near Muckundpore. Notwith-
standing vigorous opposition, he effected his object, with a loss
of twenty-three killed and wounded.
On night of the 4th, Colonel Harcourt moved towards
Muckundpore, when his advance was vigorously opposed by
the enemy. At length they were dispersed, and the division met
with nothing further to impede its march to the banks of
the Kutgoory.
Colonel Harcourt, on his entrance into the province, made
preparations for the reduction of the fort of Barabuttee, which
stands about a mile from Cuttack. The fort, built of stone,
was surrounded by a wet ditch thirty feet deep, filled from the
Mahanuddy, and varied in breadth from thirty-five to 135 feet,
having over it a narrow bridge leading to the only entrance. A
battery for one 12-pounder, two G-pounders, and two howitzers,
being completed on 13th October, at £00 yards from outer gate
of fort, commenced firing early on the I4th, and by II a.m. most
of the defences on the south face, against which our fire was
directed, were taken off, and the guns of the enemy silenced.
Orders were then given to Colonel Clayton to advance with the
storming party."*^ Two hundred Europeans of H.M 's 22nd and
Madras Europeans, 400 sepoys from 20th Bengal and 9th and
1 9th Regiments Madras Native Infantry, accompanied by artillery-
men, and one 6 pounder to blow open the gate.
In passing the bridge, the party were exposed to a heavy but
ill-directed fire, and forty minutes elapsed before they could suc-
ceed in blowing open the gate, it having been strengthened by
large masses of stone. At length they succeeded, and the
storming party passed through singly, with such boldness and
celerity, that in spite of the resistance at the inner gates, they
were soon masters of the fort.
* Lieutenant Ravenshaw accompanied the assaulting party.
1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 391
Our loss was only five killed and twenty-nine wounded; among
the latter three officers.
During the assault, the storming party displayed the courage
and coolness which uniformly distinguished the operations of
our armies in every part of India, and the marked approbation
of the Governor-General was bestowed on Lieutenant-Colonel
Harcourt, Lieutenant-Colonel Clayton, Captain Blunt, Field
Engineer (Bengal), Captain Hetzlar, Bengal Artillery, and
Brigade-Major Thomson, Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson, Captain
Morgan, and Captain Grant
The capture of Barabuttee was followed by the entire submis-
sion of the province of Cuttack — 160 miles long by sixty miles
broad, and containing 1,200,000 inhabitants
Colonel Harcourt in his despatch remarked : — " I cannot
omit expressing in the strongest manner the high sense I enter-
tain of the services of Captain Blunt, Field Engineer, who has
been throughout our campaign indefatigably active. '
Lieutenant Shepherd, of the Madras Europeans, had been
appointed to command the Pioneers with the force. This
appointment was not approved of, and Colonel Harcourt wrote
requesting in the strongest terms that the appointment might
be allowed, and he declared —
" Upon my honour that the services I have experienced from
the Pioneers, under the zealous and efficient exertions of
Lieutenant Shepherd have greatly contributed to my early
success in this province. Without the Pioneers under an active
superior officer, I do not think it would have been practicable for
me to have brought up the 12-pounders and my heavy stores;
and as yet (22nd October 1808) I have much need of the con-
tinuance of their services in bringing up the remainder of the
heavy guns, and in attending the detachments it will be necessary
to send out completely to settle the country. I intend to
employ the Pioneers in opening a direct communication with
the Bararaahl pass, where I intend to establish a post to com-
892 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1803-4.
maud the pass, it being the only practicable road from Nagpore,
&c. to Cuttack."
Lieutenant Shepherd's appointment was confirmed.
In order to complete the subjugation of Cuttack, a corps under
Major Forbes was detached to occupy he defile of Bermuth.
This service was successfully performed on the 2nd November,
and while the enemy escaped with difficulty across the moun-
tains, the inhabitants gave every proof of their attachment to
the British, by providing the detachment with all sorts of pro-
visions. Major Forbes was met by Vakeels from the Rajah of
Bood, and Ranah of Sonapore, and others, to submit them-
selves to the British Government. Having accomplished every
part of this well-planned expedition, the troops in Cuttack made
preparationsi for entering Berar through defile of Bermuth, to
co-operate with Wellesley. Owing, however, to the success of
Wellesley, and the consequent peace, it was deemed unneces-
sary to continue the operations.
On 22nd December, the treaty of peace with Ragojee Bonsla
Rajah of Berar, was ratified.
Hostilities with Holkar were avoided as long as possible ;
but on 16th April 1804, Lord Wellesley gave directions to Lord
Lake to continue hostilities with Jeswant Row Holkar, and
Wellesley was directed to co-operate in the way he should judge
best.
On 24th June 1804, he, however, resigned the military and
political powers vested in him by the Governor-General, in
consequence of the Governor- General's instructions of 25th
May, and proceeded by Seringapatam and Madras to Fort
William.
When Wellesley quitted the army, the force which composed
the subsidiary force serving under the Peishwa was placed under
the command of Lieutenant- Colonel Wallace, and that serving
with the Nizam, under Lieutenant-Colonel Haliburtou.* At
* From Colonel Welsh's Reminiscences
1804.]
MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 393
this time, Colonel Murray was commanding the forces in Malwa,
and was to receive orders from the authorities at Bombay, while
Wallace and Haliburton were to look to the Residents at Pooua
and Hy drab ad.
On 22nd August, the forces under Colonel Wallace, con-
sisting of —
Artillery — two 12-pounders, two howitzers, and four
6-pounders ;
H.M.'s 74th, 200 men ;
5th and 7th Native Cavalry, 600 ;
3rd Native Infantry, 600 ;
8th „ 500 ;
Two companies of Pioneers.
Lieutenant-Colonel Coleman commanding Infantry Brigade ;
,, Huddleston ,, Cavalry ;
marched from Poona.
On 27th September, near Aurungabad, they were joined by
Lieutenant-Colonel Haliburton's force : —
94th Regiment 300
2nd Native Infantry
7th
J 1th
3rd Native Cavalry
6th
900
900
700
400
300
Artillery — two 18-pounders, four 12-pounders, two
howitzers and field -pieces.
The whole force then amounted to —
500 Eurnpeans.
1,300 Native Cavalry.
3,600 Native Infantry.
200 Pioneers.
Besides artillerymen for two 18-pounders, six 12-pounders, four
howitzers and field-pieces. Total, over 6,000 men.
" On 8th October, after a wet, disagreeable march, the force
394 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1604.
arrived within two miles of the pettah of Chandore, about eighty
miles west-by-north o-f Aurungabad, and encamped to the
south on good ground. This hill-fort forms part of a long
range of mountains running nearly east and west. It is 1,600
feet above the plain, and having a perpendicular scarp on the
summit about a hundred feet high all round, might easily be
made impregnable."
" The only passage up being through gateways, built one
above the other against this enormous scarp. These gateways
are flanked by large circular bastions, and those are the only
works in the fort, which is a large barren plain of great extent,
capable of containing 5,' 00 or 6,000 men. At the base of the
only accessible side is a very large pettah with six gates within
long shot of the hill."
" On the evening of the 8th, the picquets and 74th took pos-
session of the town without opposiuon, and established them-
selves over the gateway next the fort, from whence a good foot-
path led to the upper-gate, with a small outwork half-way up,
defended by musketry and guns "
Captain Johnson, of the Bombay Engineers, was Chief
Engineer and Quartermaster-General. It was resolved to assault
the place, and a column set out at 3 a.m on 10th October, con-
sisting of —
Two companies 94th.
150 men of picquets, and
300 Native Infantry.
Major Campbell commanding.
" Captain Johnsion, of Engineers, conducted Major Campbell
by a road he had explored the day before, which fully proved his
ability and discernment, as it enabled us to cut off all the diffe-
rent parties and outposts from the fort ; and so well was it
managed, that the first intimation of cur approach was given by
our bayonets. The Arabs thus surprised, made but little resist-
ance, and by 6 a.m. we had possession of everything up to the
1804.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS. 395
very gate of the fort. The fugitives endeavoured to get into
the fort by the gate, but were refused admittance, in case our
force should follow them in. A number of horses, bullocks,
and arms fell into our hands, and we found their outposts so
tenable, that Captain Welsh was left in command of the whole
with lUO Europeans and 370 sepoys, comfortably lodged in
chjultries, outworks, &c., at different distances from the gate,
completely cutting off all communications from without,"
The enemy lost forty men dead, while we had only three men
wounded
Two days after we had thus established ourselves on the hill,
the garrison surrendered, and were permitted to march out (300
men) with their effects.
The fort was found astonishingly strong, the scarp being 150
feet perpendicular, and the passage through the two upper gate-
ways cut in solid rock, very narrow, and thirty feet long. It
did not appear as if it had been inhabited, and it was supposed
that our sudden appearance drove the garrison from the pettah to
the fort. They had thus been cut off from all supplies, and
were obliged to surrender.
On the same day that we marched against Chandore, the 7th
Native Infantry, under Captain John Brown, was sent against
Lassulgaum, twelve miles south of Chandore.
They marched to the pettah gate, blew it open, and advanced
with little opposition, till they reached the opposite side, where
there was a citadel, with bastions towering over the suburbs. A
heavy fire was opened on them, and Captain Brown and Lieu-
tenant Purvis were killed, and Lieutenant Parlby wounded.
Loss at Lassulgaum —
2 officers, 3 Europeans, and 6 Natives killed ... 11
1 „ 13 „ 24 „ wounded 37
Total, killed and wounded ... ... 48
896 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1804.
The rest retreated into the pettah and sent for assist-
ance. Reinforcements sent under Major Simmons reached
on morning of the 9th, and commenced to hammer the defences.
Four guns soon demolished the parapet, and a storming party
blew open the gate, and entered. They were assailed by a party
of Arabs who were all killed, with but small loss on our
side.
On the ]7th (having been detained by rain), we rjoarched ten
miles, passed Chandore, and descended a gbaut.
" On the 19th, marched fourteen miles over a wild country,
crossed the Geernah — a large and deep river — and encamped at
Angara.
" On the 20th, army moved through cotton ground, full of
ravines for ten miles, crossed another branch of the Geernah, and
encamped near Cashtee and Dablee.
"On the 21st, after passing through two hills at eastern
extremity of a range, we encamped within three miles of fort of
Galnah, eighty-seven north-west of Aurungabad. This fort
stands on a single hill, not very high (about 600 feet), but
steep and rocky. It is fortified all round. On the pettah or
east side, where the bill is most slanting, there are two good
walls of masonry. There are several works on the pettab side,
through which is the only gateway, with stone steps leading up
to it, and some also in east face to counteract the effects of a
small hill. The ascent is everywhere steep and difficult, and
walls strong. On the summit there is a smooth space 500 x 400
yards, and 100 feet above the upper walls.
"On 22nd October, Lieutenant-Colonel Coleman stormed the
pettah, and approaches at 3 a.m. The small hill on the east
* Lientenant-Colonel Wallace wrote as follows to Colonel Close, resident at
Poena, regarding capture of Chandore : " To Major Campbell, H.M.'s 94th, my
thanks are particularly due for the successful and judicious attack made by him
on the advanced posts of the enemy, on the morning of the 10th, and to Captain
Johnson, of Bombay Engineers, for the activity and professional knowledge
displayed by him on that and every occasion "
1804.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 397
was taken possession of by a party under Captain Welsh, and
Colonel Coleman entered the pettah about daybreak without
opposition. A breaching battery was now erected a short dis-
tance west of the pettah. Our battery, of eight guns, opened
fire on morning of 24th, and played all day on two spots in
north-west face, the one a salient, the other a re-entering
angle."
" In the latter a breach was effected by sunset, but the former
resisted the shot so completely, that the Artillery were obliged
to take a new object for next day."
" Two artillerymen (followed by Captain Fisher, Bombay Artil-
lery, and two more men) examined the breach this night. They
pronounced it quite impracticable. They were fired at, and
one wounded, when they all rolled to the bottom of the hill,
much bruised and with a quantity of thorns sticking in them,
but otherwise unhurt, with the exception of the man first shot,
who was sent to hospital ; but he was not found to be mortally
wounded, although he had two balls in his body."
" On the 25th, our guns opened on a new spot, and played
till 1 1 A.M., when both breaches were reported assailable, and
two storming parties were prepared. The Grenadiers were to
storm the right, and the Light Infantry the left, under Colonel
Coleman. Just as they were starting, the Killadar hung out
flags of truce, and requested a cessation of two hours, when they
would evacuate the place, or we should commence again. At the
conclusion of these two hours, our batteries reopened ; this soon
brought a messenger down, with a promise to surrender the
lower gate at gunfire next morning The next day at dawn,
the Killadar came down, and we took possession of the outer
gate.
"We found 100 guns and swivels mounted on the works, and
a large quantity of grain.
" Our loss was only one killed and ten wounded, but several
had narrow escapes, as their marksmen hit Colonel Coleman, the
398 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1804-5.
indefatigable Johnson (Bombay Engineers), and one or two
other officers, without causing any serious injury."
"Our army now moved round to the pettah side, while the
Pioneers were employed in making a road for our battering
guns."
The breaches were repaired, and a garrison left in Galnah.
The army marched on 3rd November, leaving heavy guns and
stores behind.
On the 5th, it reached river Paunjur, and, keeping along its
banks, arrived at Cowtullah, near Sonegeer, forty miles from
Galnah, about the 13th.
Colonel Wallace returned before the close of the year 1804,
with the head-quarters of Poona subsidiary force to Poona.
In February 1805, a detachment of Pioneers formed a part
of a brigade sent from Hydrabad to join Poona subsidiary force,
under Colonel Wallace, at Ahmednugger ; and a detachement
was also employed this year on field-service, under Colonel
Doveton, in Candeish and Berar.
It was on 3rd September this year, that Government deter-
mined to make provision for the families of native officers and
soldiers killed in action.
The half-pay of their rank was to be paid to the nearest heir,
and to be continued during her life if the nearest heir was a
woman.
In December 180S, the 2nd battalion of Pioneers served with
a force under Colonel John Montresor, in the Wynaad. During
that month, they had a series of small engagements, from the
9th to the 15th, at Chunveratta, Naduvenaad, and Chavacherry,
when one pioneer was wounded.
In August 1804., the same battalion was employed under
Lieutenant-Colonel Darley, in an attack on the Pollums of
Poloor Droog, amongst the Javadie hills. In this service, the
force lost four killed and twenty-three wounded ; the losses of the
Pioneers being one killed and one wounded. Thev were also
1805-6.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 399
present at the capture of the fort of Bunjari, on 27th August.
In December of the same year, they were engaged with a detach-
ment under Lieutenant- Colonel Moneypenny, in an attack on
the Poligars of Chittoor. This service ended in March 1805,
by the capture of the Raja ; and bis execution put an end to the
troubles in that part of the country. Our losses were only four
killed, and four wounded.
In January 1805, the Court of Directors determined to
" appoint twenty-eight cadets for our artillery and engineers in
India, who will receive their education at the Royal Military
Academy at Woolwich."
On 22nd January 1805, Captain Bagshaw was appointed to
command 1st battalion of Pioneers, vice Heitland. Beyond that
mentioned above, there appears to have been no military service
of consequence in 1805 ; but in January 1806, Captain Bagshaw
requested that the sick with him might have field allowances, in
consideration of their having suffered much in Cotiote and
Wynaad, and stated that he and the remainder were in constant
readiness for field-service.
A short time before this, a "detachment of 1st Pioneers, con-
sisting of 2 jemadars, 2 havildars, 2 naigues, and 105 privates
and 1 puckally, — total 112 — were ordered to march into tlie
Wynaad, to join Lieutenant Blakiston, to furnish all the posts
and buildings required in Wynaad. These, with the party
previously in Wynaad, and those recently ordered from Seringa-
patam, will give him 300 at all times for duty."
While in Wynaad, Lieutenant Blakiston was concerned in an
expedition to capture one of the proscribed rebels, Karvery
Allery. Lieutenant Colonel Hill was commanding. Having
heard that the rebel was only one coss distant from camp, he
divided his force into three parts —one under himself, second
under Lieutenant Blakiston, and third under Lieutenant Walker.
The rebel was surprised, but managed to escape in the darkness;
his wile and four of his cliildren were, however, secured. Five
400 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1806.
privates of 4th Native Infantry and four of Police Corps, were
wounded by arrows.
On the 11th March 1806, "the Government, in consideration
of the laborious nature of the duties upon which the Pioneers
were frequently employed," issued an order that the Corps should
at all times be entitled to full batta.
In June 1806, it was decided that captains commanding the
2nd battalions of Pioneers should draw the batta of major, but
they were to cease to draw additioual pay of Pioneer officers
At this time, the officers commanding were Captains Bagshaw
and Fitzpatrick.
Up to April 1806, a company of Madras Pioneers remained
under the orders of Colonel Wallace, at Poona. In a general
order by that officer on the oth of that month, he directed
" that 1st battalion 2nd, 2nd battalion 3rd, and 1st battalion 8th,
with the company of Madras Pioneers, will march together under
orders of Lieutenant- Colonel Chalmers, from Poona, by Hurry-
hur, to Chittledroog, where they will receive further orders
from head-quarters."
1806.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 401
CHAPTER XV.
The mutiny at Vellore. — Colonel Gillespie's report. — Gillespie thanks Blakiston.
Principal conspirators executed. — Blakiston posted to Bangalore. — Captain
George Johnstone. — Engineer Corps in 1809. — Pier proposed at Madras. —
Attack on the Resident of Travnacore. — Fighting at Quilon. — Troops ordered
to Travancore. — Battle of Quilon. — Capture of Arambooly lines. — Army
marches for the interior. — Action near Xagracoile. — Army reaches Trevan-
drum. — Chalmers defeats enemy at Kilhanore. — The Dewan commits
suicide, and hie brother and friends are hanged. — Occupation of the Mauritius
resolved on. — Capture of St. Paul's, Bourbon. — St. Paul's abandoned. —
Attack on Bourbon. — Reinforcements arrive at Rodrigues.— Capture of
Bourbon. — Attack on the Isle of Passe. — Capture of the Isle of Passe. —
Defences entrusted to Davies. — Davies wounded at Grand Port. — The French
capture Windham and Ceylon, East-Indiamen. — Astell, East Indiaman,
escapes. — French make their way into Grand Port. — Windham recaptured
by boats from Sirius. — Captains Pym and Willoughby attack the French
ships in the harbour. — Captain Willoughby dreadfully woimded. — Garrison
at Isle of Passe compelled to surrender. — Lieutenant Davies taken prisoner.
— Bourbon blockaded. — Blakiston and C. E. Trapaud at Bourbon. — Several
deaths on the march from extreme heat. — Surrender of Mauritius.
In 1806, the only occurrence of great interest was the Mutiny
at Vellore. I propose to describe this at some length, as
Lieutenant Blakiston, Madras Engineers, was engaged under
Colonel Gillespie in the relief of the garrison.
Early in the morning of 10th July, the native troops rose
against the Europeans, consisting of two companies of H.M.'s
69th. The attack was quiet unexpected, and the hour about
3 A.M. The British troops maintained possession of the barracks
26
402 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1806.
for a considerable time, exposed to a heavy fire ; when this
position became untenable, a part escaped to the ramparts, and
retained possession of the Fort for several hours after all the
combatant ofiicers had been killed or disabled, and after their am-
munition was exhausted. Colonel Gillespie, at Arcot (distant six-
teen miles), heard of the attack at 6 a.m. Putting himself at head
of a squadron of 19th Dragoons, and a troop of Native cavalry, he
galloped to Vellore ; the remainder of the cavalry followed with
guns, under Lieutenant- Colonel Kennedy. Colonel Gillespie
effected a junction by being hauled up the wall. The second de-
tachment reached Vellore at 10 a.m. The mutineers directed their
powerful force to the defence of the interior gate. The gate was
burst open by cannon-shot; (Lieutenant Blakiston, of the En-
gineers, accompanied the dragoons, and was highly applauded by
Gillespie for his judgment in laying the gun by which the gate
was burst open). A combined attack followed, which ended in the
complete dispersion of the insurgents, and restoration of the fort.
Eight hundred of the mutineers fell in the attack, and 500 were
made prisoners in Vellore and other places to which they had fled.
The number of Europeans massacred was 113 — among them
Colonel Fancourt, and thirteen other officers.
The following account of the affair was given by Surgeon
Jones, and Assistant-Surgeon John Dean, who were present.
" The following gentlemen having been previously alarmed by
a heavy fire of musketry, met accordingly at the house of
Lieutenant Ewing, Jst Native Infantry, at half-past 3 : —
69th : Captain Machlaclan.
Lieutenant Mitchell.
„ Boby.
„ Jenaur.
1st Native Infantry :
Lieutenant and Adjutant Ewing.
Lieutenant Cutcliffe (desperately wounded.)
Mr. Surgeon Jones.
1806.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 403
23rd Native Infantry :
Assistant Surgeant Dean.
Sergeant Brady, 69th.
"Lieutenant Ewing having previously received the arms and
ammunition of one naigue and three sepoys (the guard over
battalion-books at his house), everyone prepared for being
attacked.
" In a quarter of an hour, an attack was made by a strong party
of sepoys, in front of the house. After a sharp fire on both
sides, they retired, none of us having received any injury.
" On consideration it appeared desirable to retire to the house
of Mr. Surgeon Jones (adjoining) as being more capable of
defence, the doors, &c., being better secured. This was
immediately done. At the time of our quitting Lieutenant
Ewing's house, Sergeant Brady was requested to go and
endeavour to procure information of what was going on ; and
on his return an hour after, he brought us the lamentable account
of the murder of every European on the different guards ; of
the Mysore flag being hoisted; of the European officers,
together with the commandant of the garrison, being killed;
many men in the European barracks killed and wounded by two
6-pounders, and musketry keeping up a continued fire on them ;
and the whole fort appeared to him to be in possession of the
insurgents.
" About 7 A.M., Lieutenant Mitchell, H.M.'s 69th, left the party
to endeavour to make his way to the barracks, or to the house
of Captain Barrow, the senior officer of the regiment. Nothing
had been heard since our retreat to this house, but confused
shouting and constant heavy firing of guns and musketry in
different parts of the fort.
" In this state of anxious suspense did we remain till 8 a.m.,
when a strong party attacked the rear of the house, and broke
the door of the room in which we were posted to receive them.
After having exchanged fires, judging any further opposition
26 *
404 MILITAEY HISTOKl OF THE [1606.
fruitless, we retreated to the European barracks by the front of
the house, the insurgents still keeping up a fire on our rear
during the retreat. On our entering the barracks they were
found in the greatest confusion, every man sheltering himself
in the best way he was able from the shot which were frequently
fired from the guns placed to command the ranges of the cots.
Many men lay killed and wounded. We here found Lieutenant
Mitchell. Having a short time debated what was best to be
done (Captain Maclachlan, as senior officer, taking command) it
was determined to sally out from the windows opposite the
Parcherry, and to gain the adjoining ramparts. Tt was found
the men had been originally provided with only six rounds of
ball-cartridges; many of these had been expended duriug the
morning. At the bottom of the rampart was a small magazine
for European stores. All the ball-cartridges had been taken
out by the insurgents, and nothing left but a few blank ones, of
which some were taken. Having climbed up the face of the
rampart under a heavy fire of musketry, we took post in a
bastion near at hand to collect the men. We then advanced to
dislodge the insurgents (in considerable force) from the north-
east cavalier, which was accomplished, but with the loss of
Captain Maclachlan's further services (he having received a
severe wound through the thigh), as also of several men.
On our way to the attack of the cavalier, we were joined by
Captain Barrow, 69th, who then took command. A party
having been left at the cavalier, we proceeded along the
ramparts, under a constant heavy fire of musketry, to take
possession of the gateway, which was efi"ected. Wishing to
ascertain if the gate was open, we proceeded below, but found it
locked, and a 6-pounder placed opposite to it for its defence.
The fire from the palace at this time was extremely heavy.
Many men fell, and Lieutenant Mitchell was severely wounded
by a musket-shot in the arm. There being no ammunition with
the 6-pounder, it was suffered to remain, and the party stationed
1806.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 405
over the gateway was ordered to prevent its falling into the hands
of the insurgents. The men at this time had hardly a ball-
cartridge remaining. To attack the arsenal was deemed
impracticable, and the only remaining cliance of getting
ammunition was by attempting to gain possession of the Grand
Magazine.
" The main body of the detachment proceeded with Captain
Barrow to carry the bastion and cavalier at south-east face of
the fort which lay in our way to the flag-staff and magazine,
and was there defended by a strong party of insurgents.
" In advancing, Captain Barrow fell by a musket-shot passing
through both his legs. There then remained no officer (except
Mr. Surgeon Jones and Mr. Assistant-Surgeon Dean) to carry
tlie plan into execution, who, leading on the party, carried the
cavalier and bastion, but with the loss of several men.
" The insurgents chiefly fled into the body of the fort, but many
posted themselves in the gateway of the granary. These were
destroyed bv a party sent down from the ramparts for the
purpose. The party soon arrived at the flag-stafl", and were
much annoyed by a fire from the pettah on the opposite side of
the ditch, and from the gardens in the fort. A soldier, in
attempting to take down the Mysore flag, was shot from the
pettah. A very heavy fire being kept up, and the men falling
fast, no time was to be lost in proceeding to the magazine,
which having been burst open, to our general disappointment
nothing but loose powder could be obtained. The men at this
time wished to proceed towards, and attack the sepoy barracks,
which was instantly opposed. Our numbers being very much
reduced, added to the disappointment of not getting ammunition,
it became our principal object to return, and keep possession of
the gateway and cavaliers until the arrival of a relief, which we
had hopes of soon seeing.
" On our return from the magazine, the Mysore flag was taken
down by two men, who requested to volunteer for the occasion,
406 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE dflOB.
viz. Sergeant MacManus and Philip Bottom, H.M.'s 69th,
under a heavy fire from the pettah, and fort. We returned to
the cavaliers, and gateway, having left a strong party at the
cavalier and hastion on south-east face for their defence.
" Soon after our return, a party of cavalry were descried
approaching the fort.
" Every credit is due to the soldiers for their obedient,
steady, and spirited conduct, aftey they had been deprived of
their own officers in leading them on. These, gentlemen, are
the chief occurrences that happened till the arrival of the
cavalry."
(Signed) " John Jones, Surgeon.
„ " John Dean, Assistant-Surgeon.
" Vellore. July 27. 1806.'''
Colonel Gillespie wrote as follows : —
" Colonel Gillespie begs to state in a summary manner to
His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief the sentiments he
entertains of the meritorious conduct of the troops under his
command, as well as that of the remains of the 69th, who
composed the garrison.
" To H.M.'s 19th Dragoons, and the whole of the cavalry at
Arcot, too much praise cannot be given, and in particular to
the advanced squadron under Captain Young, conducted by
Colonel Gillespie in person, and supported by a strong troop
of 7th Native Cavalry, under Lieutenant Woodhouse. To
those troops, he cannot sufficiently express his thanks for the
alacrity, promptitude and gallantry with which they obeyed
his orders on that perilous morning, in executing the necessary
manoeuvres they were employed on, antecedent to the attack
on the fortress.
" To the officers of 69th, who in the early part of the
insurrection assembled their men to make head against the
barbarous enemy who were attacking them on all sides, too much
praise cannot be given; and Colonel Gillespie has particularly
1808.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 407
to regret that the gallant exertions of Captains Barrow and
Maclachlan, Lieutenants Mitchell and Gullet, and the other
wounded officers, were so soon lost to the regiment, from those
officers being unfortunately disabled early in the day. The
remains of this valuablecorps fought gallantly for several hours
without an officer, and the Colonel begs leave to express his
admiration at their undaunted resolution. Colonel Gillespie
here recurs with much satisfaction to the good conduct of
Doctors Jones and Dean, whom he himself observed as he ap-
proached the gates exerting themselves with muskets in their
hands. He also understands that early in the morning Lieu-
tenant Ewing, 1st Native Infantry, behaved in a manner highly
meritorious in assembling various straggling bodies of Euro-
peans, and encouraging them to make a vigorous defence. Colonel
Gillespie feels particularly obliged to Lieutenant Blakiston, of
the Engineers, for the prompt and effectual manner in which he
applied the guns of the 19th Dragoons to the gate ; as well as
for his unremitting perseverance, and exertions in almost every
capacity during this arduous service. Colonel Gillespie cannot
but consider himself highly indebted to Captain Skelton, of 19th
Dragoons, for the gallant manner in which he headed the rapid,
and effective charge of the advanced squadron into the body of the
place. To Lieutenant-Colonel Kennedy and officers and men of
19th, to Captains Mason and Doveton, with officers and men of
their respective corps. Colonel Gillespie returns his most
sincere thanks for their prompt and effectual assistance. Colonel
Gillespie cannot help mentioning in terms of the highest appro-
bation Sergeant Brady and the remains of the 69th Regiment,
who so bravely followed him in the sally from the rampart, and
drove the enemy from their lurking-places previous to the charge
of the cavalry.
" In a detail of this nature it would be the height of injustice
in Colonel Gillespie to overlook the very conspicuous merits
and unremitting exertions of Lieutenant-Colonel Forbes, to
408 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1806.
whose judicious conduct in taking possession of the hill-fort
too much praise cannot he given.
" Lastly, Colonel Gillespie considers it his duty thus puhlicly
to acknowledge the obligations he is under to Captain Wilson,
19th Dragoons. That officer, who accompanied him as his
aide-de camp the whole day, acted immediately under his eye,
and was of great use and assistance to him, as well from his
good understanding, as personal bravery.
" Colonel Gillespie assures His Excellency the Commander-in-
Chief that the promptitude and valour displayed by all the troops
on this occasion, will remain indelibly impressed upon his
memory to the last hour of his existence."
One month's pay was presented to each of the non-commis-
sioned officers and privates of 19th Dragoons who were present
at Vellore. To all the Native commissioned officers of
cavalry a gold medal was presented, and a silver to each non-
commissioned officer and private who accompanied the party of
troops to Vellore on 10th July.
The Commander-in-Chief remarked in his despatch regarding
this matter that, " Colonel Gillespie's party were enabled to per-
form a deed that demands the gratitude of India " ; and in con-
sideration of Colonel Gillespie's gallant conduct, he was appointed
to the control of the whole of the cavalry, 200 pagodas a month
being allotted to the appointment. Colonel Gillespie's detach-
ment took charge of the whole of the Mysore princes, and
marched them to Madras. On arrival, the detachment encamped
at the Race Stand, two miles west of the Mount, on 29th
August, and next day proceeded to the beach to embark the
Princes for Bengal.
After the embarkation, the Horse Artillery returned to the
Mount. The 69th occupied barracks in the fort; 19th
Dragoons, with detachment of cavalry and infantry, returned to
the Race Stand, halted there for three days, and then returned
to their stations.
REFEJIENCE
I Mva/ui do
g jiUmMi'i^s in/ C
offfie
FOBTBESSoF l^LLORE .
A Of/iteni- Quiirter^ .
B /ia.yfun m whuA
Euycpearu- /irst b/o, ^
C¥cr2h Fius-t Ga/alier
D The Cra^tiva^
£ South Ea<siCava.7;,e,
1906.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 409
At the time of the mutiny at Vellore in 1806, Blakiston was
in charge of the works at Vellore, Chittoor, and Arcot. Vellore
was his head-quarters, and it was only a sudden call to inspect
some of his works at Arcot that took him off from Vellore a day
or two before the catastrophe.
He did not hear of the business till some time after
Gillespie had set off to Vellore, but he joined the 19th on the
march, and came up with the guns as they were approaching the
gateway. The colonel ordered the artillery sergeant to blow the
gate open. Blakiston, observing that he did not know how to
do this, ventured to give an opinion, and Colonel Gillespie at
once put the guns under his orders.
He directed the sergeant to load without shot, and use it as a
petard ; but finding it already loaded with shot, he was directed
to discharge the piece at the point where the bolt might be
expected. This was done, and the gate was burst open.
Colonel Gillespie then informed him that he would descend,
and gave orders that in a few minutes the cavalry should gallop into
the fort. The number of sepoys slain was very great ; 800 bodies
were carried out of fort, besides those who were killed outside.
The strength of the sepoy battalion in Vellore was 1,600 men.
Not more than 900 were killed A great part of those who
escaped were afterwards apprehended.
A large number were tried by court-martial ; most of them
were liberated after being confined for some months, but nine-
teen of the principal conspirators were executed at Vellore, — some
by hanging, some by being shot, and some by being blown away
from guns.
A few months after, Blakiston was ordered to Bangalore in
consideration of his services at Vellore, and was ordered to fix
on a site, and prepare plans for a new cantonment.
In less than a year, he completed barracks for two regiments
of Europeans, five regiments of Natives, and Artillery, besides
hospitals, &c.
410 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1806
He remained at Bangalore for about three years. On one
occasion the workmen engaged on his buildings struck for an
advance of wages. Ele remonstrated with them, and asked
whether he had not always regarded their interests as his own.
" It is true," said one, advancing from the crowd, " master has
always been a father to us, and more than a father, for he has
been to us as a mother also ; but the child must cry before the
mother thinks of offering its breast."
In the year 1800, Captain George Johnstone, of the Madras
Engineers, was dismissed from the Company's service under such
strange circumstances that they are worthy of record in some detail.
In January 1800, Captain Johnstone was ordered from Ganjam
to Masulipatam, and he accordingly entered into an engagement
with certain boat-owners to carry his baggage to Masulipatam
for 350 rupees. They received an advance of 310 rupees, and
the balance of 40 rupees was to be paid on their arrival at
Masulipatam They promised, in consideration of this money,
to proceed immediately, and direct to Masulipatam, and said they
would easily be in in four or five days. Instead, however, of going
direct to Masulipatam, they proceeded to Sonapore, Bimlipatam,
Vizagapatam, and Coringa, staying some time at each port, and
at Coringa as much as eight days. In fact, they made a trading
voyage of it down the coast. Captain Johnstone was thus not
only put to much inconvenience by the want of bis baggage,
but suffered considerable loss by his boxes of books and clothes,
&c. being wet through, and his furniture considerably broken,
w^hile the damage done to Mrs. Johnstone's clothes was very
great. Three packages were also delivered short. On learning
all this, Captain Johnstone applied to Mr. Denton, master
attendant, to stop tlie boats till he could see Mr. Reid, the
collector, with the view of getting the men punished Mr. Reid,
it appears, was not at Masulipatam at the time, and Captain
Johnstone awaited his return. Meantime the boat-people com-
plained to Mr. Corbett, commercial resident, who ordered the
1806.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 411
master attendant to let them go without even a reference to Cap-
tain Johnstone, and the first news Captain Johnstone had of this
was by one of his own servants informing him that they were
going down the river. Captain Johnstone immediately sent to
Mr. Denton, and inquired why he had let them go. He replied
it was by order of Mr. Corbett. Mr. Denton was again written
to, and asked to come up to Captain Johnstone's house for a
minute, on which he replied that " if Captain Johnstone wanted
to speak to him he might come to his house, as he was not his
servant." On receipt of this message. Captain Johnstone wrote
the following letter to Mr. Corbett : —
" Sir,
" Having met the height of imposition in some people
who brought my baggage from Gaujam, and some of it being
deficient, I requested Mr. Denton, beach master, to stop them
going awav till I could see Mr. Reid. I am just informed that
these people are off with their boats, and am likewise informed
that it was by your orders to Mr. Denton they are gone I am
not inclined to believe such an indelicacy on your part could
take place, and shall be glad if you will give me a line of
information on the subject.
" I am, &c.
(Signed) " Geo. Johnstone.
"25th January J 800."
To this Mr. Corbett sent the following reply : —
" Sir,
'* Some Ganjara boat-people complained to me that they were
prevented from sailing, and that you had taken their provisions,
and effects. I inquired of Mr. Denton why he suflfered any
person to detain vessels in the port, and that his duty was to
give a clearance on application, and that no vessel must be
detained but bv particular order on regular complaint being
lodged, and that he would be held responsible for all consequences.
What you may deem indelicacy, I deem my duty. Query: If it
had been an European vessel which the master attendant had
412 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1806.
taken upon himself to detain, and she had been lost in con-
sequence ? Mr. Denton did not inform me that you had spoken
to him on the business.
" I am, &c.
(Signed) "Vincentio Corbett.
"25th January 1800."
It is evident that Mr. Corbett behaved in a very improper
manner He should certainly have informed Captain Johnstone,
and asked him his reasons for detaining them, but he did neither,
and at once took a step decidedly in favour of the boat-people.
On receipt of this letter, Captain Johnstone became very
angry, and wrote the following note : —
"Sir,
" Your specious pretence of duty to cloak the indelicacy
of your behaviour convinces me in the opinion that I ever had,
that you are a contemptible wretch, and deserve to be treated
and proclaimed a scoundrel, and such you shall meet from me.
" Yours,
(Signed) " Geo. Johnstone."
Mr. Corbett made a complaint to Colonel Urban Vigors, com-
mnnding the Northern Division, and asked for protection. He
concludes his letter to Colonel Vigors as follows :—" It will, I
make no doubt, appear to you, I am called to account, abused,
and threatened to be ill-treated, for issuing an order in the port,
with a view to prevent oppression too often exercised over the
poor and helpless, by individuals."
Captain Johnstone was ordered under arrest for writing an
abusive, insulting, and menacing note to Mr. Corbett, whilst in
the exercise of his public duty as Commercial Resident, on 28th
January 1800.
On 23rd February. Captain Johnstone was induced to write a
letter of apology to Mr. Corbett, and promised in it to be more
guarded in his conduct towards him. Thereupon Mr. Corbett
withdrew his complaint ; and on 6th March, the Governor-in-
1806.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 413
Council, in consideration of the atonement made by Captain
Johnstone, suspended his intention of removing Captain John-
stone from the Honourable Company's service ; but at the same
time expressed his most pointed disapprobation of Captain
Johnstone's conduct.
Captain Johnstone was released from his arrest on the
morning of 16th March, and appears to have at once pro-
ceeded to Mr. Corbett's house. He found Mr. Corbett
and Captain Malcolm sitting in the verandah, and addressed
Mr. Corbett thus : " I have found you at last, you scoundrel,"
and made a stroke at him with a whip. Mr. Corbett warded off
the stroke, and Captain Johnstone, repeated the attempt to strike,
and touched him on the side. Captain Malcolm then got
between them. Mr. Corbett went into his writing-room,
and called for his peons, but none were present. On Mr.
Corbett calling for his peons, Captain Johnstone drew his
sword, and declared that if any man attempted to lay hold of
him, he would run him through the body. He then made use
of some very opprobrious language to Mr. Corbett, walked
downstairs, mounted his horse, and rode away. There were five
or six black writers present at this affair, who heard and wit-
nessed all that happened.
Captain Johnstone was tried by court-martial —
Ist. For an unoflBcer-like and disrespectful violation of the
Civil authority vested by the Right Honourable the
Goveruor-in-Council in the Commercial Resident at
Masulipitam, by using gross and scandalous expres-
sions of menace and threat ; deterring that otiicer
from the execution of his public duty, and thereby
tending to subvert subordination, discipline, and
the constituted authorities of Government.
2nd. For behaving in a scandalous, infamous manner, such
as is unbecoming the character of an officer and a
gentleman, in entering the house of the Commercial
Resident at Masulipatam, Mr. Vincentio Corbett, on
414 MILITARY HI3T0EY OP THE ti806.
16th March IftOO, and in striking and otherwise
maltreating that gentleman, notwithstanding he, the
said Captain Johnstone, in a written apology
addressed hy him to Mr. Corbett, the Commercial
Kesident, dated 23rd February 1800, had acknow-
ledged his violent conduct (stated in the first charge)
to have been unprovoked, and had pledged his honour
for the future to be more guarded in his conduct,
public and private, towards him, the said Commer-
cial Resident.
Captain Johnstone was found guilty of the first charge, but
acquitted of the far more serious second charge ; nevertheless,
he was dismissed from the Company's service.
"(The court-martial having taken into consideration some cir-
cumstances which appear on the defence of the prisoner. Captain
Johnstone, of the Engineers, from which they are induced to
believe that the assault he committed on the Commercial Resi-
dent, Mr. Corbett, on the 16th March, was not premeditated,
but the effect of a sudden passion or temporary derangement :
under this impression, and adverting to the long and active
services of Captain Johnstone, the Court consider him as a
proper object of recommendation to Government."
The Government forwarded a letter from Captain Johnstone
to the Court of Directors, explained the circumstances of the case,
and further allowed him to draw the pay of a Captain of En-
gineers till an opportunity should offer for his return to Europe.
The circumstances mentioned by the Court in their recom-
mendation to Government cannot be precisely ascertained, as
the proceedings of the court-martial are not to be found amongst
the Government records ; but Captain Johnstone, in a letter to
the Governor-in-Council, after the trial, attributes the matter
not being settled at first to the " malicious conduct of Colonel
Vigors, who, instead of using his endeavours to accommodate,
did by every possible means make it worse, and added personal
. [isofl. MADEAS ENGINEEES. 4l5
abuse and insult to make me feel my hard situation the more."
He also accuses him of " neglect of duty of a man in public
station, and whose actions were guided entirely by personal
pique."
Johnstone did not rest satisfied with his dismissal, and letters
from him remonstrating against the severe treatment meted out
to him can be traced in the records up to 1809. In spite of his
dismisal from the Company's service, he obtained an Ensigncy
in H.M.'s 34th Regiment, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant.
In 1801, Johnstone applied for permission to purchase an
1- nsigncy in the Scotch Brigade. Government appear to have
refused his application, as also to allow him to publish the pro-
ceedings of the court-martial.
In 1803, the Court, although they declined to restore him to
the service, consented to grant him a pension as if he had
retired from the service.
Johnstone, however, refused this, as he had " nothing so much
at heart as the desire of being restored to rank and situation in
that service in which he had served for sixteen years, and in
which his father, two uncles, and five of his other relatives had
served and fallen."
Early in 1804 we find him an Ensign in H.M.'s 34th Regi-
ment, protesting against his dismissal by the Court as being
irregular, the court-martial not being competent.
In 1805, he had an interview with the Commander-in-Chief,
Lieutenant-General Sir John Cradock (afterwards LordHowden),
and sent in all his objections to the court-martial. The whole
of these papers were forwarded to the Court of Directors. John-
stone complained that the suppression of certain letters inter-
cepted from the Commander-in-Chief a distinct and clear view
of the transaction. These letters were very material to the
defence, as showing the circumstances under which Mr. Corbett
obtained the apology, which apology the court-martial seemed to
consider as an aggravation of his (Johnstone's) conduct.
416 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE tieoe.
Johnstone, it appears, objected more than once to the apology
as one to which he could not assent, inasmuch as it implied
absence of all provocation on the part of Mr. Corbett, and when
he did subscribe it, he acted under the influence of apprehen-
sion that he had already incurred the displeasure of Government.
When he signed the apology, he conceived that the affair was
then at an end, and the apology to be a full and final expiation
of all that had passed. His subsequent violent conduct was
caused by the irritation he felt when he learnt that proceedings
were still pursued against him for an ofi*ence for which he sup-
posed there had been a complete amnesty. In this Mr. Corbett
appears to have been aided and abetted by Colonel Vigors.
The Commander-in-Chief states on this, that " if he had been
on the court-martial he would not have dreamt of dismissing
Captain Johnstone."
In January 1809, we find Johnstone still in Madras, as a
Lieutenant of H.M.'s 34th Regiment, and on the J 8th, he
addressed the Military Secretary to Goverument, receiviug on
the 24th a reply, conveying the sentiments of the Governor-in-
Council on his letter, in reply and explanation to the Military
Secretary. On the same day. Lieutenant Johnstone forwarded
the following reply : —
" To Major Barclay, Military Secretary.
" Sir,
" I have been duly honoured with your letter of 24th
instant, enclosing one from Mr. Secretary Strachey, conveying
to me, by order of the Go vernor-in- Council, their sentiments on
my letter in reply and explanation to you of 1 8th January. I
conceive that the same rule obtains for my replying to as
receiving communications from the Governor-iu-Council.
" When an insult was ofiered to me by returning my letter of
just complaint for neglect of duty which I had made against the
Chief Secretary to Government, I thought it incumbent on me
to reply in explanation. I respect myself too much to off"er
intentional disrespect to any person, but certainly those persons
180T-9.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 417
who could offer an insult to the King (whose servant I am) by
declaring His Majesty's Commission, which I have the honour
to hold, a sufficient and sole cause to remove me from a public
staff appointment in the army on this establishment, are not
entitled to be respected by me.
"I am thoroughly aware of the power of the Honourable the
Governor-in-Council to represent my conduct to the Honourable
Court of Directors in any point of view they may think proper;
and such representations being unknown to me in particulars, I
have no opportunity of vindicating my conduct from whatever
may be advanced against me. I have already suffered greatly
by such representations, and I leave the liberal and honourable
mind to judge of the justice of such proceedings. Experience
has proved to me on several instances that in such communica-
tions with the Honourable Court little attention has been paid to
the dictates of justice.
(Signed) " Geo. Johnstone,
" Lieutenant H.M.'s 34th Regiment."
" Madras, 29th January 1809."
I have not been able to find anything further in the records
regarding George Johnstone. The 1st battalion H.M.'s 34th,
to which Johnstone belonged, served in India from 1803 to
1826.
During the year 1807 and 1808 nothing of any consequence
in a military sense occurred, so far as the Indian armies were
concerned.
At the commencement of 1809, the Corps consisted of the
following : —
Colonel Trapaud. Captain Farquhar.
Lieutenant Colonel Norris. „ R. Fotheringham.
Lieutenant- Colonel Lennon. „ Cleghorne.
Major Mackenzie. „ De Havilland.
Major Caldwell. „ Cotgrave.
Captain Blair. „ J. Fotheringham.
27
418 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1808-9.
Captain H. Torriano. Lieutenant Blakiston.
„ T. Fraser. „ Eussell.
Lieutenant Ravenshaw. „ Macintosh.
„ Arthur. „ Milbourne.
„ Garrard. „ Monteith.
In June 1808, a Mr. Greig proposed to construct a pier at
Madras. It would appear that this was not the first time the
subject had been brought forward, for the Chief Engineer
remarks, " No plans were submitted by him ; but should they be
the same as proposed before, I have my doubts of its success."
Mr. Greig's proposals were declined by the Government.
In 1808, the Dewan of Travancore (Paliathu Menon) began
to conspire, with the object of turning the English out of
Travancore.
On 28th December, at midnight, an attack was made by about
1,000 Nairs (headed by the Dewan's confidential friend,
Pulpnabha Pillay, aided by the minister of the Rajah of Cochin)
on the house of the Resident (Colonel Macaulay) at Cochin.
With the aid of a Portuguese clerk, he managed to conceal
himself in a lower apartment of the house.
The assailants plundered tbe house, but did not succeed in
finding Colonel Macaulay.
In the morning, a vessel appeared in sight with British troops,
and the ruflBans retreated. A boat was procured and the
Resident was shortly on board the British vessel.
The morning after this outrage, Colonel Chalmers, command-
ing at Quilon,* received news that a large body of armed men
had assembled round the Dewan's house. He at once ordered
his troops to be ready to attack them.
He, shortly after, heard that a body of armed Nairs had
assembled at Paroor, a few miles south. Captain Clapham was
despatched to take post on a height commanding the Dewan's
* Lieutenant Arthur, of Engineers, was stationed at Quilon,
1909] MADEAS EKGINEEES. 419
house. The Nairs attacked ; when they were within ten paces,
Captain Clapham gave orders to fire. The fire was returned ;
but the enemy, after several attempts, were obliged to retire.
Next day Major Hamilton took possession of a battery at the
Dewan's house He was then ordered to push on to Anjuricha
to intercept the enemy. He dispersed them, but they subsequently
returned, and Major Hamilton retired within the lines of the
cantonments. At first, in spite of the attempt made on the life
of the Resident, the Madras Government thought of conciliatory
measures, but on hearing of the attack on the troops at Quilon
negotiations were abandoned for arms.
Troops were ordered to advance on Travancore in various
directions. Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur St. Leger, Madras
Cavalry, was to advance from the East ; Lieutenant-Colonel
Cuppage, from the north (with this latter force was Lieutenant
Ravenshaw, Madras Engineers). Colonel Wilkinson commanding
a detachment in the south country was to reinforce the army in
Travancore, if found necessary, and Lieutenant- Colonel Chalmers
commanded the force at Quilon.
On 15th January 1809, at 6 a.m , the Dewan's troops advanced
in force at Quilon, and Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmers ordered
his line to advance in two columns.
The force at Quilon consisted of H.M.'s 12th, and four Native
Infantry Regiments, 1st battalion of 2nd, 2nd of 13th, 2nd of
18th, and 1st of 4th, with four guns. Lieutenant .Arthur,
engineer. The whole force was encamped to the east of the
Bazars, parallel to the sea-shore, and at a distance of about a
mile from it, fronting north-east.
They thus practically commanded all the roads from the
south and east The right wing was under the command of
Lieutenant-Colonel Picton, the left being under Lieutenant-
Colonel Chalmers
There were at first three separate bodies of the enemy
advancing — the first from the south-east on the road from
27 •
420 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1809.
Ithkerry ; the second from the east, on road from RalHanoor ;
and the third from the north. Outright wing advanced to its
front, and while four and a half companies of the 12th, and eight
companies of 2nd- 13th Native Infantry, with two guns, wheeled
to their left and attacked the second hody of the enemy in flank,
the 4th Native Infantry turned to their right and advanced to
the attack of No. J.
The left wing, with two guns, changed front to their left and
prepared to attack the third hody. They were not permitted to
do this without considerable annoyance from the fire of No. 2 :
so greatly were they hampered by this fire that they had
frequently to face to the right-about. The 4th Native Infantry
on the extreme right of our line defeated the enemy and
captured four guns. The remainder of the right wing, after a
good deal of fighting, defeated the force opposed to them,
captured two guns, and pursued the enemy along the road to
Caryericottah. The left wing being relieved of the fire of body
No. 2, advanced to the attack of the third body, routed them,
and captured five guns. The four and a half companies of 1 2th,
belonging to the left wing, pursued the enemy for a short
distance in an easterly direction ; but at this time the enemy's
Carnatic battalion, with three guns, appeared from the old
Bazars, and threatened to attack us in the rear. The left wing
thereupon reformed, fronting north, and advanced against the
Carnatic battalion, which it dispersed with the loss of its three
guns. The remains of the three first-mentioned bodies of the
enemy retreated by the road to Caryericottah, while the Carnatic
battalion went to the north by the Aurka road.'
The engagement lasted five hours, and resulted in the total
defeat of the enemy and the capture of fourteen guns.
Enemy's loss was heavy, but ours trifling.
Ten days after (25th January) an attack was made by three
columns of the enemy on troops in Cochin under Major Hewith,
but they were repulsed with the most decisive success.
1809J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 421
The corps under Lieutenant- Colonel St. Leger moved from
Trichinopoly, and after a rapid march reached Palamcotta, and
proceeded thence to the lines of Arambooly, which it reached on
3rd February,
The force consisted : —
H.M.'s 69th.
Five Companies 3rd Native Infantry, 1st Battalion.
2nd Battalion 3rd Native Infantry.
13th Native Infantry.
Five Companies 10th Native Infantry.
6th Native Cavalry.
Artillery.
400 Pioneers, under Captain Smithwaite, Lieutenants
Bertram and Patterson. Cleghorne, of the Engineers,
accompanied the force.
On 6th February, the force marched six miles, and took up a
position five miles from the works. The lines of Travancore,
commmencing close to Cape Comorin, were carried as far as the
mountainous range which separates Travancore from the Madras
territory.
They were divided into two parts by a high mountain — those
next the sea being called the Southern Lines, and those beyond
the mountain the Arambooly Lines. The gate through these
latter lines was covered by two large circular bastions, defended
by guns. The extent of the whole was two miles, with a rugged
fortified hill to the south, and a very strong rock about half-
way, called the Northern Kedoubt, beyond which was in-
accessible jungle. The works consisted of small well-built
bastions, for two or three guns, joined by strong curtains,
covered by a thick thorny hedge, (the approach to which was
difficult), within cannon-range of the walls. It was proposed
to take these lines by a coup-de-main.
The Southern Redoubt was the object of the attack, as it com-
pletely enfiladed the whole of the main lines. The hill was
422 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1809.
ascended under cover of the night, and our troops actually
escaladed the wall before their approach was suspected. The
ascent was of such great difficulty as to require six hours actual
scrambling to reach the foot of the walls.
Our loss was very small : Captain Cunningham, of 69th,
killed ; one killed, eleven men wounded. Lieutenant Bertram,
with a detachment of Pioneers, accompanied the escalading-party ;
and as soon as Captain Welsh, who commanded the assaultiug-
party, effected his security, reinforcements were detached to his
assistance. The main lines were then stormed, and by dint of
persevering bravery, they were carried entirely. The Northern
Kedoubt was abandoned by the enemy, who fled in all directions,
leaving the English in possession. Colonel St. Leger encamped
two miles inside the Arambooly Gate.
A detachment of Pioneers, under Lieutenant Bertram, formed
part of the storming-party under Major Welsh.
Lieutenant-Colonel St. Leger thus wrote : — " It is impossible
for me to convey in language sufficiently strong the obligations
I feel under to the personal exertions of Major Welsh, com-
manding 3rd Native Infantry and the detachment for escalade,
under his command."
" I feel it a duty I owe (from the report of Major Welsh) to
the Pioneers who accompanied him, to express my entire appro-
bation of their conduct, and that of Lieutenant Bertram, who
commanded them."
The Pioneers were employed destroying the works on both
sides of the gate, which latter was left entire, as a post to secure
our communications.
On 17th February, the army marched for the interior, the
advance commanded by Lieuteuant-Colonel McLeod.
Having got on six miles, they found the enemy strongly posted
in a village, across a river with high banks, commanding the
approach, and several cannon pointed down the high road.
Their force was 6,000, and they had great advantage in point
1809.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 423
of position. However, they were completely routed, and dis-
persed in all directions. A company of Pioneers, under
Lieutenant Patterson, was engaged in this action. Nine guns
were taken, and we took possession of Cotar and Nagracoile.
Our loss was two officers wounded, and forty-nine men killed
and wounded. The army encamped four miles beyond
Nagracoile.
On the 19th, our force marched against Oodagherry and Pal-
panaverum, which were found to be abandoned.
On the 28th, the force commenced its march to the capital
(Trevandrum) ; and on 2nd March reached its neighbourhood,
and encamped three miles south of the town.
Meantime, on the 20th February, Colonel Chalmers' force
(Western Division), assailed and most gallantly carried some
batteries erected by enemy at Killianore, captured seven guns,
and defeated 5,000 of the enemy.
After this, Colonel Chalmers advanced to effect a junction
with Colonel St. Leger, and encamped twelve miles north of
Trevandrum. At the same time. Colonel Cuppage having
entered Travancore by the northern frontier without much
opposition, advanced, and took up the strong position of Paroor,
a few miles south of Quilon (Lieutenant Ravenshaw, of the
Engineers, was with this force), while the troops under Colonel
Wilkinson occupied the passes of Shencotta and Achincoil.
On 3rd March, Colonel Macaulay, the Resident, arrived in
camp ; and on the 15th, the new Dewan was received in camp
with military honours, and publicly proclaimed Minister.
The former Dewan now fled to the mountains in the north.
After wandering about for some time, he retired to a pagoda
at Phagwady. Parties were sent out after him. He was traced
to this pagoda, and while our troops were forcing the gate, he
committed suicide. His brother and six friends, who were taken
alive, were carried to Quilon, and hanged ; and thus terminated
the Travancore War of 1809.
424 MILITABY HISTOEY OF THE [1809-10.
Lieutenant Arthur, of the Engineers, received the Governor's
thanks (in G. 0. G., 4th February 1809), for his services in the
action at Quilon, on 15th January.
Lieutenant Bertram, of the Pioneers, was thanked for his
services at Arambooly ; and Lieutenant Patterson, of the Pioneers,
for his services in the attack of Cotar and Nagracoile.
Great injuries were sustained by our commerce from cruisers
from the Mauritius, and Bourbon, and it was resolved to attempt
the occupation of those islands. Accordingly, 200 Europeans,
and 200 sepoys were sent, under Lieutenant-Colonel Keating,
and landed on 4th August 1809, on an island called Kodrigues,
about 300 or 350 miles to the east of Mauritius. This island
was occupied without opposition. Some little time after, Com-
modore Rowley, who had command of the naval force, resolved
to attack St. Paul's, in BDurbon.
On 19th September, the force stood for the island, and landed
on the 20th, south of Pointe de Galets, seven miles from
St. Paul's. Total force, 604. From Rodrigues, 368 ofiBcers and
men, with 100 seamen and 136 marines from the squadron.
By evening, St. Paul's was in the possession of the English,
with a loss of fifteen killed and fifty-eight wounded, and three
missing.
General des Brusles, Governor of Bourbon, marched from the
capital of St. Denis, and appeared before St. Paul's on evening
of 22nd ; but from some cause (probably despair of ejecting
invaders), retreated, and committed suicide by shooting himself.
The small British force, being unequal to the conquest of the
island, destroyed the batteries, and captured the shipping in the
harbour; then abandoned the island, and Colonel Keating
returned to Rodrigues.
Nothing further was done till March 1810, when preparations
were made for a serious attempt to annihilate the French power
in the Indian Seas. Captain Willoughby, R.N., at the head of
iMftJ MADRAS ENGINEERS. 425
100 seamen of the Nereide, landed at Jacolet, the south-east
point of Bourbon. The landing was intended to take place at
midnight, but owing to unexpected difficulties, it was not effected
till 5 A.M. The small force landed under fire of two batteries.
In ten minutes the first battery was taken ; and soon after, the
second, and all the guns spiked. Daylight having now arrived,
the weakness of the attacking force was revealed to the enemy,
and they returned to the attack. " Willoughby charged the
enemy with the bayonet, and scattered their force, took their
Commander prisoner, captured the guns, stormed the battery
behind, and, in short, was master of the whole place."
Finally, Captain Willoughby burnt the signal-house, and
Hag-staff, and carrying away some field-pieces and stores,
reimbarked with the loss of only one man killed, and six
wounded.
Later in the year, an organised system of attack was adopted.
The force at Kodrigues was augmented by 1,700 Europeans,
and about 1,800 Natives.
The reinforcements arrived oflf Rodrigues on 20th June, having
left Madras on 8th May. Lieutenant Blakiston, and Ensigns
Trapaud and Davies, of the Engineers, accompanied the force ;
also Lieutenant Scouler, of Madras Pioneers.
The expedition consisted of two companies of Artillery ; flank
companies of H.M.'s 12th and 33rd ; H.M.'s 69th and Stith ; 6th
and 12th Native Infantry, with 200 Madras Pioneers, who
embarked at Quilon.
The expedition was detained ofi" Rodrigues till 3rd July.
On the Uth, they came to a rendezvous, fifty miles to the wind-
ward of Bourbon.
H.M.'s squadron consisted of Boadicea,* Siriua, Iphigeniuy
Magicientie, and Nereide, under command of Commodore
Rowley.
* Colonel Keating, accompanied by Lieutenant Blakiston, vras on board the
flag-ahip Boadicea
426 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [I810.
On the afternoon of 7th July, the troops commenced to dis-
embark. Captain Pym landed troops from Sirius, at Grande
Chaloupe (six miles west of St. Denis) ; and Lieutenant Watling,
of the SSh-ius, took possession of a height near, preventing rein-
forcements being sent from St. Paul's to St Denis.
The other point of disembarkation was Riviere des Pluies,
three miles east of St. Denis. The beach on that side was large
shingle, very steep, and the surf very high. Captain Wil-
loughby, R.N., pushed of in Eslafetie prize-schooner and boats,
and the men were landed with a loss of only four ; but the
schooner, and several boats were dashed to pieces in the surf.
Another body of troops, under Lieutenant- Colonel McLeod, 69th,
landed more to the right. After this, it was found impossible to
land any more troops ; those who had succeeded in landing had
lost some of their arms, and all their ammunition was damaged. It
now became necessary to communicate with the troops on shore.
Lieutenant Foulston, 69th, volunteered to swim on shore, and
succeeded in doing so, heing dragged from the surf by means of a
boat-hook. Colonel McLeod was ordered to hold St. Marie (three
miles to the east of the town) for the night, which he carried
at the point of the bayonet. The remainder of the force was
landed at Grande Chaloupe. In the meantime, the 1st brigade
which had landed pushed forward under Lieutenant-Colonel
Hastings Fraser, 86th, towards St. Denis (Ensign Davies, of the
Engineers, was with this brigade), halted during the night, and
then descended, having meanwhile been joined by sepoys,
Pioneers, and Artillery. They found the French waiting for
them. The French retired, and attempted to form in a redoubt ;
from this, however, they were driven. The British colours were
hoisted on the redoubt, and the batteries to the west of Riviere
St. Denis stormed and demolished.
Thus the main force of the island was defeated by 600 men.
In the afternoon Colonel Fraser was joined by 2nd Brigade
under Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond, and the rest of the troops
1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 427
appeared on the heights shortly after. Preparations were now
made for an attack, when a flag of truce arrived to treat for
surrender of Island.
Colonel Keating not having yet arrived, Colonel Fraser sent
Lieutenant Blakiston into the town, with an officer bearing a flag
of truce, to ask for the possession of some posts on the opposite
side of river. But as they reached the Commandant's quarters
(having previously gone through operation of being blindfolded
on passing the defences), they met Colonel Keating who had
come full gallop from Grande Chaloupe. He began by inform-
ing the Commandant in his usual brusque manner, that " he
was the officer commanding the expedition, and that he had
come in person to preserve the town and garrison ; that a
column was advancing from St. Mary's, and that the only way to
avoid the consequences was to surrender at discretion. The
French Governor, a mild man, said :
" Mais, Monsieur le Colonel, nous avons des bonnes postes."
"Posts or no posts," said the Colonel, "if you don't sur-
render this minute, I can't answer for your life. There is a
devil of a fellow commanding that column from St. Mary's, and
your old friend Willoughby is there also."
At the sound of this latter name the Governor started, and a
distant shot was heard.
"There they are, close to your gates," said Colonel Keating.
" You had better make haste. You shall have the honours of
war, and private property shall be respected — but nothing
more."
" In short, the poor Governor was fairly bullied out of his
island, not but that there were troops enough to take half a
dozen such islands."
Ensign Davies was with 1st Brigade, and Ensign Trapaud
with the 2nd.
The conduct of Ensign Davies was approved of by officer
commanding 1st Brigade.
428 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1810.
The ordnance at St. Paul's and St. Denis amounted to 145
pieces of heavy artillery, and the loss the English sustained in
the conquest was but eighteen killed, seventy nine wounded, and
four drowned.
As soon as the island was captured, Mr. Farquhar (formerly
Governor of Malacca) was installed as Governor. Colonel
Keating and Blakiston then made a tour of the island, which is
about 100 miles in circumference, and nearly round.
Colonel Keating thus wrote of Lieutenant Blakiston, on 21st
July, after the capture of Bourbon : — " Nor can I pass over
unnoticed the zeal and activity manifested by Lieutenant
Blakiston, Senior OflBcer of Engineers on this occasion."
In order to satisfactorily blockade the Isle of France, it was
shortly after resolved to attack a small island in the mouth of
Port South-East, called the Isle de la Passe.
On night of 13th August, five boats from the Sirius and
Iphegenia, with 120 ofiBcers and men, proceeded to the landing-
place on north-west side of the Isle of Passe.
Davies of Engineers was present in this engagement. Before
the boats reached the landing-place, the enemy commenced
firing. Two men killed, and several wounded.
They advanced, however, and after a brief but warm encounter
they succeeded in possessing the walls. Seven men killed, and
eighteen wounded.
They then attacked the batteries on the south-east side,
where they were met by Lieutenant Chads, K.N., who had
stormed the works without the loss of a man. The two
parties united, and the French Commandant surrendered at
discretion.
The batteries on Isle of Passe mounted nineteen heavy pieces
of ordnance, including three 18-incli mortars and two howitzers.
The only landing-place was on inner or north-west side, which
was well protected with chevaux-de-frise — the passage to it 250
yards wide. In order to arrive there, it was necessary to pass
SKETCH
— of —
jREUN10]\riSLAND.
or
£OUBB0JY.
REUNIONISLMD.
1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 429
three batteries. Captain Willoughby wrote : " I consider it
justice to one of the handsomest ' coups ' of our campaign to
declare that I think a more gallant action could not be per-
formed, and that I always considered, and do now, the Isle of
Passe as an extremely strong fortification against boats and
storming."
Captain Pym, R.N., reported to Commodore Rowley : " L'lle
de la Passe is in our possession. I have to request you will
particularly recommend as being highly deserving of promotion
Lieutenants Chads and Watling, Lieutenant James Cottell and
William Bate, and Lieutenant Davies of Engineers (a pas-
senger with me who volunteered his services in the boats, an
ofiBcer of great ability, to whom I have entrusted the new and
additional defences of the Island)."
The island (of Passe) was entrusted to Captain Willoughby,
R.N. Captain Willoughby writes : "After well reconnoitring with
Lieutenant Davies of Engineers, I determined to attack their
principal post of Point du Diable." This post was stormed and
carried. After this, Captain Willoughby moved on to Grand
Port, twelve miles, and routed the enemy.
On another occasion he destroyed the signal-house and
flag-staff at Grande Riviere, and blew up the remaining work
at Pointe du Diable, retiring without molestation.
Lieutenant Davies in the destruction of Grand Port was
slightly wounded, and his conduct noticed by Captain Willoughby
in his despatch with great approval.
At this time, the French succeeded in capturing Windham
and Ceylon, East Indiumen. These ships, with the Astell,
were sailing for Madras, when they were attacked by a French
squadron under Commodore Duperr6.
On 14th March 1810, Captain Duperre, with Bellone,
Minerve, and corvette Victor, sailed from Port Louis on a
cruise in the Bay of Bengal.
On Ist June, they steered for Bay of St. Augustin, Madagascar.
430 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1810.
Towards the end of the month he left, and stood up Mozam-
hiqiie Channel.
On 3rd July, at 6 a.m., the Island of Mayotta bearing E. ^ N.
about thirty-six miles distant, they discovered three outward-
bound Indiamen,
Ceylon, Captain Henry Meriton,
Windham, Captain John Stewart,
Astell, Captain Robert Hay,
and pursued. The Indiamen resolved, as they could not get
away, to bring them to action before dark.
At 2.15 the Minerve fired one shot at Windham, and her lar-
board broadside into Ceylon. The corvette also opened fire, and
the action became general between the Minerve and Victor
against the three Indiamen. At first the Ceylon bore the brunt
of the engagement. At 3.40 Captain Hay of the Astell was
severely wounded, and the command devolved on Mr. William
Hawkey. Ensigns Coventry and Anderson, of the Madras Engi-
neers, had charge of the gangway guns on board the Astell. At
4 P.M. the Minerve shot ahead, and bore down as if to board the
Windham. The Windham made sail to strike the French
frigate on the larboard quarter, and the Ceylon and Astell closed
to co-operate. But the Wifidham, having her sails and rigging
greatly damaged, did not possess enough way. Meantime all
three kept up an incessant fire on the Minerve. As the latter
got out of shot, the Astell hauled sharp up, and passing astern
of Windham became headmost ship.
At 4.30 the Minerve wore with intent to cut off the Windham.
No sooner had she hauled to the wind on the starboard tack, than
her main and mizen topmasts came down close to the caps A
respite was thus afforded. At 6 p.m. the Bellone, followed by
the Victor, commenced a heavy fire on the Windham. Passing
on, the Bellone took up a position on lee beam of Ceylon,
directing her foremost guns at the Astell, while Victor kept up
a fire on Windham. At 6.30, while endeavouring to close on
1810.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 431
the French frigate, Captain Meriton of the Ceylon received a
severe grapeshot wound in the neck, and the command devolved
on Mr. Widlock Oldham, who, a few minutes after, was severely-
wounded, and left the deck in charge of Mr. Tristram Fenning.
About 7 p.M , having had her masts, rigging, and sails badly
wounded and cut, all her upper-deck, and five of her lower-deck
guns disabled, and her hull so badly struck that she made three
feet of water an hour, the Ceylon bore up, and ceased firing,
passing astern of Bellone, who was still engaging the Windham,
close abreast of the Antell to leeward.
The Windham proposed to the Asiell to board the Bellone,
but not understanding, the Aatell put out her lights, and made
sail, receiving a heavy parting fire from the frigate.
At 7.20, the Ceylon being unmanageable, hauled down her
colours, and was taken possession of by a boat from the Miner ve.
In passing the Windham, the Ceylon hailed that she had struck.
The Astell, just before she put out her lights, heard the same,
and had then her fore and main masts badly wounded, and her
rigging and sails greatly disabled. Windham now being aloue,
and finding that her masts and rigging would not admit of her
making sail, continued the action, to enable the Astell to escape,
and at 7.45 hauled down her colours, and was taken possession
of by the Bellone. The Victor pursued the Astell, but the latter
got away.
The Indiamen were each 800 tons, mounted each twenty-six
guns, twenty short 18 pounders on gun-deck, six sbort sixes on
quarter-deck, and had on board 2-50 troops, 100 lascars, and
twelve to twenty seamen.
La Bellone mounted twenty-eight 1 8-pounders on main deck,
twenty 42 pounder carronndes, with two long nines on quarter-
deck and forecastle, swivels in the tops, and 400 men.
Minerve carried thirty 18-pounders, otherwise the same as
La Bellone.
The Victor was armed with twenty 30-pounder carronades.
432 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1810.
Ceylon lost four seamen, one lascar, and two soldiers killed.
The captain, chief mate, seven seamen, one lascar, one
lieutenant-colonel (Marriott, 24th), and ten men of 24th
wounded, one mortally. Total, eight killed, and twenty
wounded.
Windham lost one seaman, three soldiers, and two lascars
killed. Seven soldiers, two lascars, and three officers and six
men wounded. Total, six killed, and eighteen wounded.
Astell had four seamen and four soldiers killed. The captain,
fifth mate, nine seamen, one lascar, five cadets, and twenty
soldiers wounded. Total, eight killed and thirty-seven wounded.
Aggregate loss, twenty-two killed and seventy-five wounded.
Five gentlemen-cadets proceeding to Bengal on the Astell
•were wounded ; three of them by a single cannon-ball. Ensign
Coventry of the Madras Engineers was one of these.
The loss of the French was : —
Bellone, 4 killed and 6 wounded.
Minerve, 17 ,, 29 „
Victor, 1 „ 3 „
Total 22 38
The Minerve was greatly crippled in the action.
In the report sent home, it was stated " great praise was
undoubtedly due to the captains, officers, and crews for their
gallant defence, nor must we omit the officers in command of
troops, and their men, who inflicted a great part of the loss the
enemy sustained.
The East India Company presented each of the captains with
£500, and a handsome remuneration to the officers and men.
They settled a pension of £460 a year on Captain Hay, and
presented £2,000 to officers and crew. Andrew Peters, of the
Astell, during the action nailed the pennant* to main-topmast-
head, and was killed as he descended.
* Tb« colours of the Aslell yrera three timea shot awaj.
1810] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 433
The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty granted the ships'
company a protection from impressment for three years.
On 4th July, the French commodore anchored in the Bay of
Johanna to refit. This took him till the 17th, and on the 20th
the squadron made the highland at the back of Grand Port in
the Isle of France. The Astell arrived in safety at Madras.
The French squadron, with the two East Indiamen, ran for
Grand Port, in Mauritius, at the entrance of which lay the Isle
of Passe, occupied and garrisoned by the English. The squadron
was surprised by hostile fire from the guns of the fort on the
island, as well as from the Nereide. The French, however, made
their way into the harbour; but the Windham was cut out from
under the batteries of the Black river by a party in boats from
the Siriiis. Lieutenant Davies, of Engineers, served with this
party. The prize was sent on to Bourbon, and Captain Pym
with Captain Willoughby determined to attack the French ships
in the harbour.
On 22nd August they stood in for that purpose. Lieutenant
Davies was on board the Sinus, Captain Pym. The Siritifi
grounded, and could not get off till next day, when the Iphu/ettia
and Mafficienne arrived, under Captains Lambert and Curtis.
The French governor reinforced the crews of the French ships
with seamen and soldiers, and the batteries on the coast mounted
sixty guns. At 5 p.m., on the 23rd, the Magicienne, the Sirius,
as well as the Nereide, all grounded. The enemy opened all
their guns on the Nereide, Captain Willoughby.
The fortitude and courage displayed by this ofiBcer and his
crew were bevond all praise, and probably have never been
surpassed. The Nereide maintained the contest single handed
for ten hours. Captain Willoughby lost an eye, and was dread-
fully injured in the head At 10.45 p.m., during the action, a
boat from the Sirius, with an officer from that frigate, Lieutenant
Davies, of Engineers, and Mr. Weits, a middy (whose boat had
been sunk before he got well alongside the commodore), reached
28
434 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE '(Wio.
the Nereide with a message from Captain Pym, requesting
Captain Willoughby to abandon his ship ; but he declared he
would neither abandon his men, nor strike the British flag while
there was a single man on board able to support it. He fought
his ship till nearly all his crew were either killed or wounded.
First Lieutenant John Burns ;
Lieutenant Morlett, 33rd Kegiment ;
„ Aldwinkle, Marine Artillery ;
George Trunnins, middy;
and eighty-eight seamen, marines, and soldiers killed.
Captain Willoughby ;
Second Lieutenant Deacon ;
Lieutenant Cox, Marines ;
One middy ;
and 138 seamen, marines, and soldiers wounded.
Total killed 92
,. wounded ... ... 142
Killed and wounded ... 234
On the 24th, the Magicienne, being on the point of sinking,
was deserted and set on fire.
On the 25th, the Lphigenia warped out of action, and
attempted to extricate the Sirins, but, finding it impracticable,
she was abandoned, set on fire, and exploded, while their crews
were landed on the Isle of Passe by the Ipihgenia. During this
action Lieutenant Davies had charge of the after part of the
main deck of the Sirius.
The Ip/ngenia was with some difficulty warped up to the
anchorage of the Isle of Passe. In this situation she lay without
the power of removing, while the state of the little garrison at
the isle became more forlorn every day, their stock of provisions
and water very low, and no prospect of succour. As they were
blockaded escape was impossible, and they were compelled to
surrender on 29th August, with the proviso that the French
1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 435
Government would furnish, within a month, a conveyance for
crew and garrison to the Cape, or any other British possession.
In spite of the pledge given by General Decaen, the prisoners
were found in Mauritius three months after, on the capture of
the island. Captain Willoughby had remained at Grand Port,
as his wound was too severe to allow of removal, and he was
treated passably well ; Captains Pym, Lambert, and Curtis, with
their officers and men, were removed to Port Louis, and treated
in the harshest manner.
Lieutenant Davies, was, of course, among those taken
prisoners, and was in confinement during the progress of the
expedition which resulted in the capture of Mauritius.
The only sliip of the British squadron now left was tlie
Boadicea, and Commodore Rowley was unable to prevent the
blockade of Bourbon, which was established by the French
frigates Astrea and Iphir/enia.
During the time that the Isle of Passe had been held bv us,
Tiieutenant Blakiston and Ensign C. E Trapaud were at Bourbon.
The necessity of wresting the Mauritius from the French
now became more apparent than ever, and preparations were
carried on with renewed vigour.
The Ceylon frigate arrived off the Isle of France, with
Lieutenant-General Abercrombie, as well as Ma,jor Caldwell,
Madras Engineers, who was Chief Engineer.
Not having heard of our disaster at Isle of Passe, on reaching
Port Louis they were surprised to find none of our blockading
squadron, and on looking into the port they saw two of enemy's
ships getting under weigh to give chase to Ceylon.
Captain Gordon, of Ceylon, immediately bore up for Bourbon,
but observing that one of the enemy out-sailed the other, thought,
by shortening sail, and allowing the headmost vessel to come
up, he could beat them in detail. The Ceylun was one of
the smallest class of 18-pounder frigates. .After a smart
action with the Venus, in which both vessels were dismasted
28 •
436 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1810.
and unmanageable, Captain Gordon bad to strike bis colours to
tbe Victor sloop, wbich bad arrived, and taken up a raking
position under bis stem. In tbe morning tbe Boadicea, attracted
by tbe firing, came out from St. Paul's, and pinked up tbe two
opponents, Ceylon and Venus, wbicb bad drifted close to tbe
island. Tbe Victor got off.
Tbe Frencb tbus very nearly succeeded in capturing tbe
Commander-in Cbief, and Cbief Engineer of tbe expedition. A
few days before tbis tbe Africaine (Captain Corbett) made ber
appearance off St. Denis. Perceiving two Frencb sbips, be sent
overland to Commodore Pym, to inform bim of bis arrival, and
proposed to attack tbe enemy. Tbe Commodore lost no time in
getting under weigb. Tbe Frencb sbips were eigbt miles
distant, but Captain Corbett soon closed witb tbem, being to
windward ; not so tbe Boadicea, wbicb bad to work up to wind-
ward. About 2 A.M., tbe Africaine found berself between tbe
two French sbips, wben it became calm ; and tbe Boadicea four
or five miles to leeward. Captain Corbett was killed, and tbe
Africaine \.'&k.&[i. In tbe morning tbe Boadicea came up, but tbe
breeze wbicb brougbt ber along carried off tbe Frencb frigates,
and tbeir prize was abandoned to tbe Commodore, by wbom sbe
was towed, dismasted, into St. Pauls.
Lieutenant Blakiston and Ensign Trapaud assisted Commo-
dore Rowley in taking soundings, &c. for tbe attack of tbe
Mauritius.
On l4tb October 1810, Commodore Rowley sailed from St.
Paul's to resume tbe blockade of tbe Mauritius, taking witb bim
Major-General Abercrombie (wbo was to command the military
expedition).
On 19tb October, be arrived off Port Louis, wben he
found tbe whole of tbe enemy s naval force in tbe port.
He then proceeded to Rodrigues, and found tbe troops from
Bombay bad arrived, followed soon after by those from
Madras.
1810.1 MADRAS ENGINEEKS. 437
In August the troops had left Madras. There were Madras
Pioneers attached to the force, and Lieutenant Charles
Swanston ^vas sent with them. On arrival at Rodrigues he was
attached to the engineer department as an acting engineer.
Ensign Proby came with the force from Madras. Blakiston
was now appointed Captain of Guides.
Lieutenant Scouler and some of the Madras Pioneers had
also been despatched from Bourbon.
The 22nd November was fixed for the day of departure. The
Bengal Division just arrived in time.
On 28th November, the expedition arrived in sight of the
island.
The fleet consisted of : —
Illustrious, 74 guns.
Cornivallis, 44 guns.
Africaine, 38 guns.
Boadicea, „
Nixus, „
Cloritide „
Menelaus, „
Nereide, „
Phoebe, 36 guns.
Doris, „
Cornelia, 32 guns.
Psyche, „
Ceylon, ,,
The French had very considerably improved the sea de-
fences, but they had to a great extent neglected the land
fortifications, of Port Louis. The great obstacle to an attack
had always been the supposed impossibility of lauding with
any considerable force, owing to the reefs, and want of an-
chorage.
The difficulties had been surmounted by the indefatigable
exertions of Commodore Rowley, who, assisted by Lieutenant
438 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1810.
Street, Lieutenant Blakiston, of Madras Engineers, and the
masters of Africawe and Boadicea, had sounded and minutely
examined every part of the leeward side of the island. It was
discovered that a fleet might safely anchor between an islet
called Coin de Mire, and the mainland, and that there were
several openings in the reef where boats might enter.
On morning of 29th, the fleet anchored. Soon after, debarka-
tion commenced, and in three hours 10,000 men, guns, stores,
ammunition, and three days' provisions, were landed. The
enemy at once abandoned Malastre — the only fortified place
near. Troops were instantly put into motion, and took posses-
sion of a thick wood on the road. To obtain this, they had a
slight engagement. At midnight they halted, but pushed on
before daybreak.
There was a great deficiency of water, and the way was
through thick brushwood, which caused intolerable labour in
dragging forward artillery and stores. Two officers and several
men died on the march from the extreme heat. About noon, a
position was taken up at Moulin- a-Pondre, five miles from Port
Louis. In the afternoon, the French General, Decaen, recon-
noitred, and surprised a small picket, but he was shortly after
driven back.
Before daybreak the following day, a brigade, under Lieu-
tenant-Colonel McLeod, attacked some batteries on the sea-coast
to our right, and captured them. At 5 the main body was put in
motion. It encountered the enemy posted in a strong position
with field-pieces. The European flank battalioi.s formed, charged
the enemy, and compelled them to retire with the loss of their
guns, and many killed and wounded
Two of our officers fell — Colonel J. Campbell, 33rd, and
Major O'Keefe of the Royals. A signal post on a hill, called
the Vivebot, was taken possession of, and the British flag hoisted.
The weather was still very oppressive, and the troops were
greatly exhausted.
(7
1810.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 439
Next morning preparations were made for an attack, but they
were interrupted by a flag of truce, offering to capitulate on the
following conditions : —
'■ Vessels in harbour to be retained."
" All articles belonging to the Emperor to be retained."
" Troops and seamen to be sent to France."
The first two were rejected, but the last most unaccountably
accepted.
On 3rd December the island was surrendered.
The garrison was 1,300 men, including 500 Irishmen, chiefly
recruits taken out of Indiamen.
The Militia amounted to 10,000 men; 209 heavy pieces of
ordnance were taken.
The guns were in excellent order, and batteries fully
equipped.
Our loss in the expedition amounted only to 29 killed, 9!*
wounded, and 45 missing ; total 173.
The following vessels were captured: —
Five French frigates —
Bellone,
Miner ve,
Maniche,
Astree,
Ij)hegenie (late English).
Victor (corvette),
Entreprenant, and another,
and several merchant vessels.
The Bellone and Astree were put into our navy, and the
[pheylnie restored to it. The Ncreide was found to be too much
battered to be of any use, and was sold to be broken up.
Major Caldwell, Lieutenant Blakiston, Ensigns Trapaud and
Proby, returned to Madras in January and February 1811, but
Davies remained for a year as Military and Civil Engineer in
440 MILlTAliY HISTORY OF THE 11810-12.
the Isle of Bourbon, and did not return to Madras till February
1812.
After the capitulation, Lieutenant Swanston, of the Madras
Pioneers, was appointed to make a military survey of the island,
including soundings of its harbours and coasts. He finished
this work in August 1(S12, and was then sent to England to
lay his work before the Duke of York,^ and afford such informa-
tion as might be desired.
Ma-jor-General VVarde warmly eulogized his services, and the
Duke of York recommended him in the strongest manner to the
Couit of Directors. Lieutenant Swanston was offered a com-
pany in the Royal Staff Corps, which he declined, and he was
presented by the British Government with a purse of .500
guineas.
* At that time Commander-in-Chief of the British Army.
1809J MADBAS ENGINEERS. 441
CHAPTER XYI.
Force in the field to protect Nagpore. — Dispute between Sir George Barlow and
officers of the Madras Army producing the so-called Mutiny. — Lieutenant-
Colonel Bell, of the Artillery. — Colonel Bell seizes treasure. — Colonel
Davies placed in confinement. — Colonel Bell threatens to destroy bridges
over the Cauvery. — Troops from Chittledroog march to Seringapatam.
— Conference held. — • Fortress surrendered. — Memorial of Madras En-
gineers regarding promotion. — -Establishment of a Battalion of Pioneers.
— Sir John Malcolm's Mission to Persia. — Grant and Fotheringham sent
to Baghdad, McDonald and Monteith to Bussorah. — Grant and Fothering-
ham murdered. — Malcolm visits Futteh Ali Shah. — Sir Gore Ouseley
appointed Ambassador by the Crown. — Malcolm desires to leave Persia.
— Anxiety of the King for retention of Malcolm. — Order of the Lion
and Sun instituted, and conferred on Malcolm. — Malcolm quits Tabreez.
— Lieutenants Christie, Ijindsay, and Monteith remain in Persia. — First
Engineer officers who passed through Addiscombe College. — The French
occupy Java. — British expedition against Java. — Movements of the fleet. —
Course of the reconnoitring party. — Mackenzie recommends Chillingching
as the landing-place.— Position of troops after debarkation. — Tanjong Priok.
— Army crosses Autchol river. — Colonel Gillespie to Wetteroreden. —
Extracts from Colonel Gillespie's despatch. — Siege of Cornells. — Lieutenant-
Colonel Clarges mortally wounded. — The several columns of attack. —
Gillespie captures the advanced redoubt, and crosses the bridge. — Arrival of
Colonel Gibbs. — Movements of remaining columns. — Colonel McLeod killed.
— Wood's column. — Column under Major Yule. — Total defeat of the enemy.
— Our losses. — General Janssens ilies to Buitzonzong. — Extract from Lord
Minto's letter to Secretary of State. — Cheribon surrenders, and General
Jumel taken prisoner. — Janssens surrenders the island. — Fort Ludowyck
surrenders. — Sir S. Auchmuty sets sail for Batavia, en route for Madras. —
Hostilities with the Sultan of Mataram, and capture of Djoejocarta. —
Subsequent operations of the British forces. — Expedition against Djoejocarta.
— Sultan demands our surrender. — The Sultan surrenders. — Gillespie
wounded. — Mackenzie ordered to remain in Java by the Commander-in-
442 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1809.
Chief. — Field force under Colonel Dowse in South Mahratta country. — Four
sapperi detained in Java to assist in forming a colonial corps. — Field force
at Gooty under Major-General Taylor. — Establishment of European oflBcers
of Pioneers revised. — Adjutants appointed to each battahon of Pioneers. —
Detachment of Madras Pioneers ordered to Ceylon. — Pioneers employed
with Hydrabad subsidiary force under Colonel Doveton. — Force assembled
at Gooty for service against Kurnool. — Casualties in Corps of Engineers
from December 1810 to December 1816. — Pay of Acting Chief Engineer. —
Additions to the Corps. — Major Farquhar at Malacca. — Lieutenant Monteith
in Persia.— Lieutenant-General Trapaud's memorial regarding officers of
Engineers' exclusion from Staff employ.
In November 1809, a force was assembled under Colonel Barry
Close for service in Nagpore, which was threatened to be invaded
by Ameer Khan. It consisted of two brigades of cavalry, and
three of infantry.
A detachment of Madras Pioneers, under Captain Bowes,
was attached to this force.
It occupied Seronge in March 1 810, and remained in the field
till May, when Colonel Close returned to Hydrabad, leaving one
brigade to watch Berar frontier, and with this brigade one
company of Pioneers remained.
In 1809, the dispute between Sir George Barlow and officers
of the Madras army took place. It was due to the tyrannical
proceedings of Government; and although nothing could justify
the mutinous conduct of the oflBcers, there is no doubt the
Governor-General himself considered (as well as the Court of
Directors) that the officers had very great cause to complain of
the proceedings of the Local Government,
The causes which produced the conflict were : —
1st. Depriving the Commander-in-Chief of a seat in
Council.
2nd. Transfer of all important commands to oflficers of
Royal Army.
3rd. Abolition of tent contract.
4th. Suspension of Captain Bowles, D.A.G., for carrying
out orders of Commander-in-Chief.
1809.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 443
5th. Suspension of Colonel St. Leger, Major De Morgan,
Captains Marshall, Cuppage, and Colonel Combes,
and supersession of Majors Keasberry, Muirhead,
Hazlewood, and Captain Smith, for expressing
sympathy 'with Captain Bowles.
6th. The issuing of instructions by Government requiring
all their officers to sign a test pledge engaginEr them
to support measures of Government, under a penalty
of being sent from their regiments and "interned"
on the coast.
Owing to the refusal of the test pledge, numbers of officers
were interned on the coast, and 3U0 of them were sent to Pondi-
cherry (amongst them Lieutenant Blakiston).
Although the crisis became very grave at Hyderabad, Masuli-
patam, &c., the only place where the affair became dangerous was
at Seringapatam. Lieutenant-Colonel Bell, of Artillery, com-
manded. His removal had been ordered by Sir George Barlow
for having signed a paper expressing sympathy with theD. A. G.
The Honourable Mr. Cole (Resident at Mysore; reported that
any attempt to enforce the orders would be met by revolt.
On 29th July, the garrison of Seringapatam took forcible
possession of the treasury, placed 100 men of 80th (part of
the garrison) under restraint, and a few days afterwards
expelled them.
Mr. Cole, in unison witli Purneah, the Mysore Prime Minister,
took measures for surrounding the island. Colonel Bell stationed
guards on the mainland ; and on night of 1st August, he
detached a company of Native Infantry to seize treasure
(120,000 rupees) which was passing. The only troops on whom
Mr. Cole could rely, were 2oth Light Dragoons and 59th Foot,
and these were at Mandia, fifteen miles north of Seringapatam.
Meanwhile, the officers at the Mount bad signed the test ; and
Colonel Davies, commanding at Mysore, had gone to Seringa-
patam to get the same thing done there.
444 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1809.
He was placed in confinement for a few hours, and then
released without a reply.
On 2nd August, the garrison took the Paymaster's treasure
(45,000 rupees), and on the same night sent 500 men with guns
to meet and escort two Native corps from Chittledroog (garrison
of Seringapatam consisted of two Native regiments, 200 or 300
artillery, and 100 men of the 80th). Mr. Cole sent 1,000
Mysore Horse to harass this detachment, and sent to Bangalore
to expedite the troops from that station. At first Colonel Gibbs,
commanding at Bangalore, refused to send European troops
without orders from the Government of Madras.
On 5th August, Mr. Cole received a letter from Colonel Bell,
betraying a desire to come to terms. Mr. Cole offered oblivion
of the past on condition that the officers of the garrison should
sign the test, which they would not accept The two battalions
at Chittledroog plundered the treasury of 80,000 rupees, and
having been reinforced by a third corps, began their march to
Seringapatam. Mr. Cole despatched 1,500 peons with match-
locks, and 3,000 Silladar horse, to manoeuvre between them, and
Seringapatam.
Colonel Bell had meantime stored grain for several months,
and wrote to Mr. Cole, threatening to destroy the bridges over
the Cauvery.
The three battalions were met on 7th August by the armed
Peons and Mysore horse, who fell back before them. They
reached the neighbourhood of Seringapatam on 10th August.
The Mysore Irregulars were here joined by 25th Dragoons,
H.M.'s 59th, a detachment of Native Cavalry, and a Native
battalion, whose officers had been " interned '' on the coast. The
Mysore Plorse advanced ; they were fired on and repulsed. The
25th then came up. The men of the battalions had been ordered
not to fire on the Europeans, and they dispersed at once ; made
for a part of the river commanded by fire of the fort, and
most of them succeeded in entering Seringapatam.
180&-10.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 445
The commandant was wounded, and made prisoner, and one
oflScer killed.
Colonel Gibb's encampment was cannonaded from the fort
during the night, and compelled to move Of the three battalions,
9 were killed, 150 wounded, and 281 missing.
On 14th August, a conference was held between Colonel
Davies, on one side, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bell and two other
officers (Captain Cadell, and De Havilland, of Madras Engi-
neers) on the other. The result was unsatisfactory. The
officers of the Hydrabad Contingent now yielded, and signed
the test.
This paper reached Mr. Cole on 18th, and he sent it to the
"officers composing the garrison " of Seringapatam.
On morning of 21st, two officers from fort came to Mysore
under a flag of truce (Captain De Havilland of Engineers, and
Captain Cadell).
They were received by Mr. Cole and Colonel Davies. They
stated that an address similar to the Hyderabad address was
being signed, and urged that hostilities should cease. To this,
it was replied, that beyond a cessation of hostilities during the
night, they would listen to nothing except " the actual delivery
of fort and arms,'' and that they would hold no communications
with Colonel Bell. The following day the address and test was
signed, and on 23rd, the fortress and arms were surrendered.
Colonel Bell was tried by a court-martial, and cashiered ; also
three other officers.
Remainder were given the option of leaving the service, or
being tried.
They accordingly left the service, but were subsequently
restored.
List of Oficers iv/io were Tried or Dismissed
1. Lieutenant-Colonel Bell, commanding at Seringapatam.
Cashiered, March 8, 18 ;o.
446 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1810.
2. Lieutenant-Colonel John Doveton, commanding Detach-
ment of Hydrabad Subsidiary Force. Dismissed ; restored,
afterwards Major-General, C.B.
3. Major Joseph Stoney, commanding at Masulipatam Dis-
missed ; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel ; died 1818.
4. Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Munro, at Seriogapatam. Dis-
missed ; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel ; died 1817
5. Major Kenny, at Seringapatam. Dismissed, restored,
afterwards Colonel Commanding ; died 1829.
6. Captain J. F. De Havilland, Engineers, at Seringapatam.
Dismissed ; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel, retired
1825.
7. Captain George Cadell, Town Major at Seringapatam.
Dismissed; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel: retired
1827.
8. Captain Hugh Macintosh, marched from Chittledroog.
Dismissed ; not restored.
9. Captain F. K. Aiskill, marched from Chittledroog. Dis-
missed ; not restored.
10. Captain A. Andrews, M.E., at Masulipatam. Dismissed;
restored, afterwards Colonel and C.B., 1829.
11. Captain James Patterson, at Samulcottah. Dismissed;
not restored.
12. Captain George Wahab, at Chicacole. Dismissed; re-
stored, afterwards Major-General, 1837.
13. Captain James Sadler, at Ellore. Dismissed; restored;
killed, 27th November 1817, at Nagpore.
14. Captain J. L. Lushington, at Jaulna. Dismissed ; re
stored, afterwards K.C.B. and Cieneral Director of E. I. C,
1827.
15. Captain A. McLeod, at Jaulna. Dismissed; restored,
afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel, 1820; died 1825.
16. Captain C. Hopkinson, Artillery, at Jaulna. Dismissed;
restored, afterwards Sir C. Hopkinson, C.B , retired 1829.
17. Captain G. W. Poignard, at Jaulna. Dismissed; re-
stored ; died 1820.
1810.]
MADRAS ENGINEERS.
447
18. Captain Gibson, at Jaulna. Dismissed; restored, after-
wards Major ; died, 1814.
It). Captain Thomas Pollock, at Jaulna. Dismissed ; restored,
afterwards Major-General and C.B , 1<S37.
20. Major Mathew Stewart, at Jaulna Dismissed; restored,
afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel ; died, 1818.
21. Captain John Turner, at Seringapatam. Died before trial
came oflF.
Captain De Havilland was reappointed September 1812.
On 8th November 1810, the Government received a letter
from the Honourable Court of Directors, in which it was
stated : —
" We have taken into consideration the memorial of the
Engineer oflBcers, and being satisfied that the promotion in that
Corps has not kept pace with that of the other branches of the
military service, we have resolved upon the following establish-
ment for the Engineers '■ —
1 Colonel ...
2 Lieutenant-Colonels
2 Majors
9 Captains ..
8 Lieutenants
8 Ensigns ..,
30
1 Colonel.
1 Lieutenant-Colonel.
1 Major.
4 Captains.
4 Captain-Lieutenants.
8 Lieutenants.
8 Ensisns.
27
" The establishment is to be considered as having effect from
Istj January 180G, but the officers of Engine. -rs wlio are pro-
moted in consequence are to receive only the difference of pay
from that (?) date."
When this order was promulgated, the Engineer Corps con-
sisted of the following : —
Colonel Trapaud.
Lieutenant-Colonel Norris.
„ Lennon.
448 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE [WlO.
Major Mackenzie.
,, Caldwell.
Captain Blair, Brevet-Major.
„ Farquhar (Malacca).
„ R. Fotheringham.
„ Cleghorne.
„ De Havilland.
„ Cotgrave.
„ J. Fotheringham.
„ Torriano.
„ Fraser.
„ Ravenshaw.
Lieutenant Arthur.
„ Garrard.
„ Blakiston.
„ Mackintosh.
„ Milbourne.
„ Monteith.
„ Trapaud
„ Davies.
Ensign Fullarton.
„ C. Nattes.
D. Sim.
„ Coventry.
„ Anderson.
Proby.
„ Grant
Casualties between 1803 and 1810 : —
Sydenham, resigned, 13th January 1808.
Bradley, lost on Lady Jane Dundas, 14th March 1809.
De Havilland, dismissed, 0th April 1810.
Russell, resigned, 13th January 1810.
Rowley, died, 28th June 1803.
Russell built the Residency at Hydrabad. When Sydenham
(brother of Benjamin Sydenham of Madras Engineers) resigned
the post of Resident, Samuel Russell accompanied him to
isiai
MADRAS ENGINEERS.
449
Poona He returned, however, from Poona to Hydrabad witli
Mr. H. Russell, who had been transferred from Poona as Resi-
dent. In January 1810, Samuel Russell resigned the service,
and joined the mercantile house of William Palmer at Hvdra-
bad. In August 1810, the house consisted of —
William Palmer, Hastings Palmer, Bunketty Doss, Samuel
Russell, and William Currie.
In 1813, Samuel Russell left the firm with twelve lacs of
rupees, half of which he had brought into the house.
In October 1810, the establishment of a battalion of Pioneers
was fixed as follows : —
3 Captains
-4 Subalterns
1 Assistant-Surgeon
8 Jemadars
1 Sergeant-Major
24 Havildars
24 Naigues
700 Privates
9 Puckallies
8 European oflBcers.
8 Native officers.
758 Non-commissioned offi-
cers and men.
Attached to the battalion were a few Maistry bricklavers,
stone-cutters, sawyers, carpenters, &c., amounting to twenty-
eight, besides two dressers and two toties.
In October 1809, Lieutenant William Monteith, of Engineers
was attached to Sir John Malcolm's Mission to Persia, after
having been Adjutant of Engineers for a year and three-
quarters.
The Mission did not start from Bombay till 1 0th Januarv
1810, in the Psyche, James Sibbald, and other vessels.
Malcolm's stafi" consisted of —
Captain Charles Pasley, Secretary.
Lieutenant Steward, First Assistant.
H. Ellis, Esq., Second Assistant.
A. Jukes, Esq., Tiiird Assistant
29
450 :,IILITAIIY HIS'lORY OF THE [1810.
Lieutenant J. Briggs, Supernumerary.
„ McDonald,
„ Little, „
Surgeon Colbourn.
„ Cormick.
Captain Grant, commanding Escort.
Lieutenant Frederick, attached to Escort.
„ Martin, „
„ Lindsay, „
„ Johnson, „
,, Fotberingham, ,,
„ William Monteith, Madras Engineers.
Lieutenant Christie and Ensign Pottinger had previously
started from Bombay.
Escort consisted of —
26 Madras Horse Artillery.
14 17th Light Dragoons.
48 Bombay Native Infantry.
On 26th January, they arrived off Muscat, and entered
Bushire 13th February.
On 8th April, the King's firman was received ; and on the
15th, Malcolm commenced his march to the capital.
Ti'avelling more than twenty miles daily, they approached
Shiraz on 27tli April. Soon after his arrival at Bushire,
Malcolm had sent two officers to Baghdad and two others to
Bussorah.
To Baghdad, Captain Grant and Lieutenant Fotberingham.
To Bussorah, Captain McDonald and Lieutenant Monteith.
They were sent in search of information regarding the countries
through which they travelled. Captain Grant and Lieutenant
Fotberingham were murdered on their way from Baghdad to
join Malcolm on his way to the capital. They travelled by a
different route from that which Malcolm had indicated, and their
road lay through a defile infested by a robber gang.
1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 451
They were met by the robber chief, who persuaded them to
alight and refresh. Grant was shot dead ; the rest were seized
and carried about as prisoners for four days. Then Kelb Ali,
the chief, separated the Christians from the Mussalmani, allowed
the latter to go, but, when Fotheringham and three of his
servants refused to become Mussalmani, shot them dead.
On the 6th May, Malcolm heard of this disaster, to his great
grief.
The next day, McDonald and Monteith arrived safe (although
Malcolm had considered their journey the more dangerous).
On 16th May, Malcolm and suite left Shiraz
On 5th June, they left Ispahan, and marched by stages of
twenty- five or thirty miles.
The royal camp was now at Sultanieh, the King and Crown
Prince being engrossed with the war against Russia. Sir
Harford Jones, the Crown Ambassador, was with the royal
camp.
Malcolm neared the royal camp on 21st June.
On the 23rd, he paid his first ceremonial visit to Futteh Ali
Shah, and was most graciously received.
On 1st July, Malcolm exhibited his presents ; and next day
Futteh Ali broke up his camp, and marched to the great plain
in the vicinity of Tabreez. Malcolm with his suite followed.
Sir Harford Jones here put into Malcolm's hand some
despatches from England, from which it appeared that the Home
Government had still determined to regulate our relations with
Persia, and had appointed Sir Gore Ouseley Ambassador to the
Court of Teheran. Malcolm saw at once his occupation was
at an end, and that he could no longer remain at the Persian
Court in a recognised official position.
The King and Abbas Meerza, the Crown Prince, desired Mal-
colm to remain to aid with his advice. At this time, the
Russians had seized on Mekeri, a strong fort on the north bank
of the Arras, about fifty miles from Tabreez. Malcolm told Abbas
29 *
4.52 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE nsio.
Meerza that he would visit his camp at Tabreez, and offer
advice ; besides giving him some English officers and expert
officers. He also promised that Macdonald and Monteith should
reconnoitre Mekeri, and bring back exact intelligence of the
strength of the Eussian position.
Malcolm was again summoned to the presence of the King.
The King asked him to stop as long as he could at Tabreez,
and said he would always be his first favourite among
Europeans.
A new order was instituted, to be conferred on Malcolm. A
lion couchant, and a sun rising on his back (the Order of the
Lion and Sun — K. L. S.). He was also made a " Sepahdar,"
or General in the Persian service. Abbas Meerza was very
much disappointed at Malcolm's departure, and tried his utmost
to induce him to remain.
The 15th July was fixed on for Malcolm's audience of leave.
The King sent'him a sword, and a horse ; and a firman appointed
him Khan and Sepahdar of Persian Empire.
On 23rd July, Malcolm quitted Tabreez ; and on 20th
August, found himself on the banks of the Tigris.
At Baghdad they were detained for some days, by a revolt in
the city, and were entertained by Mr. Rich, the Resident ; Mrs.
Rich, daughter of Sir James Macintosh.
About the middle of October, Malcolm left Baghdad, and
dropping down the Tigris, reached Bussorah on the 25th.
On the 29th, Malcolm left in the Ternate cruiser, for
Bombay, and reached that place on 29th November. Lieutenants
Christie, Lindsay, and Monteith, belonging to Malcolm's Staff,
remained in Persia.
Further on, the services of these officers in Persia will be
alluded to.
Lieutenants Sim, Coventry, Anderson, Proby, and Grant,
appear to have been the first Madras engineers who passed
through Addiscombe. 'They were reported qualified on 29th
1810-110 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 463
December 1809. The Court of Directors, in a letter dated 23rd
January 1811, wrote: —
" We shall hereafter look solely to our own establishment for
a sufficient number of well-educated young men for our corps
of Artillery and Engineers."
Two public examinations were resolved on yearly — one in
April, the other in October. The Court determined "to select
a certain proportion of the most promising, who were reported
qualified, especially for the Engineers."
On the annexation of Holland to France, Java became a
French possession.
General Daendels, one of the most active and intelligent
ofl&cers of the French service, was appointed Governor. He
immediately began to prepare for any attack the British might
make. His powers were unlimited, and he had 20,000 troops at
his disposal. At a heavy charge, roads were constructed through
the island, and Fort Ludowyck was erected to command the
straits between Java, and Madura. The seat of Government
was removed to the suburbs of Batavia, where the new fortifi-
cations assisting the natural advantages of the position, seemed
to render the settlement impregnable.
Daendels did not confine his attention to defence alone, but
threatened the Moluccas and Spice islands. Had the French
continued much longer in the absolute command of Java, they
would have been in a position to sweep the seas, and seriously
annoy our settlements.
The subversion of this power became, therefore, an imperious
duty on the part of the Indian Government ; and this was
happily accomplished under the direction of Lieutenant-General
Sir Samuel Auchmuty.
The expedition destined against Java having completed its
preparations, the first division of the Madras force sailed from
454 MILITAKY HISTOBY OF THE [18H.
Madras, under command of Colonel Kobert Gillespie, on 18th
April 1811, under convoy of the Caroline (Captain Cole).
The remainder followed on the 30th, under Major-General
Wetherall, under convoy of Phaeton.
The day after their departure, a tremendous hurricane came
on. All the vessels in the Madras roads, including H.M.S.
Dover, were driven on shore ; but the transports (fifteen in
number) having left in good time, escaped. The last of the
transports carrying horses was in great distress. Out of sixty
horses she lost forty-three, many of which it was absolutely
necessary to destroy by cutting their throats, to enable the sea-
men to close the ports. But the chief part died from
suffocation, from the hatches having been battened down.
On 18th May, the 1st Division anchored in Penang Harbour,
which was the first rendezvous. Three days afterwards, the
2nd Division arrived.
On 24th May, the expedition sailed for Malacca, which it
reached on 1st June. The Bengal troops had arrived some five
or six weeks before, and were encamped along the shore*
Directly the Madras troops arrived, those from Bengal re-em-
barked. Lieutenant- Colonel Colin Mackenzie, Chief Engineer,
and Lieutenant Blakiston, of Engineers, were directed to pro-
ceed to the Coast of Java, for the purpose of ascertaining the
proper point of debarkation.
They got under weigh on evening of 8th June, in the Phoenix
Government yacht, accompanied by the Naiitiltis. The same
day, the 1st division of Bengal troops weighed and sailed in
company.
On I3th June, the engineers parted company with the fleet,
which went through the Straits of Singapore ; while the
engineers pursued the southern passage through the straits of
Dryon.
After passing the Straits of Singapore, the fleet stood for
Borneo, passed Timbalan and a number of other islands,
1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 455
coasting along at a distance of twenty to fifty miles from the
west coast of Borneo, and arrived on 3rd July at the High
Islands.
They left a week afterwards, having taken in a good supply
of water, sailed through a cluster of islands, leaving Carramata
on the right and Borneo on the left ; and on 20th July reached
Point Sambar, extremity of south-west corner of Borneo.
Meantime, the two vessels with the engineers made the
island of Banca on 2 1st June; but, owing to the Nautilus
having sprung her main-mast, they did not reach the island of
Palambangan till the 29th. Here the engineers removed on
board H.M.'s sloop Baracouta (Captain Owen), and made sail
for Java.
On the 11th July, they got sight of the lofty mountain
of Cheribon, in Java; shortly after they made Bumkin island;
and on the 13th, anchored alongside H.M.S. Leda, in Batavia
Roads.
On the 14th, the engineers (Colonel Mackenzie and Lieu-
tenant Blakiston) left the ship with four boats belonging to
the Leda and Baracouta, with thirty men, besides seamen, to
reconnoitre the coast to east of Tangong Priok. Tlie engineers
dressed themselves as seamen. " Colonel Mackenzie, who stood
six feet two inches, cut a most ludicrous figure in jacket and
trousers belonging to the Captain, which reached about half-
way down his long limbs."
They landed to the east of the Maronde river ; but finding
themselves on an island, they dropped lower down, and landed
near Cliillingching. Previous to landing they picked up a
market boat, the headman of which, a Chinese, they took on
shore, as a guide. Close to the spot where they landed, was a
road, apparently leading to the village. The guide objected to
take this road, as there was a ditch in the way, and the bridge
over it was broken ; but he pointed out a path to the right.
Colonel Mackenzie resolved to be guided by him. After having
466 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811
gone a quarter of a mile to the right, they struck to the
left, crossing a swamp, and fell into the road close to the
village.
They were just on the point of entering the street, when a
French officer sallied out, followed by a large party of soldiers.
As the engineers had only four men with them, and being
themselves unarmed, they at once took to their heels, closely
followed by the enemy, who fired smartly at them. On reaching
the seaside they found only a few marines of the Leda. They
drew them up at the end of the avenue ; but, as the enemy
appeared to be in force, and it was thought fruitless to attempt
to face them, they retreated at once to the boats.
The marine officer, with men of 69th, was about 300 or 400
yards to the right, and being out of the way, their retreat was
cut off, and they were made prisoners. While the engineers
were making for the boats, three of those that escaped were
wounded.
This was no doubt a scheme to draw them into an ambuscade ;
and if the officer commanding had been a little more patient and
allowed them to advance into the village, they would have
succeeded in capturing Mackenzie and Blakiston While they
were pulling off from the shore, Blakiston had a narrow escape
from a musket-ball that lodged in the oar which crossed his
body exactly opposite to the pit of his stomach.
On the 1 6th they weighed, and stood to the east to make
observations regarding the coast.
On the 24th they anchored in the Cheribon roads, and
reconnoitred the town and beach, by rowing along within
musket-shot for a few miles. They then proceeded to cruise off
Indermaya, and on 26th July fell in with the Modesto and Leda
frigates.
Colonel Mackenzie and Lieutenant Blakiston shifted their
quarters to the Leda, and to the end of the month they
employed themselves in exploring the Indermaya river, up
1811] MADRAB ENGINEERS. 45
■which they rowed a considerable distance without any
interruption.
On 1st August they fell in with the Baracoiita, and were
informed that the expedition had arrived two days before at
Bumkiu Island, and was to sail that morning to the west. They
immediately made sail, overtook the fleet before dark, and
at ouce went on board the Akhar to see Sir Samuel Auch-
muty.
The fleet had left Point Sambar for Java on 27th July, had
reached Boompie's Island on the 30th, waited till 2nd August,
and then proceeded towards Batavia.
Colonel Mackenzie recommended that a landing was most
advisable at Chillingching, ten miles from Batavia.
On 3rd August the squadron made Cape Caramong. Early
next morning they ran in for the mouth of the INIaronde river,
and before 4, being ofi" Chillingching, the troops commenced
to land.
The advance was commanded by Colonel Gillespie.
Captain Smithwaite commanded the Pioneers.
The line was commanded by General Wetherall.
The reserve by Colonel Wood.
Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie was Chief Engineer.
Lieutenant Blakiston, of ^ladras Engineers, was Aide-de-
Camp to the General Sir Samuel Auchmuty, and Major
Farquhar, Madras Engineers, was in charge of the Guides and
Intelligence Department. The other Madras Engineers with
the army were : —
Lieutenant Garrard, Adjutant.
Ensign FuUarton (was left sick at Malacca).
,, Proby.
,, Coventry.
,, Anderson.
Sim.
458 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811
The army consisted of : — j^ q 0. and
Officers. Privates.
European force ... ... 200 ... 5,144
Native force 124 ... 5,653
Pioneers, &c. ... ... ... — ... 839
324 + 11,636
Grand total ... ... 11,960
Of these 1,200 were left sick at Malacca, and 1,500 more
were sick when they landed in Java, so that only 9,260 were
fit for service.
The landing-pomt being considered by the enemy of great
difficulty, on account of natural obstacles, was left unguarded
and the debarkation was effected without loss, there being no
opposition.
Before night, the whole of the infantry, with their guns,
were on shore ; advanced posts were pushed on two miles, and
the troops formed in two lines — one fronting Batavia, the other
Cornelis.
On the 5th, the horse artillery and cavalry were landed, the
position of the army was advanced towards Batavia, and the
advance took post at Suyraimah, six miles on the road to Cor-
nelis. The beat was excessive, and several cases of coups de soleil
occurred. On this night. Captain Dixon and Lieutenant
Blakiston were directed to ascertain the practicability of fording
the Autchol river at its mouth. They found the passage imprac-
ticable, and in attempting to ford the river stuck so fast in the
mud that they extricated themselves with difficulty. Had it
not been lor some fishing stakes, by which they were enabled
in some degree to support themselves, they must have been
drowned. When they came out they were covered with black
mud, almost from head to foot.
On 7th August, the infantry of the advance crossed the Autchol
river, at 10 P.M., over a bridge of boats, rowed in after dark by
1811.] MADEAS ENGINEERS.
459
the naval officers. The troops could only pass in single file.
By midnight all had crossed, and at dawn the advance was
posted near the suburbs, one mile from the town.
The line was moved forward to the river, while the reserve
remained at Chillingching.
On 8th August, the town of Batavia was summoned by
Captains Tylden and Dixon, A.D C. to Commander-in-Chief.
They returned with the Mayor Hillebrink, who had been deputed
by the burghers to crave our protection.
The Commander-in-Chief not having full information as to
position of the enemy, ordered a small party to enter the town,
and feel their way cautiously. In the evening, Colonel Gillespie,
with the advance, entered the town. Captain Robinson, Aide-
de-Camp to I^ord Minto,* carried a summons to General
Janssens to surrender the island. He returned with the reply
that General Janssens would defend his charge to the last.
At II p,M., the troops were silently called out, and ordered to
lie on their arms in the Grand Square. Scarcely had they
reached the square, when the head of the enemy's column
appeared. Firing was heard in all directions, and Colonel
Gillespie sallied out on the west side of the city, with the view of
taking the enemy in flank ; this movement succeeded, and the
enemy withdrew. The troops continued under arms all night, and
next day some horse artillery and dragoons joined the garrison.
On 10th August, at 2 a.m., an incendiary was taken in the
act of firing wooden magazines, containing powder. He was
hanged the next day.
On the same day, the army prepared to cross the Autchol river ;
while tlie advance marched, under Colonel Gillespie, towards Wet-
tervreden, through Molenleet — 1,000 Europeans and 4 50 Natives,
An attempt was made to poison Colonel Gillespie and his
Staff. His quarters were kept by a Frenchman, who had been a
menial servant of General Daendels. Just before starting, the
* Lord Minto was Governor-General of India,
460 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE Uen.
officers had called for coffee, and this man had poisoned it with
some drug. It had such an immediate effect, that Colonel
Gillespie and the whole of his Staff became violently sick.
The results were not, however, serious ; perhaps owing to the
free use of the poisou, which at once induced the vomiting.
The fellow had a cup poured down his own throat, though
very much against his will. It produced the same effect on him,
only a little more powerful. The important work the troops
were engaged in prevented a further examination into this
abominable act. The man afterwards got off to America.
At break of day they arrived at Wettervreden, and found it
abandoned ; enemy having retired to their strong position a
mile further. The enemy's right was protected by the Sloken,
and marshy ground, and the left by the Great river. Pepper
plantations concealed their line. The road to Cornells had been
blocked with abattis, and behind this the enemy had placed four
horse-artillery guns, which opened fire Enemy's infantry
occupied villages and woods right and left of the high road,
and kept up a smart fire. Enemy's guns were answered, and
dispositions made for turning the enemy's flanks. This object
was effected, the villages occupied by the enemy were fired,
and the British troops charged the guns at the point of the
bayonet.
The action lasted two hours. Enemy was completely defeated,
with loss of their guns, and a large number of killed, wounded,
and prisoners.
General Jumel commanded the post ; General Janssens, the
Commander-in-Chief, being at Struiswyk.
Colonel Gillespie, at the head of a squadron of 22nd Dragoons,
pressed upon the fugitives, who were followed close to Cornells.
This affair was highly creditable to the troops, especially the
89th, and the grenadier company of 78th, who charged the
guns.
As a consequence of this, the enemy shut themselves up in
1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 461
their works Their loss was 500 men, and four horse-artillery
guns.
In this action, Captain Smithwaite commanded the Pioneers.
Extract from Colonel Gillespie's despatch : —
" I have also to thank . . and Captains Smithwaite and
McCraith, of the Madras Pioneers, for their support during the
affair."
"I have to return thanks to Captains Dixon and Blakiston
(Madras Engineers), from whom I experienced every assistance,
and whose conduct has been most gallant."
Our loss was : —
Officers killed ... ... ... 2
Men „ ... ... ... 16
Officers wounded ... ... ... 7
Men „ ... ... ... 66
Man missing ... ... ... 1
Grand total ... 92
The following description of enemy's fortified position of
Cornelis, is by Lieutenant Blakiston, of Engineers: —
" It consisted of a parallelogram, about a mile and a half
long, and 800 yards broad, lying between what was called the
Great river, and the Sloken rivulet, which ran parallel with each
other, and were connected at each end of the position by a deep
ditch or cut. Behind each of these cuts, at a short distance,
were regular intrenchments, extending from river to river, and
along the bank of the Sloken, as well as at tlie two ends of the
position, strong square redoubts were placed at regular distances.
About the middle of the lines was a small brick fort, which
served as a kind of citadel ; and outside the Sloken, nearly
opposite to the centre of the position, was an advanced redoubt,
for the purpose of securing a rising ground, which commanded
a part of the lines. This position ran nearly north and south ;
and we approached it from the north.
462 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811.
The position was a most formidable one, both from the
difficulty of getting at it, and from the construction of the works
by which it was defended."
" It was determined to open batteries against it, the Com-
mander-in-Chief not judging it prudent to hazard an assault in
the present state of things; and the engineers were directed to
prepare the necessary materials with the utmost despatch, while
the Ordnance Department were employed in landing the batter-
ing train and stores required for siege."
" On the 14th August, we broke ground opposite to the north
end of the enemy's position, where a small drain, in rear of our
picquets, was turned into a parallel.
"During the 15th and 16 th, our working parties completed the
parallel, and opened a trench to the rear. They were also
employed in making a road through the pepper-grounds, from
the position occupied by our advance^ so that guns, ammu-
nition, &c. might be transported unperceived by the enemy.
" On the 18th, a trench was opened from the parallel, to com-
municate with the spot intended for our principal battery ; and
on the 19th, the parallel was extended to left of high road, in
order to cover the troops intended to protect our left flank. A
bridge was also thrown across the Great river, near our advanced
position, and a post established on opposite bank. At night we
were threatened with an inundation of our trenches, which proved
of no consequence.
" The enemy had attempted to fill the ditch in front of their
lines connecting the Sloken and Great river, and the surplus
water had found its way into our trenches. It filled our left
parallel before we could stop it ; but a dam was soon made,
which prevented its further progress."
" On the 20th, just after sunset, we began the erection of
three batteries — one for twelve 18-pounders, a second for eight
18-pounders, and the last for four mortars and three howitzers.
We failed to complete them before day break. These batteries
1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 463
were 600 yards from the enemy's works. No. 1 battery was
intended to play on left of intrenchments, and one redoubt that
overlooked them. No 2, on left of No. 1, was intended to play
into their works ; and No. 3 was still further to the left, aud
east of the road."
"The batteries were completed on night of the yist. The
guns were brought up by the sailors, and mounted early in the
morning of the 22nd, when the enemy made a sortie."
" A body of their troops was concealed in the low jungle in
front, and a strong column was sent to turn our left. The right
column lost its way in the dark, and their left, getting impatient,
rushed to the attack. They gained momentary possession of
one battery, but were immediately driven back by 59th, and
78th ; while the other column, marching all night, found them-
selves at day-break near the place from which they had set out.
But not to be disappointed, they attacked in front. Lieutenant-
Colonel Clarges, of 69th, advanced against them, and they
shortly retired, but not before they had mortally wounded
Lieutenant-Colonel Clarges. The enemy being foiled in their
attacks, opened a tremendous fire from their redoubts with about
forty pieces, 24- and 32-pounders. Six of our officers were
killed, and four wounded, besides sixty-seven Europeans and
twenty-nine Natives killed and wounded. Amongst the officers
were
Lieutenant Shepherd, Madras Pioneers, killed
Ensign McLeod, „ ,, mortally wounded.
" On the 23rd, the enemy were busily engaged in making
parapets and erecting other batteries. At 8 on morning of
24th our batteries opened fire, and a severe cannonade continued
nearly all day. Their nearest redoubt was repeatedly silenced,
and before the close of the day most of their batteries were
damaged, and many guns dismounted. The enemy's fire
enfiladed the avenue from Struiswyk. A new pathway was
therefore cut through the betel plantations, but their Hie being
464 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811.
directed on this also, obliged us to move along the winding
banks of the Great river."
On the 24th, we had one officer killed and three wounded.
Among the latter Captain Smith, Bengal Engineers, and
Ensign Duncan Sim, Madras Engineers. The two others were
Artillery officers — Lieutenant Pax ton killed, Captain Richards
wounded. Sim, from this wound, lost the forefinger of his right
hand.
" The enemy strengthened their position daily. Repeated
efforts were made to reconnoitre, but the nature of their position
rendered this extremely difficult."
" A front attack was considered unadvisable, and a project for
turning the enemy's left by a path round the intrenchments by
the Great river was given in ; but it was found that only one file
could go abreast, and to attack 13,000 men, strongly intrenched,
by so narrow an aperture, appeared highly imprudent."
" This plan of attack was combined by Commander-in-Chief
with other movements. It was supposed their rear was well
secured (and in fact it turned out the strongest side).'"
"Assault on left flank was objectionable, owing to the Great
river, which was unfordable with steep high banks. Their
right flank was unquestionably the weakest. A deserter from
the enemy described the redoubt on the right, the bridge by
which it was connected with the works, and its defences "
The 26th August was the day on which the formidable lines
of Cornelis were stormed. Colonel Gillespie commanded the
principal attack, on enemy's right flank. Lieutenant Blakiston
accompanied this force, and Captain Smithwaite commanded the
Madras Pioneers.
Lieutenants Garrard, Proby, Coventry, and Anderson, were
the other engineers employed in the assault of Cornelis
" Colonel Gillespie's command consisted of the whole of the
advance and flank companies of the Line, supported by Colonel
Gibbs with H.M.'s 5t)th and 4th Bengal Volunteers,"
laai MADEAS ENGINEERS. 465
" Rifle company of H.M.'s 14th led, followed by detachment
of Pioneers under Captain Smithwaite."
"This column was to proceed by a road to the east side of
enemy's position, to attack the redoubt east of the Sloken, and,
having taken it, to push for the bridge leading to centre of
enemy's position, and endeavour to cross it, and having done
80, to assault the other redoubts as Colonel Gillespie might
deem best."
"The second column under Colonel McLeod, six companies of
69th and 6th Bengal Volunteers, to follow the course of Great
river, and try to force enemy's intrenchments close to the river "
" The third column, commanded by (Jolonel Wood, 78th Regi-
ment, and 5th Bengal Volunteers, to advance along left bank of
Sloken, and penetrate the lines by crossing the ditch at its
junction with the rivulet."
" Fourth column, headed by a detachment of Pioneers under
Major Yule, was to advance from Pala-Ambang to attack post
at Campong Malayo, and, if possible, to enter works by bridge
which crossed the Great river at this point."
" Remainder of force formed in the trenches to act as a reserve
under Major- General Wetherall."
"The divisions under Gillespie and Yule moved oflF about
midnight."
" Colonel Gillespie's column crossed the Sloken by a bridge
close to our advanced post."
" From this bridge he had a considerable detour to make before
he could gain the road by which he was to advance. This,
together with darkness of the night, and difficulties in crossing
the country, caused considerable delay." Lieutenant Blakiston
accompanied this column, and Proby, Coventry, and Anderson
accompanied the others.
" On approaching enemy's lines the road was found to be cut
through in several places. The column advanced with the
utmost regularitv, and in perfect silence. On the enemy's
30
466 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811
advanced sentry seeing us, he challenged, and was answered
' Patrols ' ; and he, without giving any alarm, permitted us to
advance close up to the picquet, which we found drawn up.
Colonel Gillespie charged at once."
" The picquet made but little opposition to this onslaught,
and fled. Our column advanced in good order, and in about
a minute we were in possession of the advanced redoubt."
" Besides the troops in the redoubt, there was a large body
drawn up outside the Sloken, with their left resting on redoubt.
This party was attacked, and driven across the rivulet. Colonel
Gillespie pushed on rapidly with the head of the column, and
crossed the bridge under a tremendous fire of musketry, and
grape. Colonel Gillespie then directed his attention to the
nearest redoubt on his left, after crossing the Sloken, from
which a galling fire was kept up on oiiv troops."
"This was attacked in the same gallant manner, but the
resistance was greater, and its capture cost us many lives.
Colonel Gillespie now resolved to attack the redoubt on our
right, after crossing the Sloken ; but finding resistance greater,
and that, owing to the rapidity of his advance, only a small
part of the column had been able to keep up with him, he
determined to wait the arrival of fresh toops.
" In a few minutes Colonel Gibbs arrived, and we were
soon in possession of the redoubt."
" While the gallant assailants were congratulating one
another on the success of the attack, the magazine* of the
redoubt blew up. The explosion was dreadful. Out of 100
officers and men who were present, scarcely any escaped
unhurt. Colonel Gibbs and Lieutenant Blakiston were both
thrown into the air by the shock, but escaped unhurt. They
owed their escape to standing on a platform at the time which
• The magazine ■was fired by two captains in the French service, named Muller
and Oeman,
18U.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 467
was raised bodily up, and protected them from the force of
the powder."
" As soon as the firing of Colonel Gillespie's Division
commenced, the other columns advanced. Colonel McLeod,
after meeting with considerable resistance, succeeded in passing
the ditch close to the Great river, and carried the nearest
redoubt in the most gallant manner, just as the other redoubt
blew up. Here Colonel McLeod was killed.
" The column under Colonel Wood had not the same success
as that under Colonel McLeod, owing to the difficulty in forcing
a passage across the ditch. A part, however, got over, and
drove the enemy from the intrenchmeuts in front of the
redoubt that was blown up. Colonel Campbell, of 78th, fell
here. The column under Major Yule reached Campong
Malayo just in time to commence its attack, as soon as the
firing commenced with Colonel Gillespie. Major Yule dislodged
the enemy from the left bank of the river, but they were
enabled to set fire to the bridge, for which they had combustibles
ready.
*' The enemy having thus been driven from their advanced
redoubt, formed up near the fort of Cornells, supported by field-
pieces,
" In this position they resisted for some time. But the
advance of fresh troops compelled them to give way, when they
abandoned all their remaining works, and commenced their
retreat to Buitzenzong.
" At Campong Macassar the flying foe rallied, and attempted
to make a stand behind broken-down carts, &c., supported by
four horse-artillery guns, but ihe cavalry charged, and bore
down everything.
" Meantime a passage was made across the ditch, and the
cavalry crossed and joined the pursuit. About a mile from the
lines they came up with the rear of the enemy's column, which
they attacked and dispersed. Following up their success, they
30 ♦
468
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1811.
cut their way to the head of the column, making prisoners of
nearly the whole of the enemy's army A. few got off hy
swimming across the Sloken, among them, General Janssens,
and his second in command."
" Thus was effected almost tl; ■ total annihilation of the
enemy's army, 10,000 strong; of this number, 1,500 were
killed, and G,000 wounded or taken prisoners, besides the
whole of their sick found in their hospital at Tangong West.
Among the prisoners were 400 officers and 1,000 Europeans —
most of whom had lately arrived."
The pursuit was continued half-way to Buitzenzong (thirty-
five miles from Batavia).
Our loss was heavy. In the two columns of principal attack,
more than 500 men killed and wor.i aed, and of these forty
eight were officers.
Our total loss was : —
European Military Officers
Naval Officers ...
Marine Officers
Native Officers...
Europeans, Military
Seamen
Marines
Natives
Missing — Europeans, 10; Native, 1.
Grand total killed and wounded
Killed.
Wounded.
11
44
—
4
—
2
2
4
13
54 — 67
65
... 326
14
29
4
... 20
J8
... 89
101
464—565
J, 1.
11
643
General Janssens fled to Buitzenzong. On the following day,
finding that only a few horse had joined him, he proceeded to
v^
PLAN OF ATTACK
ON THE FOETIFIED LINES OP
C O R N E L I S,
TAKEN BY ASSAULT BY THE BKITISH AEMT UNDER THE OEDEES OF
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR SAMUEL AUCHMUTV,
COMMANDEE-m-CHrEP, eic.
AUaUBT S6, 1811.
EEFEEENCES.
Leading Coluirtn :
1. Rifle Company, H.M. 14th Regt., Lieut. Coglan.
2. Detachmont Madras Pioneers, Capt. Smytliwayto.
3. Grenadier Conipv.. II.SI. 78th Eegt., Capt. McLeod.
i. Eicht Flniili Ilattnliou. Major Miller, Uth Eogt.
6. Left Flauk Battalion. Captain Forbes, 78th Eegt.
6. Detachmt. n.M. (i'.Ptli Eeijt. (5 oomp8.),Mai.Butlor.
7. Royal Marincn, Captain Bunco.
8. Dolachmt. Dismtd. Drgns., 22nd Eegt., Lt. Dudley.
8. Do. Gov.-General'B Body Guard, Capt. Gall.
10. One Wing Light Inty. Vol. Buttu., Capt. Fraser.
11. Do. 4th Bengal, do. Maj. P. Grant.
13. Detachment Royal Artillery, Capt. Byers.
Cotond Gillt'i Brigade ;
13. Grenadier Compy., H.M. 1 1th Eegt., Capt. Kennedy.
"■ 5°. 6',lth Regt., Capt. Olphort.
1= n « ■„ t 2°- "'■'"' Bef- Capt. RoBB.
;;■ S'''^?"' ?«(!»•. Liout.-Ool. Alexander McLeod.
17. One Wmg Light Inly. Vol. Battn., Major Dalton.
la n .";. *"■ Bengal, do. Capt. Knight.
19. Detachment Royal Artillery.
B. Attack on the Enemy's Lett, commanded by Lieut.-Col.
Wm. HcLood, at the head o( H.M. 69th Regt.
C. Attack on tj.. Enemy's Rear, at Campong Molayo, by
the Column under Major Yule.
C0KSI8TI»a
Detachment Pioneers
?"o £'!?"; K'?!"'™* Bengal Native Intautrj-.
tm, Onns Madras Uorso ArtUlery. '
A Troop ol H.M. 22nd Dragoons
VU, k ifF.")'™ ^-^^ "»"> Kegimenl.
WetlieraU, joined by a column of Seamen imdet
Captain Sayer, B.N., threatened the Frout of the
Enemy's Position.
1. Corps in Reaerve, occupying the Lines at Struiswick.
The fortified lines of Cornells compriae about five
miles in cireumference, defended by 280 pieces of
cannon. The French Army concentrated within the
works amounted to above 13,000 regular troops, com-
manded by General Jansens, Governor-General.
. The Front Face of the Enemy's Position was commanded
by Brigadier-General Jauffret, under the general
direction of General Jumel, Commander-in-Chief.
Brigadier-General Gaupp commanded the face of the
Slokkan, Colonel L'Ecrevisse the side of the Great
River ; his chief post was No. 7 Redoubt. The post
of Campong Malayo was under Major Scbultz of the
Engineers, with orders to set the bridge on lire the
instant the British column appeared, which prevented
Major Yule from penetrating by that route. A
cavalry picquet was posted at the junction of the
roads behind Campong Malayo, with two pieces of
Scbultz.
'. The Reserve, under Brigadier-General Lutzow, formed
up in rear of the park guns, covered by
. The small Fort of Comelis, and
f. The Barracks on the right-hand side of the road.
. Pour Horse Artillery guns, directly facing the Little
Bridge over the Slokkan.
. Enemy's Cavalry threatening to charge.
. Powder Magazdne.
1 h h. Barracks.
i i. Numerous Batteries.
t. Deep Cuta across the roads.
t m. Trous de loup and Chausse trapes.
r\
1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 469
the east, accompanied by General Jumel, while our troops
under Colonel Gibbs reached Buitzeuzong the day after.
The carnage among the enemy was very great, 6,000
prisoners fell into our hands, and included two General
Officers, the Chief Engineer, the heads of all departments,
besides 250 other officers. 280 pieces of ordnance (mostly fine
brass cannon) were captured in Cornelis, and several stauds of
colours. Only a small party of horse, under Major Le Blanc,
succeeded in getting off, with Generals Janssens and Jumel.
The Commander-in-Chief " thought it particularly incumbent
on him to mark his fullest approbation of the active energy
and gallantry of Captain Dixon and Lieutenant Biakiston,
his aides-de-camp, whom he had permitted to act with Colonel
Gillespie on the morning of the attack."
" The splendour of this action was obscured by the distance
of the scene, and the pressing interest excited by nearer
achievements*; but a harder-fought or more sanguinary combat
is not to be found in modem times."
The following is an extract from Lord Minto's letter to the
Secretary of State : —
" For this signal, and as your Lordship will collect from the
enclosed documents, this most splendid and illustrious service,
Great Britain is indebted to the truly British intrepidity of as
brave an army as ever did honour to our country ; to the pro-
fessional skill and spirit of their officers ; and to the wisdom,
decision, and firmness of the eminent man who directed their
courage, and led them to victory."
The French army (from official papers found at Cornells)
could not have been less than 13,000 men on 2Gth August,
while the British troops only numbered 8,000, and the number
of combatants actually engaged was much less.
Sir Samuel Auchmuty now despatched by sea a detachment to
• Peninsula War
470 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[1811.
Cheribon, which place surrendered. General Jumel was here
taken prisoner.
The enemy's remaining force, chiefly cavalry, fifty officers,
200 Europeans and 500 natives, who had followed General
Janssens, finding themselves cut off by our occupation of
Cheribon, surrendered, and returned to Buitzenzong as prisoners
of war.
Carang Sambong, twenty miles west of Cheribon, was occupied
by seamen and marines under Captain Welchman, R.M.
The fort of Taggal, forty miles east of Cheribon, between
Cheribon and Samarang, surrendered to Captain Hillyer of
the Phcebe.
An attack on Samanap in the island of Madura was made
after the capture of Batavia, and crowned with complete success.
A force, under command of Sir S. Auchmuty, was prepared to
follow Janssens.
The General left Batavia on 5th September, while the troops
went to Zedayo, the appointed rendezvous.
The General found at Cheribon that Janssens had gone to
Samarang with intent of making a stand there, and eventually
retiring on Solo. Orders were accordingly given to repair to
Samarang. The Commander-in-Chief went in the Modeste.*
On 10th September, General Auchmuty, and Admiral Stopford
addressed a letter to Janssens, requesting him to treat for
surrender. He refused.
On the 12th, preparations were made to land. It was found
that the town was evacuated, and Colonel Gibbs took quiet
possession. At 2 a.m., on morning of the 16th, the force under
Colonel Gibbs moved from Samarang, and after a march of six
miles found the enemy's forces at Jattoo, posted on some very
high and rugged hills. The high road to Solo intersected their
line. The road being closed by chevaux-de-frise, and the flanks
* Lieutenant Blakiston accompanied the Chief, and was at this time attacked
■with dysenterj
1811.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 471
protected by difficulty of the ground, it could not be turned, while
thirty pieces of cannon covered the front. A detachment was
sent to occupy a hill on left of enemy's line, and the remaining
guns were directed to throw shot across the valley into enemy's
position. As soon as these pieces opened, the advance with
Colonel Gibbs rushed across the valley, and up to the great road
nearly to the top of the hill.
The English force consisted of 1,600 men.
110 Artillery.
180 Lascars.
200 Pioneers.
630 14th Kegiment.
420 78th Regiment.
60 Grenadiers, 3rd Vol. Battalion.
6 Field-pieces.
Enemy had 8,200 men, and eight field-pieces.
There were, however, very few regular troops, and the position
was chiefly occupied by the troops of their ally the King of Solo,
whose capital was some distance inland.
The advance of the English having crossed the valley, halted,
and waited for the line.
With the loss of two men the line crossed the valley, and the
whole advanced. The enemy then retreated in all directions,
leaving most of their guns behind them.
" The King of Solo's troops showed so little disposition to
fight, that a large body of his cavalry, who made a very formid-
able appearance with their large cocked hats and spears, were
actually brought to bay by Captain Dixon alone, and after-
wards pursued by Captain Dixon and Lieutenant Blakiston for
some miles without attempting to turn on them."
" This body made its appearance rather suddenly in front after
the hill had been carried, and Lieutenant Blakiston was sent by
Commander-in-Chief to desire our Light Infantry to open fire
on them."
472 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811
On his communicating the order to a sergeant whom Blakiston
met, he said he could not, " for there was the aide-de-camp a
licking of them "
" Our troops followed the enemy for ten miles, passing several
intrenchments on the road, which had been abandoned. We
reached the small fort of Oonarang, twelve miles from Sama-
rang. Enemy evacaated it and disbanded."
Here our troops halted for the day. General Janssens fled
to Salatiga ; but finding himself abandoned by his men, early on
the following morning he sent a flag of truce to treat for sur-
render of the island. The Commander-in-Chief would hear of
nothing but an unconditional surrender, and a cessation for
twenty-four hours was agreed on. Treaty was to embrace all
dependencies of Java All military to be prisoners of war.
Public debt to be guaranteed. General Janssens strongly
objected, and asked for an interview. Sir Samuel Auchmuty
refused, and insisted on the treaty ; and to enforce it advanced
on Salatiga, but received a ratified copy of the capitulation. The
General forwarded an express to the Admiral to prevent an
assault on Fort Ludowyk.
The Admiral, however, arrived at Zedayo on the ]7th, and
next day he directed Major Farquhar (Madras Engineers), the
senior oflBcer, to land the troops, 500 men, half Europeans,
with some artillery. The troops landed on 19th, and occupied
Gressie ; and on the 2'-ind, Sourabaya surrendered. 'I he Admiral
reconnoitred Fort Ludowyk, but found it too stong for a coup-de-
main. A site was selected for a battery ; but as the nearest
point of land was 1,500 yards, there appeared no chance of a
quick reduction. On hearing of the capitulation of Oonarang,
we were put in possession of Fort Ludowyk
Lieutenant Garrard was with this force He received the
personal thanks of Sir Samuel Auchmuty, and on his return to
Madras was appointed, at the request of Sir Samuel, Superin-
tending Engineer to the Mysore Division.
1811-12.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 473
Sir Samuel Auchmuty, as soon as the treaty was ratified, set
sail for Batavia, in order that he might prepare for returning to
Madras. Blakiston accompanied the General. Farquhar
returned to his post at Malacca ; while the other Engineer
oflBcers, with the exception of Lieutenant- Colonel Mackenzie,
went to Madras.
When the Dutch had despoiled the Sovereign of Jacatra, they
turned their attention to the Soosoohoon. The Dutch flattered
him with assurances of assistance against one of his own family,
who had been instigated by the Dutch to rebellion. When it
was found that owing to the reception of tlie insidious advice of
the Dutch, he had become completely entangled, the Dutch
made an open avowal of their alliance with the rebellious chief.
The Sovereign of Soosoohoon was allowed to retain a large part
of his territory, with the old capital of Solo or Souracarta.
The Dutch took the whole of the north coast, while the
remainder was made into a separate kingdom for the rebel
chief.
He, however, hated the Dutch, and manifested his hatred of
the very power which had elevated him. General Daendels had
sent an expedition against him, which caused a compromise.
The invasion by the English, he thought, a good opportunity
for him. Having matured his arrangements, he wished to effect
our destruction, as well as that of the whole colony of European
settlers. It was therefore resolved to move a military force on
Djoejocarta.
OnlTth June 1812, the Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-
in-Chief of the forces* arrived at Djoejocarta. The Sultan sent
out strong bodies of horse to intercept the communications, by
destroying bridges in our rear, and laying waste the country.
Colonel Gillespie went out with fifty dragoons to reconnoitre,
and fell in with a large body of enemy's force. He tried to
• Colonel GilloBpie.
474 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1812.
induce them to return to the " Crattan "*; they consented at
first, but on a sudden in the dark, they threw their spears at our
men, and wounded one sergeant and four men. The dragoons
cut their way through them, with the loss of one killed and
one wounded.
Our troops were —
Part of 14th Foot.
„ Bengal Light Infantry.
3rd Volunteer Battalion.
Some Artillery,
Two troops 22nd Dragoons.
Theremainder of the force, under Lieutenant- Colonel McLeod,
was expected during the night.
The Dutch had been in the habit of erecting forts close to the
capitals of the chiefs.
We had possession of the one near Djoejocarta.
A messenger having been sent to treat, was dismissed by the
Sultan, and fire was instantly opened from our fort, and returned
from the " Crattan."
The " Crattan " of the Sultan of Mataram was three miles in
circumference, surrounded by a broad, wet ditch, with draw-
bridges, and a strong high rampart, with the bastions defended
by 100 guns. The interior was full of numerous squares and
courtyards. Principal entrance had a double row of cannon
facing it, and flanked right and left by new batteries. Seventeen
thousand troops manned the works, while round them was a
population of more than 100,000.
The fort built by the Dutch was 800 yards from the walls of
the" Crattan," ill calculated for anything but a depot for military
stores. Our powder (Dutch) was bad, and the firing was only in-
tended tooccupy the enemy while our troops were concentrating.
One of the enemy's depots of powder blew up ; as also one of
ours. This latter explosion was the cause of several officers and
* Fortified residence of the Court
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 475
artillerymen being burnt — Lieutenants Young and Hunter, of
the Army, and Captain Teesdale, R.N. Light parties were
detached to scour the " campongs," * and prevent the enemy
getting in our rear to harass the detachment under Lieutenant-
Colonel McLeod, marchiug from Salatiga.
In the evening, the Sultan demanded our surrender, imagin-
ing himself already victorious from the overwhelming superiority
of his force in point of numbers.
Major Daltou, with a part of his battalion of Bengal Light
Infantry, who occupied the Dutch town between our fort and the
" Crattan," was spiritedly attacked, during the night, four times,
but repulsed the enemy. On the high road by which Lieutenant-
Colonel McLeod was advancing, numerous parties were employed
in breaking down bridges, &c.
Frequent skirmishes occurred between our dragoons and the
enemy, in which encounters some astonishing feats of gallantry
were exhibited by our men. Late in the evening some dragoons
under Lieutenant Hall, of 22nd, were sent out to force their way
to Colonel McLeod. The country was so thickly beset with the
enemy, that it was almost impossible to send a report or order
by a messenger on foot. Colonel McLeod offered a reward to
any man who would volunteer to carry an order to Captain Byres,
who was commanding a detachment of Hoyal Artillery a day's
march in the rear. John O'Brien, a private in Madras Horse
Artillery, immediately undertook this dangerous service. He
galloped through the enemy, delivered his orders, and hastened
back without being touched.
Colonel Gillespie rewarded this brave man with the public
expression of his thanks, and gave him a gold medal for his
gallantry.
The party of dragoons were attacked by a numerous body of
the enemy, who fired from behind walls ; while crowds drawn
* Suburbs with walled enclosureB
476 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1812.
up across the road presented a formidable array of spears. Our
men cut their way through, maintaining a running fight all the
way, till they succeeded in joining the detachment. Lieutenant
Hall was wounded, and narrowly escaped being speared on the
ground. Six men were killed, and found next day barbarously
mangled.
On morning of I'Jth June, Lieutenant-Colonel McLeod
reached head-quarters with a detachment Royal Artillery, Gre-
nadiers 59th, flank and rifle companies 78th, some hussars,
and a detachment of Madras Horse Artillery. After their long
and harassing marches, some repose was necessary. The can-
nonade was continued. Enemy posted behind the walls outside
the " Crattan," were burnt out and dislodged. In the evening
all the troops were ordered to the fort. The Sultan thought from
this that we were afraid of him. The cannonade was continued
all night till 3 a.m. 20th June. The fate of the whole colony
depended on the event.
Two hours before dawn, the leaders of columns received their
orders, and proceeded to carry them out. A column under
Lieutenant-Colonel Dewar, with a part of Bengal Light Infantry,
3rd Volunteer Battalion, with Prince Trangwedona's corps,
proceeded at 4 am. by a circuitous route to south of the
" Crattan," to force the south gate ; while an attack was made
on north gate, at the principal entrance, under Major Grant.
Column under Lieutenant-Colonel Watson, with part of 14th,
some Bengal Light Infantry, grenadiers of 59th, and two com-
panies of 78th, composed the main attack. It moved round
north-east bastion undiscovered- The head of column had just
reached the point for escalade, when an alarm was given by a
sentry on north-east bastion — the guns of which immediately
poured forth grape.
Led on by Colonel Watson, the grenadiers of 14th, under
Captain Johnstone, crossed the ditch, and escaladed the ramparts
on north-east face, notwithstanding the grape-shot. This was
1812.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 477
soon silencerl by rapidity of grenadiers, followed bv 14th Regi-
ment, supported by our sliarp-sbooters, so posted as to send their
shot into the embrasures.
Lieutenant-Colonel Watson pushed along the ramparts for the
Prince's Gate, while a party of sepoys crossed the ditch at the
angle of the bastion first attacked, and passing along the berm,
let down the draw-bridge for the admission of ('olonel McLeod's
column.
The Prince's Gate was with difficulty blown open. Mean-
while, the troops having cleared the ditch by means of the diuw-
bridge, ascended on one another's shoulders through the
embrasures. All this time a brisk fire was kept up from our
fort on interior of the " Crattan " Enemy raked the ramparts
will) grape during the passage to south-east bastion, which was
taken at the point of the bayonet.
From thence, troops moved along the south face, and, after a
severe conflict, the troops succeeded in opening the gates for
Colonel Dewar, who had arrived, having defeated the enemy in
the suburbs 'L'he whole column now rushed to the west gaie,
and in their progress the captured guns were turned on the
enemy.
Cavalry and Artillery were so disposed as to cut ofi" fugitives
from the fort. The Sultan, finding be had no chance of escape,
surrendered.
The fortifications being cleared, they obstinately contested a
mosque outside the fort. Here Colonel Gillespie received a
severe wound in the arm, from a blunderbuss. The conflict
having lasted three hours, ended in a complete victory for us.
Our loss was 122 killed and wounded — far below what could
reasonably have been expected, considering the disparity of
forces. This was due to the bravery of troops, and their over-
bearing rapidity in the attack. Loss of enemy very great, as
besides the killed and wounded on tlie ramparts, and in the
bastions, a prodigious number of dead were lying in heaps under
478 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1812.
every gateway, especially the centre one. British troops
engaged were less than I,OUO, and defeated 17,000 well-
appointed, men bent on defending the " Crattan " to the last.
The old Sultan was exiled to the Prince of Wales' Island,
and his son placed on the throne.
The Sovereign of Solo, intimidated by this, readily acceded
to the terms offered to him.
His example was followed by the other native princes, and
the British supremacy was established.
We had 23 killed and 99 wounded = 122 ; 9 oflScers wounded,
of whom one died from his wounds ; 8 horses killed, and ] 5
wounded; 92 guns were taken.
In Gillespie's general orders, dated Djoejocarta, June 21st,
1812, the following remarks were made regarding Lieutenant-
Colonel Mackenzie : —
" Lieutenant- Colonel Mackenzie, of the Madras Engineers,
and Major Thorn, Deputy Quartermaster- General, whose gal-
lantry and conduct have been always conspicuous, were
exceedingly serviceable in arranging the plan of attack. The
former of these officers having been detained on the island upon
professional duties, the Commander of the force was particularly
fortunate in the opportunity of benefiting by his valuable
talents and exertions."
And in General Orders by Commander-in-Chief in India: —
" Warmest thanks and highest approbation .... to Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Mackenzie, of Madras Engineers, who, being
detained on the island by professional duties, afforded all
the aid of his valuable talents in the formation of the plan
of attack."
On the departure of the first part of the expedition on 7th
October 1811, Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie was ordered by the
Commander-in-Chief to remain some time longer in Java, for
certain professional and military duties. He remained in Java
till late in 1813, when the Commission being ^closed he
laia.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 479
returned to India by way of Bengal, to communicate with
the Supreme Government on the duties he had been
employed on.
On lOth September 1813, "The Honourable the Lieutenant-
Governor (of Java) avails himself of the opportunity afforded
by the approaching departure of Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie
(Chief Engineer on the expedition to Java) to render to that
distinguished ofiBcer bis peculiar acknowledgments, and to testify
his unreserved approbation of the zeal, ability, and unwearied
application wbich he has displayed on this island. Lieutenant-
Colonel Mackenzie has been employed since the conquest of
Java in collecting and arranging the topographical and military
reports and antiquities of the island, and in ascertaining the
state of the landed terms and the general condition of the
inhabitants."
" As President of the Commission on Java affairs, Lieutenant-
Colonel Mackenzie has visited almost every part of the island,
and it is to the unremitting and extraordinary application and
zeal of Lieutenant- Colonel Mackenzie, that we are principallv
indebted for the lights which have been thrown on the subject.
The Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, will have
much satisfaction in communicating to the Supreme Govern-
ment, the favourable sentiments which he entertains of the
essential benefits which have been conferred on this colony by
the exertions of Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie, and the Lieu-
tenanant-Governor requests that he will accept his personal
thanks for the aid and advice which his talents and judgment
have afforded during his stay on this island "
In August 1812, a force was assembled at Bellary, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse (who formerly commanded a battalion
of Pioneers), for field service in the Southern Mahratta country.
It consisted of some Artillery, H.AL's 56th Regiment, and J 2th,
22nd, and 2J:th Native Infantry, with a detachment of
Pioneers.
480 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1812-13.
Captain Garrard, of the Engineers, served with this force
from September 1812 to July 1813, and Lieutenant Davies, of
Engineers, was employed under Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse,
in surveying the country in which the field-force was employed.
The force continued in the field till May 1814, when it
returned into the Madras Presidency, with the thanks of the
Resident et Pcona, and the approbation of the Governor-General,
dated 20th May 1814.
The Resident at Poona, Mr. Elphinstone, wrote on 2nd April
1814 as follows : —
" Begs to bring to notice the good conduct of the troops under
Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse, and points out the exertions that
have been required of them, from the seasons to which they
have been exposed, and from the nature of the country in
which they were employed."
After the capture of Java, a detachment of Pioneers, under
Lieutenant Stuart, were detained on the island ; and on 5th
June 1813, the Commander-in-Chief in Java (Gillespie) said he
had " equal pleasure in recording his sense of the conduct of
the detachment commanded by Lieutenant Stuart, who have been
uniformly distinguished by a zeal and steadiness, and patient
enduring under trying circumstances, which have rendered their
services eminently useful, and themselves deserving of particular
regard and consideration."
Even after this detachment had left for Madras, one havildar
and three naigues, of 1st battalion Pioneers, were detained by
Gillespie on the island, to assist in forming a colonial Corps of
Pioneers. Their names were : —
Havildar Yagapen.
Naigue Chourymootoo.
Naigue Cauveryan.
„ Ramen.
On 12th December 1813 a field force under Major-General
Taylor was formed, in two divisions, at Gooty. Mackintosh and
1813-18.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 481
Trapaud * were ordered on service with this force. The force saw
no active service.
On 3rd November 1818, the establishment of European
officers for a battalion of Pioneers of eight oompauies, was
revised, and ordered to consist of two captains, six eabalterns,
and one surgeon.
In December 1814, for the first time an adjutant was appointed
to each battalion of Pioneers, and these appointments were given
to —
Lieutenant H. Massey, 1st battalion,
Lieutenant C. Wilson, 2nd battalion,
who were already serving with the Corps.
In December 1H14, a strong detachment of Pioneers was
attached to a force intended to suppress the rebellion in Ceylon ;
but the rebellion having come to an end before the force
embarked, it was broken up in June 1816.
Early in 1815, two companies of Pioneers were employed with
the Hydrabad Subsidiary Force, under Colonel Doveton, then in
advance near Ellichpore. Major De Havilland served with this
force.
An Army of Reserve, which also had Pioneers, was formed at
the same time, and the Commander-in-chief assumed command
on 31st March; but a month after, the force was broken up, not
being required.
In November 1815, a force was assembled at Gooty, under
Colonel Marriott, for service in Kurnool, and to this a force of
pioneers was attached.
Alif Khan, Nawab of Kurnool, died in 1815; his eldest son
and legitimate successor was Munarvar Khan. The next brother,
Muzuffer Khan, claimed the succession, and seized the fort, and
it was found necessary to send a force against it, under Colonel
Marriott. The fort was artificially, and by nature, very strong,
and had never been taken, so it was considered by Muzufler
• Died on 6th December.
31
482 MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE [1815-16.
Khan impregnable. He refused to yield the fort to the British
force The commanding engineer was Captain Mackintosh.
The batteries were opened on the 14th December 1815, and the
next day the fortress was surrendered at discretion, and taken
possession of without the loss of a man. This easy surrender
was attributed to the effect of the shells among the cavalry,
amounting to about 600, the personal escort of the chiefs, who,
owing to the precautions taken, and to the Toongubuddra being
unfordable, could not make their escape. The force was broken
up in the following June, and the Governor-in-Council on this
occasion expressed his entire satisfaction with the zeal and ability
manifested by Colonel Marriott in all the operations of his late
important charge.
"The exemplary conduct, in every respect, of the officers and
soldiers who served under his command is also entitled to high
commendation."
NumavarKhan was placed on the musnud.* He reigned eight
years, and died in 1823. Muzuffer Khan was then the successor,
but while on his way to be installed, in company with Mr.
Campbell, the Collector of Bellary, he murdered his own wife,
and was sentenced to be imprisoned for life in the fort of
Bellary. Goolam Russool, one of the youngest of Alif Khan's
sons, was placed on the musnud. He being the son of a dancing-
girl, and therefore not of true Patan descent, was not properly
the successor; but he was a favourite of Alif Khan, who had
applied to the Government to have him recognised as his
successor.
Between December 1810, and December 1816 there were seven
casualties in the Corps.
In January 1816, Lieutenant-General Trapaud, Chief Engineer,
went home on three years' furlough, nnd Lieu tenant- Colonel
Caldwell was appointed to act as Chief Engineer
Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie was senior to Caldwell, but
* The throne ; i.e. he was installed Nawab.
1811-13.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 483
was Surveyor-General of India, having been appointed 26th May
1815.
The Acting Chief-Engineer's pay was as follows : —
Pagodas.
Established Allowance 208 14 0
Allowance for Draughtsmen ... 229 41 20
437 55 20
Or about 1,533 rupees (Arcot).
The President-in-Council, thinking this salary too small,
resolved to give him a personal allowance of 300 pagodas a
month, and 100 pagodas from Civil Department as Inspector of
Tank Repairs Establishment.
Lieutenant-Colonel Norris retired, 23rd September 1811.
Major Blair died. 23rd March 1812 (just after leaving Madras,
on his way home sick)
Lieutenant C. E. Trapaud died at Bellary, 6th December 1813.
Major R. H. Eotheringham retired, 4th October 1815.
Captain H. H. Torriano died at Ennore, 7th February 1815.
Captain John Blakiston retired, 28th July 1815.
Blakiston left India Marcli 1812, and reached Deal in July.
About this time, came the news of the battle of Salamanca. He
wrote to Wellington, and having got a favourable reply, was
placed by the Duke of York on full pay, in some regiment in the
Peninsula, and in March 1813 embarked for Lisbon The
following is a brief record of his services to the close of the
Peninsula campaign.
On 3rd May, he reached the head-quarters of the army at
Frenada, two or three miles distant from Fuentes d'Honor. He
saw Lord Wellington, and a few days after joined a Portrguese
regiment in General Kempt's brigade of the Light Division,
commanded by General Baron Alten.
On 21st May, winter quarters were broken up, and a month
after he was present at the battle of Vittoria, having marched 270
miles in eighteen successive days, through a mountainous country.
31 *
484 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1813-14.
From thence he marched to Pamplona, and reached Vera,
in the Pyrenees, when Lord Wellington sent for him, and offered
to allow him to act as an engineer at the siege of St. Sebastian.
Blakiston eagerly closed with the o£fer, and on the 15th
July started for that place.
On the 24th, just previous to the first most unsuccessful
assault, while with the working party in the trenches, he
received a severe wound from a musket-ball, wliich passed
through his arm and broke one of the bones. He was sent with
the wounded to Bilboa, and among the wounded was a Lieutenant
Reid, of the Royal Engineers, who had received a grape shot in
the neck. Reid recovered in time to be present at the second
assault of St. Sebastian.
On 30th August, Blakiston returned by road to St. Sebastian,
too late for the assault of the town. He was, however, employed
in the capture of the castle, a party of the German TiCgion being
placed under his orders.
On 8th September, the batteries opened fire, and in a few hours
the garrison surrendered Blakiston now rejoined his regiment.
On 7th October, Wellington crossed the Bidassoa, and the
division in which Blakiston's regiment was employed attacked
the heights of Vera. About this time he was gazetted to a
company in one of the regiments of the 4th Division, but did
not remove to his new regiment, as he expected that Marshal
Beresford would promote him to a majority.
On 10th November, he was engaged in the battle of the
Nivelle, as well as in the operations connected with the battle of
the Nive, from the 9th to 13th December 1813.
On 21st February 1814, the division broke up before Bayonne,
and marched to combine in the general movement which was about
to take place. Early on morning of the 27th they crossed the
river by a pontoon bridge near Orthes, and were engaged in the
battle at that place. After the battle, they followed in pursuit of
the enemy; and on 1st March, reached Mont de Marson, where
1814.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 485
tliey captured a large convoy of provisions. About 12th March,
they resumed their march, and arrived near Tarbes on the 19th.
Thence they pushed on, and about the end of the month
arrived opposite to Toulouse. Lord Wellington having directed
that a bridge should be thrown across the Garonne, a few miles
above Toulouse, Blakiston proceeded to act with the engineers
on the occasion. The bridge was completed by the morning,
and two divisions of our army crossed. In a day or two our
two divisions returned, and Lord Wellington resolved to throw a
bridge across, some miles below the town. The bridge was com-
pleted during the night of the 5th, and the 4th and 6th Divisions
crossed. There was now incess.int rain, and the bridge received
much damage, and was in great danger of being carried away.
By the 8th, the bridge was thoroughly repaired. On the same
night, the pontoon bridge had to be moved higher up the river.
This was not done in time to admit of its being complete before
noon. Lord Wellington was very angry at this, as he had
intended to have crossed over two more divisions that morning,
and to hiive attacked the enemy.
He was compelled to postpone this operation till the next day
(Easter Sunday), 10th April, when the 8rd Division, and the
one in which Blakiston was employed, crossed the bridge, and
moved towards the town.
On the same day was fought the battle of Toulouse, which
resulted in the defeat of the French, and their full retreat. Soon
after. Lord Wellington entered into a convention with Marshal
Soult, whereby hostilities were brought to a close.
Blakiston now obtained leave of absence, and set off for
England, via Bordeaux. He obtained a majority in 27th Foot.*
• John Blakiston was second son of second baronet Sir Mathew Blakiston.
Ho was born on 8th February 1785, and married, after his return from the
Peninsula, on 2yth tieptember 1814. His wife was Jane, daughter of Rev.
Thomas Wright, Rector of Market Bosworth, county Leicester ; by her he had
four sons and three daughters. Ho died on 4th June 1807, in his 83rd year.
486 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811-16.
From 1811 to 1816, both inclusive, the following officers
joined the Corps : —
J, W. Nattes, July 27 th, 1811.
W. WotherspooD, „
A. Koss, June 11th, 1812.
J. Eobius, „
J. Purton, ,,
J. K. Anderson, July 6th, 1813.
J. Oliphant, July 4th, 18U.
W. T. Drury,
G. J. Jenkins, July 11th, 1815.
J. J. Underwood, July 9th, 1816.
H. C. Cotton,
The whole Corps at this time consisted, inclusive of those at
home and on service in foreign countries, of thirty-three officers.
Major William Farquhar was Kesident and Commandant at
Malacca, and in 1816 went home on three years' furlough.
Lieutenant Monteith was employed in Persia
Before Lieutenant-General Trapaud left for England, he sent
in a Memorial* regnrding the exclusion of general officers of
Engineers and Artillery from Staff employ
The following are the names of some of the officers employed
with the Pioneers from 1811-16: —
14th August 181 1, Captain Hughes, commanded 1st battalion.
5th June 1812, Lieutenant Kichardson, with Pioneers.
8th September 1814, Lieutenant Prendergast, with 1st
battalion,
13th September 1814, Lieutenant G. M. Steward, with 1st
battalion.
13th September 1814, Lieutenant A. Stewart, in Java with
Pioneers.
7th October 1814, Captain E. Snow, commanded 1st battalion.
14th „ ,, ,, Bertram, with 1 st battalion.
23rd December 1814, Lieutenant H. Massey, adjutant 1st
battalion.
• Dated 2nd August 1815.
1811-16.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 487
28rd December 1814, Lieutenant C. Wilson, with 2nd battalion.
23rd October 1816, Lieutenant F. W. Morgan, with 1st
battalion.
On 3rd August 1813, Captain Garrard, who was Superin-
tending Engineer at Mysore, complained that Major-General
Wetherall, commanding the division, objected to his detaching
his assistant, Lieutenant Nattes, to Seringapatam, without orders
from head- quarters.
The Major- General was informed by the Government that
Captain Garrard had full power to order his as&istant to any
place in his division he thought fit.
The Engineers Department appears to have been viewed with
considerable jealousy by the Quartermaster-General. Further
on it will be seen that this jealousy culminated in an acrimonious
discussion between the Chief Engineer, and the Quartermaster-
General.
On 30th December 1815, the Chief Engineer complained that
the Quartermaster- General had interfered with his Department
by ordering the survey of the fort of Gooty, and that Lieutenant-
Colonel Blacker, the Quartermaster General, did not address
him direct in the matter. The Quartermaster-General was told
that the duties of surveying forts appertained to the Engineers'
Department.
Note. — Blakiston was not present at Waterloo. In 181 5 the 3rd battalion of his
regiment was in America, and he was on leave. When the war again broke out
the 3rd battalion was ordered home, but only arrived in time to be employed in
the occupation of Paris. Blakiston mentions that when it was determined to
remove the celebrated bronze horses which Napoleon had brought from Venice,
orders were issued to carry out the work at night, so as to avoid wounding the
susceptibiUties of the Parisians. Blakiston was breakfasting with the Duke
when it was reported that the workmen had been unable to caiTy out his orders
of the previous night, as they had been driven away when attempting to do so.
The Duke smiled on hearing this, and said in that case it must be donj during
the day ; and ho at once ordered the square to bo tilled with Austrian troops.
After that, no difficulty was encountered, and the trophies were taken down and
removed to Venice, where they now are on the church of St. Mark.
488 MILITAEY HISTOBT OF THE [1816.
CHAPTER XYII.
Mahratta War. — Rajah of Nagpore intrigues.— Holkar commences hostilities. —
Holkar and Scindiah make treaties with the British Government. — Pindar-
ries. — The Peishwa. — The Nagpore Government. — Holkar a young minor. —
Intrigues at Peishwa's Court previous to 1815. — Trimbuckjee confined to
Tannah, but escapes. — Alliance proposed to the Peishwa. — Hydrabad. —
Appa Sahib's alliance with British Government. — Pindarries enter the
Madras territory. — Divisions in the field.— Lord Hastings reaches Gawnpore.
— Sir T. Hislop leaves Secunderabad. — Doveton leaves Jaulna. — 4th
Division in rear of Unkye Tankye pass. — The Governor-General takes the
field. — Treaty with Scindiah. — Sir T. Hislop arrives at Hurdah.— 2nd
Division of the Grand Army intended to undertake Siege of Asseerghur. —
The 4th Division to advance to the Nerbudda. — Fifth Division assembled at
Hoosingabad. — 3rd or Left Division of the Grand Army. — Force under
Brigadier Hardyman. — Brigadier Toone's Division terminated line to the
left. — Reserve Division under Ouchterlony. — Guzerat Division. — Deccan
Reserve under Munro. — The Peishwa solicits the reduction of Soondoor. —
Chain of posts formed along the frontier. — 4th Division returns to Poona. —
Movements of General Doveton. — Bajee Row attacks the Residency at
Poona. — Colonel Bm-r defeats the Peishwa. — 4th Division reaches Kirkee. —
Pioneers improve the ford. — Peishwa retreats. — The Pindarries. — Position
of the Pindarries. — Pindarrie forces. — Battle of Seetabuldee. — Troops poured
into Nagpore. — Ensign Jenkins dies. — Movements against the Pindarries. —
Operations against army of Holkar.— Battle of Mehidpore. — Bombay Army. —
Guzerat Division. — Movements of the Grand Army.— Operations confined to
Me war. — Battle of Nagpore. — Attack of Nagpore city. — Storming party. —
Attack on breach fails. — Davies severely wounded. — Extract from General
Doveton's letter. — Further operations against the Pindarries. — Pindarries
attempt to regain Malwa. — Completely dispersed at Kotrah on the Kalle
Sindh. — Kureem Khan and Wasil Mahomed's forces annihilated. — Cheetoo's
forces dispersed. — Cheetoo killed in the jungle by a tiger.-^2nd Division
proceeds from Nagpore to the west. — Holkar's possessions in Khandeish
1816-1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 489
ceded to the English. — Operations of 4th Division and the Reserve. —
Detachment under Captain Staunton repulses the Peishwa's Army at Kory-
gaum. — Flight of Bajee Row continued. — General Pritzler pursues Bajee
Row. — Cavalry action at Ashtee. — Gokla killed. — Siege of Singhur. —
Singhur capitulates. — Pritzler takes a number of forts. — Munro takes
Badami. — Siege of Belgaum — Munro effects junction with Pritzler. — Siege
of Sholapore. — The Fort of Sholapore reconnoitred. — Grant recoimoitres the
rampart and ditch. — Sholapore surrenders. — Forces in Hindustan. — Saugor
surrenders. — Lieutenant Remon, Bombay Engineers, wounded. — Dhamonee
surrenders. — Mundla stormed. — Army of the Deccan. — 1st Division of
Deccan Army marches to the south. — Sir T. Hislop at Talneir. — Killadar
surrenders. — Arabs attack our party. — Killadar hanged. — Doveton at
Ootran ordered to Bal. — Holkar's possessions qxiickly occupied.— Hislop
hears of Bajee Row. — Sir T. Hislop returns to Madras via Bombay. — Bajee
Row hastens towards Chanda. — Adams defeats the Peishwa near Soonee. —
Pursuit of Mahratta Army. — Peishwa turns north to cross the Taptee. —
Wusota invested by General Pritzler. — Surrender of Wusota. — The 2nd
Division employed in pursuit of the Peishwa. — Detachment under Lieutenant-
Colonel McDowell into Khandeish. — Unkye Tunkye. — Engineer officers
present. — Trimbuck reconnoitred. — Ensign Lake wounded. — Trimbuck sur-
renders.— Engineer Department moves to Nassick. — McDowell before
Malligaum. — Adams before Chanda. — Situation of Chanda. — Campaign in
Bhonsla territory closed. — Appa Sahib confined at Nagpore. — Appa Sahib
escapes. — The whole of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams's force takes the field. —
The Peishwa crosses the Taptee. — Peishwa has a conference with Sir John
Malcolm. — He joins Malcolm's camp. — McDowall's force at Malligaum. —
Description of Malligaum. — Recommendations of Commanding Engineer,
Lieutenant Davies. — Sortie from Malligaum —Lieutenant Davies mortally
wounded. — Eulogy of Lieutenant Davies. — Conduct of siege devolves on
Ensign Xattes. — Arrangements for the assault. — Ensign Nattes killed in the
assault. — Storming party retreats to the trenches. — Pettah captured. — ■
Attack on west side abandoned. — Proposal to attack east face. — Surrender
of Malligaum. — Severe losses among Engineer officers. — Appa Sahib makes
for the Mohadeo Hills. — Adams sends reinforcements. — Arabs driven into
the jungles. — Appa Sahib engaged in making fresh levies. — Intrigues at
Nagpore. — At end of October Mohadeo Hills still hold out. — Attempt to
recover Chouragurh. — Colonel Adams enters the Hills. — Tribes of Goands
reduced. — Appa Sahib escapes from Mohadeo Hills. — Lieutenant-Colonel
Pollock in the Valley of the Taptee. — Captures Jilpy Amneir. — Ex-Raja of
Nagpoor makes his way to Assoerghur. — Troops assembled for the Siege of
Asseerghur. — Ordnance available for the Siege. — Description of Asseerghur.
Attack of Asseerghur. — Pettah taken. — Engineer Department established
in centre of the pettah. — Malcolm moves to north-west of the fort. —
Disastroui explosion. — Engineers reconnoitred east front. — Lieutenant
Coventry's (Commanding Engineer) report. — Doveton's Division moves for
attack on east front. — Engineers' Depot established at the Ram Bagh.
490 MILITABY HISTOEY OF THE [1816.
Malighur occupied by our troojDS. — Saugor battering train and Bengal
Miners aiTive. — North-east angle of fort destroyed. — Killadar offers to
surrender with stipulations, which were rejected. — Killadar surrenders un-
conditionally.— Fort occupied. — Great exertions of the Artillery. — Loss of
gan-ison slight. — British losses. — Appa Sahib not found in the fort. — Appa
Sahib escapes and makes his way to the Punjab. — Attack of Nowa. —
Description of Nowa. — Shaft commenced to blow in the counterscarp. —
Inner fort carried. — Our losses. — Engineer Establishment. — Siege of Copal
Droog.^Force encamped before Copal Droog. — Description of Copal Droog,
— Lower fort taken possession of. — Plan of attack.-^Upper fort esca-
laded. — Assaulting columns throughout the campaign led by Engineer
Officers. — Extract from General Pritzler's despatch. — Disturbances in
Sawunt Waree. — Composition of Engineer Corps up to 1829.
At the close of the Mahratta War in 1803, the British
Government in India was at peace with all the Native powers;
but it was soon found that the hostile feeling of the Mahrattas
had not been eradicated.
The Rajah of Nagpore engaged in intrigues with Scindiah and
Holkar.
Holkar was the first to commence hostilities. This war
terminated in 1805. Scindiah, in 1804, had concluded a treaty
of defensive alliance with the British Government ; but when he
saw how our arms were occupied with Holkar, he resolved to try
his strength again, and marched to the Chumbal when Holkar
was at Bhurtpore. When the operations at Bhurtpore termin-
ated, Holkar seemed so disposed to peace that Lord Lake
hastened to attack Scindiah. The latter fled to Subbulghur,
and finding Holkar subdued, he also made a treaty with the
Government in November 1805.
Thus the general peace was restored ; but Scindiah and
Holkar still continued to desolate the country now known as
Central India. Under this state of things was gradually formed
a power (Pindarries), which gained sufficient strength to extort
territory from tlie Mahratta leaders, and to wrest lands from the
petty chiefs adjoining.
The Peishwa proceeded peacefully till 1812, when he attempted
to subvert the Southern Jaghiredars ; and this led to British
1816. MADRAS ENGINEEES. 491
interference. The Peishwa was induced to waive some of his
pretensions; but even after this, the British Government was
constantly called upon to interfere to prevent unjust exaction on
the one side, and to enforce respect on the other. Nothing
occurred to disturb the peace with the Nagpore Government ;
in fact, the harmony should have been improved, as in 1809,
when the Nagpore power was endangered by the invasion of
Ameer Khan (in war with Holkar, in 1805, he commanded a
large body of cavalry), the movement of a division of the Madras
army, under Major-General Sir Barry Close, from the Deccan,
and a similar corps, under Sir Gabriel Martindale, from Bundel-
cund, relieved the Nagpore army from being invested in a
position where for some weeks it had to engage in a daily
skirmish for water. Since the peace with Holkar, in 1 806, the
most amicable terms subsisted between that power, and the
British Government.
In 1808 Jeswunt Row Holkar became deranged, and died in
1811, being succeeded by his son, Mulhar Row Holkar, then
six years of age.
Some time previous to 1815 the Peishwa's Court had been
disturbed by intrigues to displace the Minister, and the Peishwa
brought into notice his personal favourite, Trimbuckjee
Dainglia. Gungadhun Shastree, the agent from the Guickwar
State, was murdered in the streets of Puuderpore at Trimbuokjee's
instigation (subsequently he was found only to be an instrument
of the Peishwa). The British Government interfered to disgrace
Trimbuckjee. He was apprehended, and confined in September
1816, at Tannali, but escaped. An insurrection followed (in the
Mohudeo Hills, south of Poona,) of which he was the head.
The Subsidiary Force was accordingly marched to near Poona,
and anotlier alliance proposed to the Peishwa The security
required was the surrender of Ryeghur, Singhur, and Poorunder.
While this was going on at Poona occurrences at the Nizam's
induced the Resident to apply for a military force. At Nagpore,
492 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [I81ft-1T.
Rajah Raghope Bhonslah died early in 1816, and was succeeded
by his imbecile son, Moodajee. A Regent was appointed, by
name Appa Sahib, who succeeded his cousin Aloodajee, on the
throne becoming vacant by his death. Appa Sahib entered into
an alliance with British Government. All these events produced
the gradual increase of British forces in the Deccan, and a
corresponding decrease in the British troops on the frontier.
The Pindarries, finding this the case in 1810 and 1817,
entered the Madras Presidency in large bodies, and succeeded
in materially injuring the country without receiving any adequate
punishment. These aggressions called for the most spirited
conduct on the part of the British Government. All the Native
powers professed to deplore the evil of the predatory system
which prevailed in the midst of them, and testified every possible
alacrity to contribute to its suppression. Their professions,
however, were not sufficient to give the British Government
confidence in their sincerity. In contemplating a campaign for
the extermination of the Pindarries, it was necessary to provide,
at the same time, against a combination of the Mahratta powers.
The first theatre of war would be the Nerbudda Valley ; but after
the expulsion (.)f the Pindarries from that line the operations
might extend to any part of Malwah, or the Deccan. The
Deccan was already occupied by British forces, which only
required to be reinforced from Madras, and Bombay. The
demonstration on north and east of Malwah were the especial
province of Bengal army ; while that on west was to be under-
taken by Bombay troops from Guzerat.
The rainy season of 1817 was spent in preparing for a great
military eff'ort against the Pindarries, and whatever powers of
Central India might support them. Lord Hastings, the Governor-
General, intended to have four divisions on the side of Hindoo-
stan. Left division at Kalingur, in Bundelcund, commanded by
Major-General Marshall. Centre division between Calpee and
Ltawah, on the Jumna, under Major-General Brown. Right
1817.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 493
dirision at Agra, under Major- General Donkin ; and Reserve
division, under Major-General Sir David Ouchterlony, K.C.B., at
Rewarree.
In addition to this, two Corps of Observation at Rewah, and
further east.
On the Deccan side, he had five substantial corps, and a
Reserve.
The Commander-in-Chief of Madras, Sir Thomas Hislop, was
to have personal command of the troops between the Nerbudda,
and tlie Kistua.
1st, or advanced Division, was commanded by Sir Thomas
Hislop in person.
2nd, or Hydrabad Division, under Brigadier- General Doveton,
C.B.
3rd, under Brigadier-General Sir John ISfalcolm, K.C.B.
4th, or Poona Division, under Brigadiei'-Geueral Smith,
C.B.
5th, or Nagpore Division, under Colonel Adam, C.B
Reserve under Brigadier-General Munro ; Brigadier General
Pritzler being second in command under him.
In addition to these, there was the Guzerat division of Bombay
troops, under Major-General Sir W. Grant Keir.
Lord Hastings embarked at Calcutta on 9th July 1817, and
arrived at Cawnpore on 13th September.
The troops to form the Deccan divisions were at Dliarwar,
Punderpore, Secunderabad, Jaulna, Nngpore, Hoosingabad,
Sohagpore, Gurhwarra, Jubbulpore, near and at Poona, near
Ahmednugger, &c.
The 1st Division had orders to proceed to Hindia on the
Nerbudda.
2nd to act in Berar.
3rd to proceed in advance.
4th to act in Khandeish {south of the Satpoora Hills,
which divide the Taptee from the Nerbudda), in communication
494 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [181T.
with second division on one side, and the Guzerat force on the
other.
A small force was left at Poona, and another at Hyderabad.
A detachment marched, towards end of August, from
Secunderabad for point of assembly of 1st Division; half
squadron Horse Artillery, one squadron 22nd DragoonS; one
wing Madras Europeans, 3rd Punjaub Light Infantry, and half
the 1st battalion Madras Pioneers.
They reached Nandair, on the Godavery, on IGth October.
On 9th June 1817, Lieutenant Grant, Ensigns Purton, and
Jenkins, of Engineers, were ordered to join field force assembling
at Adoni ; and Lieutenant A. Anderson and Ensign J. W. Nattes
to join field force at Jaulna, and be under orders of Lieutenant
Davies.
On 24th September, Ensigns Underwood, and E. Lake were
ordered to join army in the field.
1st battalion 7th Native Infantry, with two 6-pounders, was
ordered, on 20th September, to escort materials from Jaulna, to
facilitate the passage of the river at Changdeo at the confluence
of the Poornah and Taptee. It was accompanied by half 1st
battalion of Pioneers, and the Engineers Department, under
Lieutenant Davies, to whom was entrusted the immediate
preparation of such expedients as should be found most
applicable to the pressing exigency of the service.
Route was by Adjuuta, Jumbool, and Wuggerkeira.
This small force arrived 4th October.
A flying bridge was established, in expectation of the advanced
corps consisting of : —
4 6-pounders with Artillerymen,
4 companies of Rifles, and
3 Native Regiments,
under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Scot ; but owing to a sudden
rise of the Poornah, this force did not cross the Taptee till 12th
October, having marched by Jaohera and Sumroad. It was
1817J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 495
joined on the right bank of river by two companies of pioneers
from Changdeo.
The remainder of 1st Division was still at Jaulna with one
company of 1st battalion Pioneers. This force commenced its
march on 13th October, and crossed at Changdeo on 27th.
Sir T. Hislop, owing to severe illness, was detained at
Secunderabad, but at length moved from that place on Ist
October. He overtook a detachment commanded by Colonel
Murray, at Nandair, on lOth. A light detachment was selected
for escort of head quarters, and remainder were left to follow,
bringing on with them the heavy equipment
General Doveton (2nd Division) left Jaulna on loth October,
and arrived on 23rd at Meiker, by Sindkeir. At this time the
4th Division was advanced on the left towards Khandeish. It
commenced the passage of the Goor river, near Seroor, on 3rd
October, and arrived at Unkota, by Ahmednugger and Toka, in
rear of Unkye Tankye Pass, on 13th October. The same day,
Brigadier-General Smith arrived between Byzapore and Kassum-
bavie Ghat, eighteen miles to right of Unkota.
On 7th October, Sir John Malcolm (3rd Division) was joined
at Amneir by contingent of Salabat Khan, Nawab of Eilichpore.
On ICth October the Governor- General took the field, and on
20th reached Secundra, on the Jumna, with 1st or Centre
Division.
On 25th it marched towards Maliewa, on the Sindh, and
reached it on 7th November. The Eight Division marched for
Dholpore, on the Chumbal, on the 5th, and arrived on 8th
November.
These movements were directed against Scindiah. He acceded
to the terms of a fresh treaty, which was signed by him on 5th
November, and ratified by Lord Hastings next day. In this
treaty Lord Hastings stipulated for the occupation of Hindia
and Asseerghur. The latter could not be obtained, owing to the
action of the Killadar, probably at Scindiah's instigation,
496 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817.
although the latter had ostensibly agreed to its surrender.
Scindiah agreed to co-operate in the attack on the Pindarries.
The head-quarters of the Deccan army crossed the Poornah, at
Edulabad, on 30th October; the Taptee, above Boorhanpore, on
1st November; and on the 10th, Sir T. Hislop entered camp at
Hurdah.
On 13th November, Major Andrews' detachment joined army
at Hurdah, with 2nd battalion I4th Native Infantry. This corps
left Meiker on 27th October, and followed Major Andrews from
Mulkapore. Of the four companies of Pioneers marching with
this detachment, three were ordered to join 2nd Division, which,
with one company ordered from Changdeo to Jaulna, completed
the number for General Doveton's force.
The Pioneers attached to the 1st Division were composed of
two companies, which joined Colonel Scot at the Taptee, one
company, which macrhed with Lieutenant-Colonel Macintosh
from Jaulna, and one ot t'le companies which arrived with Major
Andrews.
The company of Pioneers ordered to Jaulna was intended to
join a small battering train which marched from Jaulna for
Mulkapore, on 7th November. This train was intended for the
eventual siege of Asseerghur. The 2nd Division was to do this
service, and General Doveton was directed to move to rear of
Mulkapore. Brigadier Smith (4th Division) was to descend the
valley in his front, and advance his head-quarters through the
Scindwah Ghat to the Nerbudda
The 5th Division (Adams) assembled at Hoosingabad. At
this time disturbances were feared at Nagpore, and Colonel
Adams was directed to detach a reinforcement to that city, on
12th November. Lieutenant Colonel Gahan marched with three
troops Bengal Cavalry, with galloper guns, and 22nd Native
Infantry, with two 6-pounders. This detachment halted at
Sindkeir till a requisition should be received from Mr. Jenkins,
the Resident.
181T.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 497
To return to the Grand army.
The 3rd, or Left Division, under General Marshall, assembled
at Kallinger on 1 0th October, to co operate with the advanced
division of Array of the Deccan, for the expulsion of Pindarries ;
to protect the frontier of Bundelcund, aud to frustrate attempts at
escape south-east toNagpore Its march commenced on the l'3th
in direction of Huttab, which place it reached on the 27th, and
halted there till 4th November. From Huttah, it went on to
Reillie,* by Gurracotta, 12th November. To the left of this
division, was a force under Brigadier- General Hardyman,
intended to continue the line to the south-east; this was at
Oomree, on 23rd October.
Brigadier- General Toone's detachment was to terminate the line
of defence to the left, on the upper Soane, to protect southern
frontier of Bahar.
On 6tli November this force was at Oontarree. From thence
was made a distribution of posts to occupy the principal passes,
and to maintain communications between them, and Brigadier-
General Hardyman's extreme post of Burdee.
The Reserve Division, uuder Ouchterlony, was to assemble at
Delhi on 20th October, and march to Rewaree to control Ameer
Khan [& dependant of Holkar), and intercept Pindarries who
might retreat north-west. He was also to support the Rajpoot
States. The Guzerat Division was intended to protect the
Guzerat frontier against the Pindarries, and co-operate with the
Deccan army, if we had to fight the Mahrattas.
The Deccan Reserve, under Munro, was intended to form a
reserve in the parallel of Kulburga, either to incline to Hydrabad,
or Poona, or fall back for protection of British frontier in
the direction of EUore, or Bellary.
The Peishwa, on 11th October, solicited the reduction of
Soondoor. A force was accordingly marched from Dharwar to
♦ Twenty«five miles east of Saugor.
32
498 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE U817.
Humpasagur, under Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple, followed two
days after by Colonel Munro. On the 20th, the force was
divided into two parts ; one was placed on left bank of the river in
charge of the sick and the heavy baggage, while the other crossed
the river on the 23rd. It was here joined by the head-quarters,
and three companies of 2nd battalion of Pioneers from Bellary.
On the 27th, Munro entered the valley of Soondoor, when
the fort surrendered, and was occupied by a British garrison.
The force immediately returned to Humpasagur, and on 5th
November crossed to the left bank of the Toongaboodra.
On the 7th, Munro delivered over command to Colonel
Hewett, with orders to put the force in the position assigned to
the reserve ; cavalry to march on 9th November, and European
flank battalion, artillery, rifles, and pioneers on the 10th, Native
infantry and commissariat on the 11th. Colonel Munro returned
to Dharwar. General Pritzler, being far advanced on his return
from Hydrabad, was to assume command.
These several corps proceeded to Chinnoor, and were formed on
16th November into the Reserve Division of the Deccan army.
From the west point of the British frontier on the Toonga-
boodra, a chain of posts was established along the river till its
junction with the Kistna at Moorkondah; thence to Chintapilly,
and afterwards along the ICast Ghauts to Chilka Lake, a distance
of 850 miles.
The number of troops employed on this work were six squad-
rons of dragoons, six of Native cavalry, nine battalions of Native
infantry, and 6,000 horse and foot of Mysore.
The 4th Division had barely taken up its position for the
defence of the Peishwa's dominions, when the Peishwa showed
clearly that he was hostile to us, and took the lead by attacking
the Residency and British troops at Poona.
Ameer Khan had, following the example of Scindiah and the
Nawab of Bhopal, accepted the terms offered with eagerness, and
proved a staunch and zealous ally to us.
1817.] MADltAS ENGINEEKS. 199
The Peishwa having assembled an army in a menacing posi-
tion at Poena, Elphinstone (Resident) applied to General Smith
(4th Division) for the return of his division. Accordingly the
4th Division broke up from its position early in November, and
reassembled at Fnoltamba on the Godavery on the 4th, where
it remained till the 6th, when it continued its route on the
capital. General Doveton, on receiving reports of General
Smith's retrograde movement, countermanded the march of the
battering train on Mulkapore, and directed the engineers" park
and department, which had moved from Mulkapore to Changdeo
to join him above the Ghauts.
Headquarters of 2nd Division (Doveton) marched from
Meiker on 12th November, and arrived at Jafferabnd on the
loth. They were here joined by the battering train, which
countermarched from Suraroad on the 16th, and arrived by route
ofAdjunta. The engineers' park and department came in on
the 16th by Jeypore and Koablee, having marched from Mulka-
pore on 12th November.
On 4th November, Bajee Row's troops attacked the Residency
at Poona, and Mr. Elphinstone, having only time to retire by
the ford of the Moola, retreated along its left bank, and joined
the brigade under Colonel Burr. The next day Colonel Burr
defeated the Peishwa, inflicting a loss of oOO killed and wounded,
while the British loss was only eighty-six.
The 4th Division reached Ahmeduugger, and on the Sth took
the pettah, they then continued their march to Poona ; on evening
of the 12th the light troops and cavalry moved out of Kirkee to
meet them, and took up ground between Kirkee bridge, and a
small hill on the left of Mootamoola.
On the 14th, preparatory movements were made to attack the
enemy at daylight next day. The ford was found impracticable
for guns.
On the 15th, the Pioneers set to work on the ford.
On the 16th, the enemy tried to prevent work, but were
32 •
600 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817.
foiled, and the left wing, under Lieutenant- Colonel Milnes,
established itself on the right bank.
On the 17th, the right wing crossed at the Sangara ford, but,
they found that the enemy had retreated in direction of the Ghauts,
south of Poona. The Peishwa, with Gokla (his commander-in-
chief) went towards Poorunder, and the other parts of the army
to Singhur. A force was sent in pursuit, and succeeded in
capturing fourteen guns at foot of the hill-fort of Singhur.
The Pindarries were cantoned in three bodies, under Cheetoo,
Kurreem Khan, and Wasil Mahomed. They designed to possess
themselves of Islamnugger, but apprehended the hostility of
Bhopal, as also the nearness of the British forces. Bhopal had
lately entered into a treaty with the British Government to deliver
up Goolgaon, and act against the Pindarries. The Pindarries,
were, however, encouraged by Scindiah.
In the beginning of November, the Pindarries were in a line
extending from Bhilsa to Shugawalpore, north of Bhopal :
Wasil Mahomed on the left, with 8,000 men and five guns ;
Kurreem Khan and Holkar Shahee in centre, 8,000 men and five
or six guns ; and Cheetoo on right, 10,000 men and ten guns.
The Left Division of the Grand army arrived at Reillie on
10th November, and opened a communication with Colonel
Adams at Hoosingabad. The same day Hislop reached Hurdah,
and the Guzerat force had advanced to Dohud.* Everything
was now ready for the combined movements.
Lord Hastings moved to prevent the Pindarries penetrating
north or east, and General Donkin was ordered to advance from
Dholpore in a south-westerly direction to guard left bank of the
Chumbul. It was arranged that one Madras division should
penetrate Malwa upon Ashta. Another was to move by
Oonchood to the west, while Colonel Adams was to march upon
Resseen, and General Marshall from Reillie, west on Saugor and
Ratgurh.
* Or Dawiid«
1817.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 501
On 14tb November, the 5th Division (Adams) began to cross
Nerbudda at Goondree Ghaut, near Hoosingabad.
Next day, 3rd Division (Malcolm) crossed at Buglatoor Ghaut,
and at Hinda.
On this day, Hislop received news regarding the attack at
Poona, while at Hurdah. He recalled Sir John Malcolm, the
3rd Division was halted, and Malcolm was placed in command
of the Deccan army in Malwa.
Doveton (2nd Division) was ordered to send his engineers'
park and battering train, and Koyal Scots down the Berar Ghauts
to Jypoorkoatly, so as to be conveniently situated to join 1st
Division in the event of siege of Asseerghur ; and two days
after, this reinforcement was directed to advance to Mulkapore.
Lieutenant-Colonel Gahan was ordered to move on from Sindkeir
to Nagpore, while Doveton was directed to reinforce 24th Native
Infantry, which left Secunderabad on 28th October for Bussum,
and which was now ordered to go to Nagpore. Captain Davies,
who had been detached from 2nd Division, was directed to join
Smith (4th Division), and a detachment was sent off under
Lieutenant-Colonel Deacon, on 20th November, to take his place
by Charwah, Kundwah, Kurgaum, and Scindwah Ghaut.
On the 21st, head-quarters and 1 st (Deccan) Division changed
ground to Koolurdah, and Hindia was occupied.
On the 24th, head-quarters and 1st Division marched south,
and next day encamped at Charwah. Here Hislop received
despatches from Lord Hastings, pressing his return to Malwa;
and at the same time the 4th Division (Smith), and Reserve
(Pritzler), were placed at the disposal of the Resident at Poona.
Doveton (2nd Division) was directed to summon Asseerghur,
and to lay siege to it in event of refusal. Hislop at once
retraced his steps, and arrived at Hurdah on the 29th. Next
day the passage of the Nerbudda was commenced by means of
large flat boats, and on 2nd December all the troops were
encamped near Nemawar,
502 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817.
We must now return to Nagpore affairs.
A khillaat arrived at Nagpore from the Peishwa, which had
been despatched shortly after the Treaty of Poona. But as the
relations between the English, and the Peishwa had meantime
changed from peaceful to hostile, the Resident, Mr. Jenkins,
protested against its reception by the Raja, as inconsistent with
his alliance with the British Government. He disregarded these
objections, received it in public durbar, and proceeded to liis
principal camp, west of the town, on 24th November.
Next day, the Raja took up a position very threatening to the
safety of the Residency. At sunset on the 26th, an attack was
made. At daybreak on 27th, fire recommenced. About 10 a.m.
the screw of the gun on the smaller Seetabnldee Hill was dis-
abled. The Arabs saw their advantage, nud carried the hill.
They turned the gun on the other hill, and, flushed with success,
advanced along the ridge to attack the remaining point. Captain
Fitzgerald, at this most critical time, made a most successful
charge on an immense body of the enemy's horse. The guns of
the enemy were abandoned, and turned on them by our cavalry,
and their well-directed fire kept the Mahrattas at a distance.
Two guns were spiked, and the remainder dragged back into the
Residency grounds. Firing was now recommenced from the large
hill. A tumbril on the smaller hill exploded ; a party from the
larger hill rushed to the attack, and drove the Arabs from the
post at the point of the bayonet, recovering our own guns as
well as capturing two others.
The tide was now turned, and Appa Sahib's troops gave way
on all sides. The Arabs still remained in force to the north east
of our position, till a brilliant charge was made on them by Cornet
Smith with a troop of cavalry, who succeeded in dispersing them,
and capturing two guns. Our troops now moved down from the
hill, and drove the enemy from all the surrounding villages,
securing all the guns not previously carried off. Our force in
this battle of Seetabuldee consisted of 1,500 men, while the
1817J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 50B
BhonslaEajahad 10,000 infantry, and 10,000 horse. He chiefly
relied on 3,000 or 4,000 Arabs, who always behaved with great
bravery. Our loss was 333 ; four officers killed, and seven
wounded, besides Mr. Sotheby (a civilian).
Our force consisted of 20th, 24th Native Infantry, two com-
panies Resident's escort, three troops 6th Bengal Cavalry, and
detachment Madras Artillery, with four 6-pounders. Lieutenant-
Colonel Scot, of 24th, commanded.
Troops now poured into Nagpore from every quarter; the first
detachment arrived on 29th November, under Lieutenant- Colonel
Gahan ; the second, under Major Pitman, on 5th December;
and General Doveton followed with the 2nd Division, and entered
on 12th December with his light troops, while the remainder
came in two days after.
Ensign J. Jenkins, of Madras Engineers, was marching with
the 2nd Division ; he was attacked with fever, and died at
Akowla, near the Poornah, on 4th December 1817.
He entered the service on 11th July 1815.
Appa Sahib was at once directed to deliver himself up, and
General Doveton advanced in order of battle to a position close
to the Raja's camp. Appa Sahib rode in with his ministers, and
surrendered.
The movements against the Pindarries have now to be
detailed.
The 3rd Division marched, on 18th November, to Ashta, by
the Kurounee Ghaut (21st). Pindarries were found to have
moved north. Malcolm resolved to pursue them quickly, in
communication with Colonel Adams. Colonel Adams marched
to Rasseen on the 22nd. The left division of the Grand Army
was, on 18th November, near Reillie, and was to march by
Saughur and Ratgurh to Basowda, 27th. 5th Division (Colonel
Adams) to Beirseeah, 2Gth,
Malcolm established a post at Ashta, and on the 21th reached
Mynepore.
504 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [181T.
The fort of Talyne surrendered to Captain Grant, with Mysore
Horse.
The 3rd Division arrived at Talyne * on the 26th.
The next points fixed on were : —
Left Division, Grand army, Ragooghur.
fith Division, Deccan army, Eajghur.
3rd Division, Soosneir.
Scindiah had three corps in the field, west of Malwa, one
under Jeswunt Row Bhao, in Meywar It was thought Cheetoo
would fly to him ; and Sir J. Malcolm wrote to Jeswunt Row
objecting to his reception.
Scindiah's other corps were under Amhajee Punt, and Amrah
Bhao (between the Calee Sindh, and the Seprah).
The 3rd Division left Talyne on 1 st December, and on crossing
the Calee Sindh at Sarungpore, Amhajee Punt's force was heard
to be advancing in a mutinous state, with intent to go to Gwallior.
Malcolm insisted on their baiting, and was enabled to enforce
his orders.
On 3rd December, a part of 3rd Division reached Baugur,
and there learnt that Cheetoo had turned towards Mehidpore, and
encamped close to the army of Mulhar Row Holkar.
Malcolm reached Augur on the 4th. On the Gth, he counter-
marched to Shajehanpore. On the 8th arrived at Turiano, and
halted till the 10th. On the 11th to Ursooda, three miles south
of Tappoor.
The 1st Division was at Nemawar on 2nd December. It
marched on the right of the Calee Sindh, and the 3rd Division on
the left.
On 1 1th December, 1st Division was at Duttana Muttana, and
3rd Division at Ursooda, eight miles oft'.
On 1 2th, head-quarters, 1st and 3rd Divisions, marched past
Ougein, crossed the Seeprah opposite north-west angle of the city,
and encamped on left bank of the river.*
* North of Shugawalpore.
IWJ MADRAS ENGINEERS. 505
On 15th November Mr. Metcalfe had received an overture from
the Regent Tuolsee Biiee, offering to pluce herself, and the young
ATulhar Row under the protection of the British Government.
Soon after the Peishwa's flight defection spread, and the impulse
of the Sirdars was at once to march to the south, and rallv round
the legitimate head of the Mahrattas. The Sirdars suspected
the intrigue with the English ; and the minister, Tantea Jog, was
placed inclose confinement. Gunput Row (the other minister)
was left nominally in charge of aff'airs, but the real power fell
into the hands of the Patan Sirdars, at the head of whom was
Ghufoor Khan, the agent of Ameer Khan, and Ramdeeu, one
of the most considerable Infantry officers.
The 3rd Division, under Malcolm, and the 1st, under Hislop,
met, as we have seen, on the 12th December, and after a
halt of two days at Ougein, advanced towards Holkar's camp.
A treaty was discussed for some days, tlie two armies being
within fourteen miles of each other — Holkar's at Mehidpore,
Hislop's at Punbehar, north of Ougein.
On the 17th the Sirdars seized Gunput Row and Toolsee
Baee ; the latter was carried down by night to the banks of the
Seeprah and beheaded, by order of Ghufoor Khan, and the
Patans.
On the '20th, Hislop arrived to within seven miles of Holkar's
camp.
On the 2 1 St, he again advanced. His march was opposed by
Holkar's cavalry. On approaching Mehidpore, the enemy were
discovered drawn up on the opposite bank of the Seeprah, as if
intending to dispute the passage of the river.
A reconnaissance was mode by Lieutenant-Colonel Blacker,
who ascertained there was ground on the opposite side of the
river within its bed, for the troops to form on ; that they would
be completely sheltered from the enemy; and that, after ascend-
ing the bank, they would only have to advance 300 yards to the
enemy's guns. The enemy's right was protected by a ravine, the
506 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817.
left by a slight bend of the river, and a deserted village, Sitawud.
Hislop placed his baggage in Dorlait, on the right bank; then,
■while Malcolm drove off enemy's horse, a few light troops were
pushed across the ford, followed by fourteen horse-artillery
guns, and a troop of rocketers. The passage was effected without
much difficulty, and the horse-artillery opened fire. The enemy
were so superior in artillery that in a short time our guns were
disabled. Four guns of foot-artillery from the opposite side of
river, a little nearer Mehidpore, opened fire, whence they enfiladed
the enemy's left, advanced between Silawud, and the river.
1st brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Scot, attacked enemy's
left.
Light brigade, under vlajor Bowen, formed the centre, and
^nd brigade, under Captain Hare, the left.
The cavalry was to operate against enemy's right.
1st brigade to make main attack, led by Sir John Malcolm,
The enemy's artillery was extremely numerous and well served,
and our loss was severe. The troops advanced with great
steadiness.
Holkar's artillery stood to their guns till bayonetted, but his
infantry gave way as soon as the guns were carried. The
cavalry turned the enemy's right, and made great slaughter of
the infantry. Holkar's camp directly opposite Mehidpore, north
of the field of battle, with all the artillery (63 guns), was soon in
our hands ; but pursuit being continued, an attempt was made to
rally, and they got some guns together to cover their retreat
across the river, four miles lower down Upon this, Hislop
ordered his line to be re-formed ; the guns were soon taken, and
the feeble resistance overpowered, by a rapid advance of Sir John
Malcolm with cavalry and a light detachment. Our camp was
formed on the field of battle, while Sir J. Malcolm continued the
pursuit, and Captain Grant, with the Mysore Horse, moved
down the left bank of the river Immense booty fell into the
hands of the Mvsore Horse.
1817.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 507
Our loss was 174 killed, and 004 wounded.
Amongst them three officprs killed, and thirty-five wounded.
Hislop remained a week at Mehidpore to establish hospital and
depot, while Sir John Malcolm followed up the victory with a
light division.
The Engineer officers present at Mehidpore were : —
Lieutenant Anderson, Madras Engineers.
,. Elliott, Royal Engineers, wounded.
„ Purton, Madras Engineers.
There were three companies of the Madras Pioneers present,
under the command of Captain McCraith.
The Commander-in Chief thus acknowledged their services : —
" The conduct of the Pioneers under Captain McCraiih was
higldy meritorious and essentially useful."
Tlie Bombay army arrived at Rutlamnugger on y4th December.
It had been ordered also to march to Ougein, but its march had
been arrested by the Bombay Government, owing to the
defection at Nagpore.
Sir W. G. Keir, with the Guzerat Division, commenced his
march from Baroda, on Ougein, on 4th December; and on the
1 3th encamped at Dohud. Here Keir was recalled by the
Bombay Government to within sixteen miles of Baroda. He
counter-marched two stages.
On the I 7th he received fresh orders, and returned to Dohud
on the inth.
On the 24th he reached Rutlamnugger (twenty-five miles from
Mehidpore).
The force with which Lord Hastings was present suff'ered
greatly from cholera The division was accordingly moved, on
10th November, from the Sindh to Erich, on the right batik of
the Betwah.
Two of the forces of Pindarries (Kureem Khan and Wasil
Mahomed) fled in the direction of Gwallior, and Lord Hastings
hastened to return to the Sindh.
508 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1817.
The left division Grand army (Marshall) overtook thePindar-
ries at Beechee Tal, and dispersed them. General Donkin (right
division) on 17th December, came up with their baggage, and
took it, as well as the wife and family of Kureem Khan. ThePin-
darries, finding all access to the Chumbal opposed, turned to the
south from Bauwleah on the 16th, and directed tlieir course to
Sherghur and Gogal Chapra ; but Colonel Adams arrived at
Gogal Chapra on the 15th. They were pursued and cut up, and
the two durrahs continued their flight towards Augur. Finding
that Holkar had been defeated, and was retiring, they turned
back towards Chuppergutlah, on the Oornuddy, seven miles
west of Soosneir ; thence they crossed the Chumbal, and joined
the remains of Holkar's army.
Cheetoo had thrown himself in rear of Holkar's army.
Previous to 2oth November he was at SingoUee (twenty-five
miles south-west of Kotah), and then proceeded by invitation to
Jawud
The scene of operations was now confined to Mewar, where
Cheetoo had originally retired, and whither the remains of
Kureem's and Wasil's forces had fled. A new plan to surround
them was devised. Colonel Adams moved down on Gungrar via
Ratghur Patun to hem them in on the east. General Donkin re-
crossed the Chumbal to Shahpoora, west of the Bunas, to enclose
them on the north. General Brown, from centre division at
Lanaree, was despatched with a light force, and directed to march
by Shahabad, and to south of Haraotee, so as to be available to the
north of Colonel Adams. Meantime, divisions from the Deccan,
under Hislop and Malcolm, as well as the army from Guzerat,
under Sir W. Keir, had become available in the same quarter.
We must now leave the Pindarries for the present, and return
to the Deccan, where events of great importance occurred near
Nagpore.
The enemy, on 15th December, occupied a position with their
right flank on the Rajah's arsenal (two enclosed squares of
1817J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 509
masonry) ; their left rested on village of Babool Kairah, and was
also defended by a heavy battery, and their whole line strengthened
by a pettah in their rear.
Our left brigade was ordered to storm the arsenal (sappers and
miners in this brigade).
The sappers and miners consisted of: —
3 sergeants i
3 corporals -Europeans.
28 privates )
3 havildars ]
2 naigues [Natives.
28 privates i
Total ... 67
Our centre brigade was to attack enemy's centre, and occupy
Sukadurree, a pagoda and garden. &c., and then to effect com-
munication with the left brigade.
The cavalry and right brigade were to attack the enemy's left.
On the IGth, the enemy abandoned their position, with the
exception of the arsenal, and retired to a position about a mile
in rear of their first line, with their right resting on the Naga
Nuddee, and their left to the south-east of Sukadurree, having a
large lank and suburbs in front of their left centre.
Tlie arsenal was occupied by our troops with but little
opposition. The batteries on the enemy's right (nine guns) were
stormed by right and centre brigades ; and the reserve carried
the battery near the tank (eight guns). The cavalry attacked
the enemy's left flank (six guns), and pursued them for seven
miles.
The battery near the arsenal, of fourteen guns, was captured
by Lieutenant-Colonel Scot's brigade.
After the battle, 6,000 Nagpore Infantry occupied the city,
and it became necessary to dislodge them.
On December 19th, 1817, the first advance was made from
510 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE Li8i7.
Seetabuldee Hill to a point where a battery for two howitzers
for bombarding the city, and an intrenchment, were constructed.
This work was 1,000 yards from the Palace, and was completed
in four hours.
December 20th. — The second advance was made along the
tank* bank. The operation was performed with difficulty,
owing to the Pioneers, who could not be brought forward with
materials to complete it, until the European sappers and miners
had intrenched themselves.
Lieutenant Lake, in his Sieges of the Madras Army, says :
"This is the only instance of misbehaviour of the Madras
Pioneers, who have long been distinguished for their cool, steady
bravery ; and on one or two trying occasions, in which I had
myself an opportunity of seeing them employed, they have
sustained that character in a way that could not be surpassed by
any troops in the world. The present can only be accounted for
by supposing that they were new to their work, unpractised, and
unaccustomed to the Engineer officers under whom they were
employed."
The east bank was intrenched, and battery No. 1, for four,
guns, completed. In this operation an Engineer ofiBcer, Ensign
Nattes, was wounded.
During the night, battery No. 'I, for five guns, was completed.
On the 21st, operations were suspended, owing to negotiations.
December 22nd. — The trenches were perfected; and during
the evening, battery No. 2 opened on the defences of the
wall.
December 23rd. — The breach of the Jooma Durwasee was
practicable. A great deal of rain fell this night.
December 24th. — An attack was ordered to be made on the
Jooma Durwasee at 12.
Colonel Scot and Major Pitman were to make simultaneous
• JTunma Talaoi
C e. , -*
^.-:",r.<^ip.c::^';ry
1817J MADRAS ENGINEEES. 511
attacks, the former to occupy the Toolsee Bagh, and the latter a
large building. The column for the storm of the breach consisted
of twenty-three European sappers, one company of the Eoyal
Scots, and five companies of Native Infantry, with pioneers
carrying intrenching tools, &:c.
Colonel Scot and ^Nlajor Pitman succeeded in occupying the
positions assigned to them, but the attack on the breach failed.
Lieutenant Davies, of Engineers, had examined the breach,
and finding it practicable, was anxious to establish a lodgment
on the tower. U'he morning was particularly favourable, as it
rained very heavily, and Lieutenant Davies obtained leave of the
General (but not without repeated solicitations), to make the
attempt with details of Europeans, and some sepoys. The party
was accordingly drawn up, with sappers and miners, consisting
of about thirty Europeans in front, supported by one company
Royal Scots, and five companies of Native Infantry. The Arabs,
owing to the rain, had retired from the gateway to the inner
houses. Lieutenant Davies, with his party, passed unperceived
to the breach, and had ascended it, when the alarm was given,
and the Arabs opened a smart fire on the head of the party. This
checked our advance a little, several sappers and miners fell ; and
our main body not having appeared, the Arabs gained ground,
and the fire increased so much, that scarcely a man of ours
escaped unhurt. They pushed their advantage, and compelled
the whole party to fall back with considerable loss. The officer
commanding the Royal Scots was killed inside the breach, the
senior engineer. Lieutenant Davies, severely wounded, and a
large proportion of sappers and miners disabled.
After this failure, it was determined to wait lor the battering-
guns, and in the meantime the Arabs negotiated, and evacuated
the city, receiving all their arrears of pay. A British officer
was sent to conduct them in safety to the frontier of Khan-
deish.
The Engineer stores consisted merely of 1,400 sand-bags,
512 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE L1817.
and the only intrenching tools were such as could be collected
from the Line regiments.
The party of Europeans should have been strong and fresh.
They had been on duty twenty-four hours, and exposed the whole
of a cold night in wet trenches, to heavy rain. This is sufficient
to account for the failure.
The following is an extract from a letter from General Doveton
to the Adjutant-General: —
" I avail myself of this opportunity also of bringing to His
Excellency the Commander-in-Chief's favourable notice, the
exemplary conduct and exertions of the Corps of Sappers and
Miners, of the detachment of Foot Artillery, during the several
operations against Nagpore^ subsequent to the action of the 16th.
Had it not been for the uncommon exertions of Lieutenants
Pavies and Nattes, and of the men of the former of these corps,
we should never have been able to carry on our approaches in
the rapid manner they were. Their consequent fatigue and
exertions were therefore proportionately great, and prove to my
entire conviction that this particular arm only requires an
adequate increase to render the most essential service to the
public interest."
On the 30th December the Guzerat army efiected a junction
with the head-quarters of the army of the Deccan, and the united
force advanced on Mundisore in support of Sir John Malcolm.
Holkar's power had been completely broken. The minister,
Tantea Jog, came into Malcolm's camp at Mundisore on 1st
January 1818. A treaty was concluded, and Mulhar Row (with
Gunput Eow, Ghufoor Khan, and the principal Sirdars), came
in, and placed himself under the protection of the British
army.
After the remnant of the forces of Kureem and Wasil had
effected their escape through Haraotee* to Mewar early in
* A district of Ajmeer, 25^ to 26' N. Lat. N.W. of the Chumbul.
1«17-18.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 513
January, Colonel Adams was at Giingrar, General Donkin to
north of Mewar, while General Brown was advancing to Ram-
poora. General Keir was despatched from Mundisore, north-
west, to co-operate against Cheetoo, or any of the others.
Harassed by Keir, the marauders endeavoured to retrace their
steps to Malwah, and the valley of Nerbudda.
Cheetoo effected his object by passing through a most difficult
country south of Mewar.
He reappeared near Dhar. In this movement he lost his
baggage and many horses.
The wreck of Kurreem's force rejoined Wasil's, and both were
driven to attempt a return to Malwa. After having rounded
Hislop's camp at Mundisore, they proceeded east (thinking no
British force in their neighbourhood), crossed the Chumbul, and
bivouacked at Kotree on the Kalee Sindh. Colonel Adams was
lying at Gungrar on 13th January. He detached 5th Bengal
Cavalry to give them a night surprise. Major Clark fell in with
them an hour before daylight. He was undiscovered, and
completely surrounded them on all sides. The whole body was
dispersed, and many leaders of note fell on the field. After this,
the Pindarries were so harassed by Colonel Adams, and General
Marshall, that they were unable to keep their followers
together.
Before 15th February 1818, most of the chiefs had surrendered
themselves, and the forces of Kureem Khan and Wasil Mahomed
were annihilated.
Cheetoo had hitherto avoided a rencounter with the British in
the field, but on 25th January he was heard of at Kunnoad"^ by
Colonel Heath, who commanded at Hindia.
A party was sent out, and utterly dispersed his force. After
this, Cheetoo wandered about Malwa with 200 followers.
His end was tragical. Having joined Appa Sahib, he passed
• Twenty-two miles distant from Hindia. uOig 3"] '^tovJ
33
514 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818.
the rainy season of 1818 in Mohadeo Eauze, and upon that
chiefs expulsion in February 1819, accompanied him to Asseer-
ghur. Being refused admittance, he sought refuge in the jungle.
He was missed for some days afterwards ; at last his horse was
discovered grazing near the margin of the forest ; at no great
distance were found clothes clotted with blood, and, further on,
fragments of bones ; and, at last, his head entire, with the
features in a state to be recognized.
The 2nd Division (Doveton) broke up from Nagpore on
22nd January 1818, and proceeded by slow marches west,
through the valley of Berar by Ellichpore. In their progress
Gawilghur and Narnulla (hill forts) were summoned, and
surrendered.
The Division then entered Khandeish, and reached Outran on
20th February, where they awaited the 1st Division.
The 1st and 3rd (as we have already seen) had crossed the
Nerbudda and entered Malwa in December, and shortly after
(21st) defeated army of Holkar at Mehidpore.
The treaty of Mundisore was negotiated by Sir John Malcolm.
All Holkar's possessions in Khandeish were ceded to the
English, and orders for surrender of the different places
given to Sir T. Hislop, who returned with the 1st Division to the
Deccan.
The operations of the 4th Division, and the Reserve were
unconnected with those of the divisions in Malwa.
The Peishwa, after his defeat at Pooua on 16th November,
fled in direction of Sattara, to carry off the family of Raja of
Sattara from Wusota.
Towards end of November, General Smith (4th Division) went
in pursuit.
On the 29th he forced the passage of the Salpaghat, leading to
the highlands, in which the Kistna rises. Gokia, with the
Peishwa's cavalry, hovered on the line of march, but by means
of horse artillery, which opened on them with great effect, the
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 515
horsemen were compelled to disappear. Nothing of interest
occurred in this long and arduous pursuit. The Peishwa, pass-
ing Sattara, went as far south as Poosasaolee, then east to
Pundepore, then north-west, and passing half-way between Poona
and Seroor, moved north on Wuttoor. Here he was joined by
Trimbuckjee Dainglia.
General Smith followed close, arriving at Punderpore 8th
December, two days after the Peishwa had left. The General
then moved to Seroor, recruited his cattle, and resumed the
pursuit on 22nd December, entering the valley of the Godavery
by Nimboo Deora Ghaut.
The Peishwa was still near the strong forth of Jooneer* on
26th December, when General Smith had advanced to Hunmunt-
gaum. The Peishwa then attempted to gain Nassick, but
General Smith was gaining fast from the east, and the Peishwa
had scarcely descended the valley of the Pheira on the 27th,
when he heard that General Smith had passed Sungumneer,
The Peishwa then moved to Kootool, and re-ascending the
table-land, returned to Wuttoor on the 28th, and thence
south on road to Poona. Colonel Burr, commanding at Poona,
thinking the Peishwa was going to attack, asked for reinforce-
ment from Seroor.
The detachment sent from Seroor consisted of detail Madras
Artillery, with two 6-pounders, 2nd Bombay Native Infantry,
300 strong, and 250 Auxiliary Horse, commanded by Captain
Staunton. They got as far as Korygaum, on the Indur-
warry, at 10 a.m., 1st January 1818, and were there attacked
by the whole of the Peishwa's army. They took post
in the village, and repulsed all their efforts with the greatest
gallantry.
The principal assailants were Arabs, about 3,000 in number,
* Fifty miles north of Poona.
83 •
516 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1818.
who fought in the most determined manner, but they were met
by a resolution even greater than their own. The fight lasted
all day, until about 9 p.m., when Staunton was enabled to occupy
the position in the village previously held by the Arabs, He
remained at Korygaum the whole of the 2nd, and at 7 p.m.
retreated to Seroor.
There were only eight officers with the detachment, including
two assistant surgeons.
Captain Staunton, 2nd of 1st Bombay Native Infantry,
commanding.
Lieutenant Adjutant Patterson, 2nd of 1st Bombay Native
Infantry, wounded (died of his wounds).
Lieutenant Connellan, wounded.
Lieutenant Jones.
Assistant- Surgeon Wingate, killed.
Lieutenant Chisholm, Madras Artillery, killed.
Assistant-Surgeon Wylie ,, ,,
Lieutenant Swanston, Auxiliary Horse, wounded.
The last-named officer belonged to Madras Establishment, and
was the same who was with the Madras Pioneers at the capture
of the Mauritius in 1810.
The actual numbers of our force were —
Artillery ... 26; of these 12 killed and 8 wounded.
Native Infantry, 550 „ 50 ,, 105 „
Auxiliary Horse, 260 „ 62 „ 100
Total 836 „ 124 „ 213
Bajee Row ascended a second time the table-land, and con-
tinued his flight south east, through Poosasaolee to Meritch.
In the meantime, General Pritzler was between Peergaum and
Pundepore, on the Bheema. He immediately moved west.
Finding that the enemy had ascended the Ghauts, he followed,
and passed Salpaghat on Gth January. Next day he fell in with
181BJ MADE AS ENGINEERS. 517
the rear-guard, and attacked it. Pursuit was continued to Poosa-
saolee and Meritch, and thence across the Kistna by the ford of
Erroor.
Peishwa went as far south as Gokauk, on the Gutpurba, and
endeavoured to open correspondence with the Eaja of Mysore,
but failed; and on 1 5th January turned east from Gokauk, and
recrossed the Kistna at Gugulla ; diverging thence to west,
he marched on Meritch, thus circumventing General Pritzler,
as he had before done General Smith. But he was hard
pressed.
On J 7th January, General Pritzler's cavalry had a " brush"
with the Mahratta army, and caused it great loss.
While General Pritzler was tracking the Peishwa, General
Smith prepared to move south with a force lightly equipped.
He started for Seroor on 8th January.
On the 12th, he was near Fultun, and then moved south on
Malwallee.
On 2 1 St January, he heard of the enemy being in full march to
Meritch. General Smith was at Hingungaum, and immediately
marched to the south-east of Meritch.
Next day, he arrived ^at Oogar on Kistna, a little above the
town.
At Meritch the Peishwa crossed the Kistna, and made a feint
of descending into the Konkan by Amba Ghaut, but gave up this
design and continued his flight up right bank ; while General
Smith followed on the other side. The pursuit was close; but
the enemy managed, by a rapid march from Sattara on the 28tb,
to cross the river and clear Salpaghat, with the loss of part of
his rear-guard. On moving forward to the Bore Ghaut, he was
cannonaded by a lorce under Colonel Boles, and fled east,
through Fultun to Punderpore, and afterwards to Shohipore.
Here he halted. Meantime, General Smith determined to lay
siege to Sattara, and wait for General Pritzler.
The place surrendered ; it was taken possession of on 1 1 th
518 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818.
February, and the standard of Sevajee raised over the ramparts.
After this, Smith, in concert with Pritzler, formed a light
division, with which, on 13th February, he moved to east en
route to Punderpore. Arriving at Yellapoor on the 19th, he
heard that Bajee Row had left Sholapore, and was marching due
west. General Smith marched to Punderpore, but heard then
that the Peishwa was at Kurkumbha, unconscious of any British
force being near. General Smith crossed the Beemaat Kerowlee,
and pushed on with all his cavalry and horse artillery. At 8.30
he heard the State kettle-drums of the Peishwa beat. Gokla,
seeing that it would be impossible to escape without sacrificing his
baggage, determined to risk an action. General Smith had two
squadrons H.Al.'s 22nd Dragoons, 2nd and 7th Madras Cavalry,
and a troop of Horse Artillery. Gokla was killed in the engage-
ment, and the whole of his camp and baggage fell into our
hands, as well as the person and family of the Sattara Raja.
Bajee Row made off with his personal guards on horseback.
This action was fought at Ashtee* on 20th February.
The routed host fled north, towards Gopergaum and Khan-
deish. The daily fall of the Peishwa's forts before General
Pritzler, made the cause of the Peishwa hopeless.
On 20th February, Pritzler appeared before Singhur, and
immediately invested it. The main body took up its ground to
south of the fort, except a small party sent to invest the north side.
Singhur is fifteen miles south of Poona, on a mountain, the
west extremity of one of the ranges of hills running between
Poonah, and the Neerah river. It is 1,000 yards long, and 800
yards wide, of irregular shape. The Poonah Gate is the only
approach on north side, and consists of three separate inclosures.
The garrison consisted of 1,200 men. The place was at once
reconnoitred, and it was determined to establish a mortar
battery on the east hill — 800 yards distant.
* Near the Godavery, 40 miles S. by E. of Jaulna.
1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 5l9
On 22nd and 28rd, materials were collected, and one mortar
and one howitzer were placed in position ; as also four mortars
and three howitzers, under cover of a hill south-east of the
fort.
On 2'Srd morning a reconnoissance was made on west side,
and possession taken of an eminence in that quarter, on which a
two-gun battery was to be erected. Ground between west and
east posts was also reconnoitred, and an eligible point discovered
for a breaching battery.
On 23rd night, a road was made from the park to west post
East post was enlarged, and guns placed in battery.
24th. — Employed in making a road to centre hill post-
25th. — The carriages of the 12-pounders broke after a few
rouuds, but were replaced in the course of the day.
25th, at night, battery at the west post was enlarged for
two 6-pounders, and the breaching battery intended for three
18- pounders was commenced, and two-thirds finished.
26th. — Breaching battery for two 18-pounders was finished,
and armed.
27th. — A further reconnaissance was made, and a spot to
south-east was fixed on for two additional 18-pounders, to assist
in making the breach.
27th. — New batteries for two 18-pounders nearly constructed.
28th. — New batteiy completed, and opened fire 10 am.
29th — Centre post breaching battery was completed for three
guns. The working parties usually consisted of 100 Europeans,
200 sepoys, and 100 to 260 pioneers.
1st March — About 9 a.m., a white flag was hoisted by the
garrison, and two deputies were sent to the British camp to
negotiate.
They returned with articles of capitulation. As no reply was
received, the breaching batteries re opened shortly after noon.
About 3 P.M. a messenger arrived, stating that agents, vested
with full powers to treat, would be immediately despatched, and
520 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818.
they arrived between 4 and 5 ; but articles could not be
arranged, and a second communication took place. Meantime
fire was kept up partially from our batteries.
March 8rd. — The batteries, except the east one, opened about
8 A.M. A third party arrived from the fort, and terms were
finally arranged.
The Engineers present were : —
Captain Nutt, Bombay.
Lieutenant Grant, Madras.
Lieutenant McLeod, Bombay.
Lieutenant Athill, Bombay.
In Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army, Lieutenant McLeod
is stated to belong to the Madras Engineers, but this is a
mistake.
The Commander-in-Chief requested "that Captain Nutt of
Bombay Engineers, and Lieutenant Grant, of Madras Engineers,
will accept his thanks and cordial approval of their zealous and
valuable services during the siege."
General Pritzler then attacked Vizierghur and Poorundur,
which were taken, after two days, on 1 5th March. After this,
Wundun, Chundur, Nundgara, Wussuntghur, Kumalgurh,
Pandoogurh, and Kalinga surrendered as soon as the army
appeared before them.
General Pritzler, on 31st March, prepared to proceed against
Wusota, reckoned the strongest of all the forts,
Chukun, north-west of Poona, was previously reduced by
Colonel Deacon. Colonel Prother, from Bombay, was equally
successful.
In January, and commencement of February, Kurnada, Bopal-
gurh, Kobittagurh, Oochitgurh, and Sangurh surrendered.
Fort of Palee was also reduced. Seaport of Sevarndroog had
also lately been taken. Meantime, General Munro had pro-
ceeded against Badami ; it was assaulted and captured on 17th
February.
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 521
The Commander-in-Chief favourably noticed " the admirable
spirit and coolness evinced by the Madras Pioneers in the
attack."
Bhagulkot fell very sliortly after. Munro had previously, in
December, relieved fort of Xowlgoond, and captured, in January
1818, the forts at Gudduk, Dummul, and Hoobly (thirteen miles
south-east of Dharwar).
This uninterrupted chain of success induced the Mahratta
Jaghiredars to make terms with Air. Elphinstone.
General Munro marched against Belgaum on 20th March.
No Engineer officer was present with him, but Lieutenant-
Colonel Newall, of the Madras Infantry, acted as engineer, and
there were four companies of Pioneers with the force.
On the 10th April the garrison surrendered at discretion,
when tlie British troops took possession of the outer gateway ;
and on the ISth the garrison marched out. Shortly after the
capture of Belgaum, a junction was formed with the remainder
of the Reserve Division, commanded by Brigadier- General
Pritzler, which, after the fall of Singhur, had been successfully
employed in reducing the forts between Sattara and Poona.
On receiving this reinforcement, the division marched against
Sholapore, near which was a part of the Peishwa's force.
The division consisted of: —
1,000 European Infantry. 180 European Cavalry.
2,510 Native Infantry. 123 Artillery.
Besides four companies of Pioneers; somewhat over 4,200 men.
The division arrived before Sholapore on 9th May, and took
up its ground on the west side, two miles and a half from the fort.
Sholapore is situated on an extensive plain of blaclv soil, inter-
sected here and there by rivulets of brackish water.
The ground to the south is greatly elevated and undulating,
of a hard reddish soil.
The town was enclosed by a strong mud wall, with towers of
masonry on all sides, except to south-west, where it is bounded by
522 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE L1818.
the fort. South of the fort is a large tank, which washes the
ramparts and part of wall of pettah, and supplies the ditch with
water.
May 9th and 10th. — North and east faces of the pettah were
reconnoitred in the morning, and the ground south of fort was
looked to in the evening.
It was determined to assault the pettah at once ; accordingly,
at 8 A.M. on the lOth, a strong column left camp.
When within J, 000 yards of pettah on the north, the column
divided into two parts. The two columns moved forward at
break of day. The scaling-ladders were applied ; both columns
assaulted at the same time, and drove the defenders to the
farthest end of the pettah, the gate of which was occupied.
The pettah being now completely taken, General Munro resolved
to charge the enemy, who were by this time drawn up and cannon-
ading the Reserve ; a tumbril blew up in the enemy's lines, and the
charge taking place soon after, they broke and fled in all directions
round the south glacis, leaving three guns in our possession.
May 11th. — The environs being now cleared, no obstacle
remained to prevent the siege.
On the morning of the 11th the Engineers were employed in
reconnoitring the fort.
Lieutenant A. Grant, Madras Engineers, commanding.
Lieutenant Ainsworth, H.M.'s 34th, Acting Engineer.
Lieutenant Wahab, Rifle Corps, Acting (slightly wounded).
The Pioneers, and 200 coolies from the pettah, were employed
in collecting materials for the batteries.
On north, west, and east sides the fort was covered by the
glacis to within eight feet of top of wall. Walls twenty-five feet
high, with battlement at top; the ditch of great breadth and
depth, and supplied with water in most parts. It was, however,
ascertained that part of west and south fronts were dry, and as
the retaining wall on south front appeared to be thin, it was
determined to establish the batteries in the bed of the tank.
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 523
The revetment of the rampart could be seen nearly to the bottom
and a breach could readily be effected at a spot where the ditch
was said to be dry.
A battery of one mortar, one howitzer, and two 6-pounders
was established behind bund of tank, near south gate of pettah.
This was done to keep the enemy within the walls.
May I2th. — This battery was enlarged for three mortars, and
opened on the town at niglit ; the breaching battery, for four
guns, was commenced about 400 yards from the fort. The
mortar battery played on the fort with much effect.
An enfilading battery for two r2-pounders and two 6-pounders
was marked out near the mortar battery, and work commenced
about 7 A.M.
On the 13th, Lieutenant A. Grant, of Engineers, made a close
reconnaissance of the rampart and ditch ; the ditch was found to
be dry. The enemy soon discovered him, and directed grape
and musketry towards the spot.
About 1 1 P.M. the breaching battery was finished, and the
guns brought up.
The enfilading battery was ready about 4 a.m., and both were
armed before daylight. At sunrise on the 14th, both batteries
opened on the fort, the breaching battery occasionally firing in
salvoes.
The breach was nearly practicable by noon, but the garrison
sent out a vakeel to treat for a surrender, and next day, about
8 A.M , the place was in our possession.
Our loss during assault of the pettah, and the siege was
ninety-seven of all ranks, of whom four officers were wounded.
About forty guns, swivels, and gingalls were found on the ramparts.
The force, having halted one day, marched in the direction of
Nepaunee, on the nioruing of 17th May 1818.
To return now to Hindostan.
On 1st February the British force north of the Nerbudda was
thus disposed: —
524 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE Lieib.
Reserve, under Sir D. Ouchterlony, at Jeypore.
Centre, on the banks of the Sindh.
Right, was proceeding to Kumulneir and Mewar.
Left, was partly with General Marshall, at Seronge and
Beirseeah, and remainder with General Brown at Jawud.
Of the army of the Deccan, Sir T. Hislop and Malcolm (1st
and 3rd) were near Mundisore. Adams (5th) in Bhopal territory.
The Guzerat army near Indore.
Besides the above, there was a corps of observation on south
frontier of Behar, under Brigadier-General Tooue ; and Brigadier
Hardyman occupied Juhhulpore,
Lord Hastings, finding Scindiah humbled and ready to for-
ward the levy and equipment of auxiliary horse, considered it
unnecessary for the army under his personal command to occupy
the forward position it had assumed, and after causing a proposal
for certain changes of territory to be made to the Gwallior Dur
bar, he, on the ]3th February, commenced his homeward
march. The Europeans mostly returned to Cawnpore, and the
Native Infantry was disposed along the Bandelcund and Etaw?
frontier, while a brigade of three strong battalions, 7th Native
Cavalry, and the heavy train, were sent under Brigadier-General
Watson to General Marshall to reduce Saugor.
General Marshall appeared before Saugor on 8th March. It
surrendered on the 11th, and other forts were taken possession
of in the course of a month.
On 13th March 1818, Koaree was besieged by Lieutenant-
Colonel Brother. This fort is about 30 miles due west of
Poona, and commanded the principal pass leading from the
Konkan, near Jamboolpara. Many shells were thrown in, one of
which blew up the magazine, threw down the principal gateway,
and set fire to several houses. This so intimidated the garrison,
that the Killadar was compelled to surrender.
On our side one was killed and eleven wounded; among the
latter, Lieutenant Remon, of the Bombay Engines.
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 525
Prother then proceeded to Dhanionee on 17th March. It was
invested, and batteries raised within breaching distance, when it
surrendered on 24th Marcli.
The Left division was now directed to reduce Mundla.
Two batteries were erected, and opened fire on 26th April.
Captain Tickell, Bombay Engineers, commanded. The
besieged were driven from the wall attacked. It was
shortly ascertained that the breach was practicable, and the
walls abandoned. Storm was at once resolved on. It was led
by Brigadier-General Watson. The town was carried, and fort
surrendered next morning.
The Right division of the Grand Army (General Donkin) was
broken up, as soon as it occupied Mewar. A detachment of the
C^entre division, after the affair of Jawud,* was sent to strengthen
the force in Rajpootana.
The 3rd Division of the Deccan army to north of the
Nerbudda, that under the personal command of Hislop (1st Divi-
sion), and the 5th, commanded by Colonel Adams, were now to
aid in the restoration of affairs of the Deccan. Colonel Adams was
ordered to Chouragurh, in the north extremity of Muhadeo hills.
Sir T. Hislop was to go by Sindwaghat and Khaudeish. This
country was remarkably strong by nature, and full of fortresses.
General Doveton was to prosecute operations in Khandeish,
These orders were issued on 2nd February. By the middle of
the month the head-quarters division of the Deccan army
commenced its march to the south. General Malcolm re-
tained the Madras troops attached to his division
SirT. Hislop crossed the Nerbudda near Mundlaisur, moved to
Sindwaghat, and arrived on the 22nd. The fort surrendered the
next day.
• Jeswunt Row Bhow, one of Scindiah's commanders, had sheltered some.
Pindarric chiefs in his camp, and refused to give them up. He was accordingly
attacked and defeated by a light force from Ist and 3rd Division Grand Aiiuy at
Jawud, on 29th January 1818.
526 MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE ri8l8.
On the 27th, he reached Talneir, which commanded the ford
over the Taptee. Sir T. Hislop had orders from Holkar for its
surrender. On the approach of our troops fire was opened on
them. The Killadar was warned that he would he treated as a
rebel ; but this produced no abatement. The pettah was occu-
pied, and our artillery of ten 6-pounders and two 5j-inch
howitzers was opened from a position 300 yards distant from the
fort. This fire was briskly answered. In the evening it was
resolved to force the gate, for which purpose two 6-pounders
were carried up to the outer gate.
On reaching the gate, it was found that the wall beside it
was so injured that the men got through without finding it
necessary to blow the gate open. The guns were left outside,
and the storming party pushed on to the second gate, which was
found to be open. At the third, they were met by the Killadar,
who surrendered to Colonel Conway.
The third and fourth gates were then opened, and the party
advanced to the fifth. This was found closed, and the garrison
within, demanded terms. After a short parley the wicket gate
was opened, and Lieutenant-Colonel Murray and Major Gordon,
with three other officers, entered, followed by ten or twelve
grenadiers. Meantime the Arabs of the garrison, distrusting the
intentions of the British, made a sudden attack with swords, spears,
&c. Major Gordon and Captain McGregor were killed. Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Murray was cut down, as well as two other
officers.
Ensign Chauvel and Lieutenant McGregor, and most of the
foremost grenadiers, were either killed or wounded.
Lieutenant Anderson, Madras Engineers, and Captain O'Brien,
Assistant Adjutant-General, were also severely wounded.
Our troops now crowded in, and in the end the Arabs were
driven to seek shelter in the houses near. The guns were
brought up, and the first gate was blown open, upon which the
place was soon carried, and the garrison (300) were put to the
laiaj MADEAS ENGINEERS. 527
sword. Next day the; Killadar was hanged on the twofold charge
of original resistance to the order of his Sovereign, and implica-
tion in the treachery of the garrison. The total loss of the
British was seven officers, and eighteen men killed and
wounded.
The following is extracted from general order by Sir T.
Hislop : —
" The Commander-in-Chief has on this arduous occasion to
deem himself more fortunate in experiencing the able, zealous,
and valuable services of his aide-de-camp. Lieutenant Elliott,
Royal Engineers, of which, in consequence of the wound he
received early in the battle of 21st December last, his Excel-
lency had to lament the privation during the remainder of the
day. The services also of Lieutenant Anderson and Ensign
Purton of the Engineers, were eminently conspicuous, and His
Excellency regrets the wound which Lieutenant Anderson
received should deprive him, even for a moment, of that officer's
valuable services."
Leaving a garrison to occupy Talneir, Hislop crossed the
Taptee and advanced to Pahrolah, when he communicated with
Doveton (2nd) at Ootran. This officer having completed the
settlement of affiiirs at Nagpore, had returned west by Ellich-
pore in the course of January, expecting orders to proceed against
Asseerghur ; but that being postponed, he was ordered to Ootran,
on the Gyrna.
Hislop ordered him to move up the river to Bal, he himself
following the Boaree, and sending a detachment to Galna. No
resistance was attempted, and Holkar's possessions were quickly
occupied. While thus employed in Khandeish, Plislop heard
that Bajee Eow had penetrated the Ghauts separating Khandeish
from the Godavery. Whereupon he hastened south, ordering
Doveton to move in parallel line in same direction in hopes of
intercepting the Peishwa.
On 11 th March, Hislop ascended from Khandeish to the plain
528 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti8l8.
of the Godavery, and made one or two ineffectual efforts to come
up with the enemy ; but finding that the Peishwa escaped by the
superior rapidity of his marches, first to the south and then to
the east, he resolved to break up the army of the Deccan, and on
31st March issued final orders from Lassoor, twenty miles west
of Aurungabad.
Sir T. Hislop then returned from Poona to Bombay, and round
to Madras by sea.
Meantime, Bajee Eow was hastening in the direction of Chanda.
Brigadier-General Smith escorted the Eaja of Sattara to Mr.
Elphinstone, after which he again went to the north, and having
halted at Seroor, left on 10th March, and went towards Jaulna to
concert with Doveton.
The latter resolved to march on Baussum, and as far as
Karinjah, to cut off the Mahratta army from the north, and
General Smith was to move along line of the Godavery at such a
distance from the river as to prevent enemy from turning his
right without crossing
This gave the Peishwa little chance of getting off to the
south without laying himself open to attack.
The van of the Mahratta army appeared at Woonee, on the
Wurda, on 1st or 2nd April. Colonel Adams was ordered to
reduce Chanda, and moved by forced marches on Nagpore.
Bajjee Row continued for some days irresolute, between the
Wurda and the Payn Gunga. Colonel Adams marched to
Hingunghat on 6th April, sending on Lieutenant-Colonel Scot
to Chanda.
Doveton (2nd) was advancing from north-west, while Smith
(4th) came from south. The three divisions were thus closing
in on the Peishwa. Adams halted at Hingunghat, and ascertain-
ing that the Peishwa still loitered about Punderkoura and
Woonee, left him quiet.
On 11th April, Lieutenant-Colonel Scot was called in from
Chanda, and Colonel Adams, on the loth, moved on Alumba.
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 529
Bajee Row, at this time, was undecided how to act, owing to
the approach of his enemies from three different quarters ; and he
accordingly was in constant motion between the Woonee river
and tlie Wurda.
Doveton had the same day reached Pohoor, on the Arun,
thirty miles west of Punderkoura, and wrote to Adams that he
would march on Punderkoura, so as to arrive on 17th April. It was
reckoned that by this time Smith would be sufficiently advanced
along the Godavery to intercept retreat to the south Colonel
Adams resolved to march on the IGth, and next day arrived at
Peepulkot, where the Peishwa had been encamped the previous
day. He there heard that the Peishwa was at Soonee, ten miles
south. He pushed on with cavalry, horse artillery, and light
infantry. On approaching Soonee, he found the Peishwa had
gone north, to avoid Doveton, and was marching along the very
road by which he himself was advancing.
The advanced guards met suddenly five miles from Soonee.
Adams drove the enemy back in confusion several miles.
The main body was shortly discovered in great confusion. It
was at once attacked, and completely routed, five guns being
captured.
The Peishwa himself escaped with difficulty on horse-back.
The British loss was only two wounded, the enemy never
having stood a charge.
In the pursuit, about 1 ,000 of the enemy were killed.
The Peishwa fled to south-west, and Doveton, who was at
Punderkoura, gave chase. The remains of the Mahratta army
were thus followed for five days.
The Peishwa went south-west as far as Oomerkeir, and then due
west, by Kullumpore, to Boree. Doveton pursued to Oomerkeir,
without halting, and then waited three days for his rear-guard
and supplies.
He then continued the pursuit as fur as Peepree, which he
reached on 27th April. Here he discovered that he was following
34
530 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
[181B.
a detached party, and that the Peishwa had turned from Boree,
north, to cross the Taptee.
The force with the Peishwa was now only 8,000 to 10,000
men. Doveton resolved to march by easy stages for Jaulna,
as he was in want both of money, and provisions. He arrived
there on 11th May. For similar reasons Smith was obliged to
return to Seroor.
In the interim, General Pritzler closely invested Wusota, on
3 1st March, after his success at Sattara.
This fort is situated on the summit of a mountain in West
Ghauts, 3,000 feet high on Konkan side, and 2,000 on the east
Its great strength consists in its elevation, and in the diffi-
culties of approach, for it is surrounded by inaccessible
mountains, with the exception of a few narrow and rugged passes.
A detachment was sent forward on the 31st, under Colonel Hewitt,
to invest the place. The remainder continued at Tambah,
twenty miles north-east of Wusota. In the afternoon Colonel
Hewitt reached Indoolie, a village two miles and a half from
Wusota, and drove in an outpost.
Three outposts were established : one at Old Wusota, distant
700 yards; second at same distance, commanding road up to the
gateway; and the third to right of it, distance 400 yards from
the walls. A summons was sent to the Killadar, but it was
refused admittance. All the pioneers and dooly-bearers were
engaged in making a road.
On the 3rd, head-quarters were moved forward to five miles
from Wusota, and mortars and howitzers conveyed across by
elephants.
The next day, a strong party was employed on pathway to Old
Wusota, and some light guns and ammunition were got up.
On the oth, the battery from Old Wusota opened with good efi'ect.
The bombardment continued on the Oth, when the Pioneers
were directed to complete the road for the advance of the bat-
tering guns. Next morning, however, the garrison surrendered.
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 531
Captain Nutt, Bombay Engineers, was Chief Engineer.
Loss of the enemy amounted to seventeen, while the British
lost only four.
Lieutenants Morrison and Hunter were found in the dungeons
of the fort.
Brigadier-General Pritzler's force was now broken up, and a
corps of it, with a Bombay battalion, was sent to meet Munro,
who was advancing from the south. The remainder proceeded
against strongholds to the west of Poona.
Pritzler led back the troops of Reserve, and received the
submission of all forts along the Kistna.
After the army of the Deccan was broken up, in March 1818,
the Hydrabad Subsidiary Force, which had formed the 2nd Divi-
sion, was employed in pursuit of the Peishwa, while a detachment
from it was formed to reduce his fortresses in Khandeish. This
detachment was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell.
He had —
2 companies of H.M.'s Royals.
3 companies of Madras Europeans.
2nd Native Infantry.
4 companies of 13th Native Infantry.
About 1,000 men ; and it was supplied with battering trains of
Ist, 2nd, and 3rd Divisions. Sappers and miners amounted to
eighty, and there were five companies of Pioneers.
This detachment marched from near Aurungabad on 30th
March, and arrived before Unkye Tunkye on 3rd April. This
WHS the first in the line of fortresses it was intended to reduce.
These forts were situated in the range of mountains which forms
south boundary of Khandeish, and which divides that province
from Ahmednuggur.
Unkye Tunkye surrendered without opposition on 7th April.
The detachment marched from Unkye Tunkye by Chandore
pass to Rajdeir, n fort situated a few miles to the nortli of
Chandore. The garrison refused to surrender, and the force
34 *
532 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [I8I8.
took up its ground for the siege, in the valley south-east of the
fort.
Rajdeir was on an inaccessible rock. No works had been
required, except the gateways. The commanding engineer,
Lieutenant Davies, reported that, from the great natural strength
of the rock, a garrison of 200 men might bid dehance to the
largest army. It was recommended by the engineer that the
whole of heavy guns, mortars, &:c. should be placed at point F.
Under the protection of this fire, points Gr and E were to be
occupied. Then our fire was to be concentrated on advanced
work C, and the works defending gateway A. If garrison con-
tinued resolute, a battery to be formed at E."^
April J 1th. — Point E occupied, and by 11 p.m. a lodgment
was formed. A company of Native Infantry, with one officer
and an engineer with a working-party. Ground at F prepared
for four large guns, three mortars, and four howitzers.
April 12th. — At daylight point G was occupied, and it was
determined to attack C, and to establish a battery at H of two
6-pounders, two 6^-inch howitzers, and one 5^-inch mortar.
A party now proceeded to attack. J 80 Europeans and 300
sepoys under Major Andrews, M.E.R., gained the heights at 8 a.m.,
and two more hills by daylight. At 9 a.m. troops under Major
Andrews, with Ensign Nattes, moved on in a most gallant style,
and ascended the hill, which was very difficult and steep, and little
short of a mile, under a furious fire. The enemy abandoned the
post and retreated to Kajdeir. Enemy kept up a heavy fire on
our new post. Lieutenant Davies set to work with his men in
the face of the fire, and marked out his line. In this he was
well supported by sappers and miners, and pioneers.
Towards evening the enemy perceived a new work, and hoisted
a flag of truce. A native officer was sent forward. On his
reaching the bottom of the rock they asked him what was the
* See plan in Lake*B Sieges of the Madras Army.
1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEE3. 533
object of the new work. He replied, " We are working a large
hole behind it, and we shall be under the rock in the course of
the night, and blow you all to the devil."
The battery would have been ready to open at daylight, but at
11 P.M. the enemy surrendered.
Lieutenant Davies was commanding engineer, and Ensigns
Nattes, Purton, Underwood, and Lake were present.
Tliirty European sappers, 50 native sappers.
The scarp of the work was found generally to be 120 feet
high, the entrance to the fort being flights of steps cut in inside
of the rock, with occasional openings, through which stones
could be poured down from above. The top was closed by an
iron grating.
Our loss was trifling — only seven wounded.
Inderye, Doorass, and several other forts followed the example
of Eajdeir ; and the engineer officers were sent to report on
the principal ones. Detachment left Rajdeir on 15th April, and
marched by Chandore and Nassick upon Trimbuck, a fort on
West Ghauts, twenty-six miles south-west of Nassick. March
from Nassick commenced on 22nd April, and the troops halted
half-way, while the engineers proceeded to reconnoitre the fort,
and to carry a summons. As the reconnoitering party approached
the pettah, the enemy evacuated it, opened fire from north side
of fort, and made a sally, which was immediately driven back.
A reconnaissance was the same evening made of the south gate-
way. The extent of this fort is not less than five miles round.
The scarp, which varies from 200 to 400 feet of perpendicular
rock, surrounding the hill in every part, leaves only the gateways
accessible. Trimbuck had only two gates — chief one on the
south of easv ascent, and one on north (only a single gate), the
passage to which is by narrow steps cut in the rock, and only
wide enough for one person to mount at a time.
Head of pnssngo was defended by two towers connected by a
curtain, in which was the gateway.
534 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1818.
The height of hill on north is not so great as on the south,
but it rises more abruptly.
The magazines and houses were excavations in rock. The
engineer recommended an attack on the north gate, and to silence
fire of enemy's guns by erecting a battery at bottom of hill for
heavy ordnance ; then to occupy village at foot of north gate,
and to erect a battery of four G-pounders to batter the gateway,
and to carry the guns up to it by hand Two 6-pounders to be
detached, and established as near the south gate as possible.
April 23rd. — Lieutenant Davies reconnoitered. In trying to
get possession of a garden, and loose work at base of hill, seven
or eight men were killed, some of them crushed with stones,
and thirty wounded. Amongst the wounded were Major
MoBean, and Ensign Lake of Engineers.
The detachment for the south gate marched at 4 p.m., with
working party under an officer of Engineers, and a few sappers.
A battery was constructed during the night within .500 yards of the
south gate, and one gun carried up. As soon as it was dusk,
the battery at A was marked out.*
They were obliged to construct an elevated battery (owing to
the rocky soil) with great labour. The works were completed
by daylight, and four heavy guns, two 8-inch mortars and two
8-inch howitzers, were got into the battery.
April 24th — Battery opened at daylight. In three hours the
enemy's guns were silenced, and they evacuated the ruined
village. Commanding officer determined to eff'ect a lodgment
during the day, and working-parties were ordered to parade at
noon. Sappers and miners, eighty pioneers, 100 dooly-bearers,
two engineer officers, covering party H.M.'s Royals, and one
battalion 1 3th Native Infantry, advanced three-quarters of an
hour before the time, and attempted to force the gateway, and
the bluff rock 200 feet high. The enemy opened a heavy fire,
* Plan in Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army.
^818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 535
and rolled down stones. When the working-party arrived, they
could not establish themselves, and as the battery had ceased
fire, owing to incessant work for twelve hours, the working-
party were obliged to retire behind the walls of the village till
night, when a battery of four 6 -pounders was finished.
This advanced position had the desired efiecL as at 6 a.m. the
Killadar offered to treat. The north gate was delivered to an
oflBcer and twelve men on night of the 2oth, and next dav the
garrison evacuated the fort by the south gate.
Engineers present were —
Lieutenant Davies, commanding engineer.
Ensign Nattes.
,, Purton.
,, Underwood.
,, Lake, severely wounded.
On the surrender of Trimbuck, seventeen other forts fell, and
the whole of this country, perhaps the strongest in the world,
came into our hands in a few weeks.
After the fall of Trimbuck, Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell con-
sidering the season too far advanced to continue operations, pre-
pared to take up a position for the monsoon near Chandore ; while
the Engineer Department moved to Nassick preparatory to pro-
ceeding to Bombay to try some experiments in pontooning,
suggested by Lieutenant Davies. But the " Politicals " thought
it of importance to obtain a footing in Khandeish (the greater
part of which was in possession of the Arabs) before the mon-
soon set in, and the detachment marched for Malligaum, arriving
before it on 16th May. The Engineers' Department rejoined
them on the 15th, by forced marches from Nassick.
At this time, as we have seen, Sholapore had surrendered to
Munro, after ten davs' bombardment. Colonel Adams, finding
Generals Doveton and Smitli were hotly engaged in pursuit of the
l^'ishwa, moved towards Clianda, and set himself down before it
on 9th May, three miles north-west.
536 MILITAEY HISTOET OF THE [IBIS.
His troops consisted of —
Bengal Troops.
Two brigades Native Horse Artillery. j
5th and 6th Eegiments Native Cavalry.
One squadron 8th Native Cavalry.
One company Foot Artillery.
19th Native Infantry.
23rd
Four companies Grenadiers, flank battalion.
Five companies Light Infantry.
One company Pioneers, commanded by Lieutenant Fell.
Madras Troops.
Half-troop European Horse Artillery.
One company European Foot Artillery.
1st Native Infantry.
11th „
Four companies flank battalion.
One company Pioneers, commanded by Lieutenant Bevan.
1,000 Nizam's Horse.
About 6,000 men.
Chanda is situated on a plain, five miles from confluence
of Wurda and Payngunga. On the east side are two consider-
able suburbs, the Lai and Begum pettahs ; former, very large,
extends a mile to east. Part of north side is covered by a
large tank. Two nullahs run along east and west sides, and
join opposite to south. A thick jungle extends along north and
east sides, within half or three-quarters of a mile of the walls,
close to which there are gardens on these two sides. On the
other sides the ground is open.*
The enclosure of the place consists of a rampart, eight to
twelve feet high, and twelve to sixteen thick, surmounted by a
loop-holed parapet eight feet high and four feet thick, flanked
* Plan to be found in Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army.
1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEllS. 537
at moderate intervals by round towers. The citadel was situated
about middle of east side, 170 yards from rampart. Height of
its wall is forty-five feet ; an incomplete outer rampart surrounded
this work.
Lieutenant- Colonel Adams personally reconnoitred north and
east sides on 10th May. The Pioneers were employed in
preparing materials.
May 11th — Reconnaissance was completed on west and south
sides ; and it was determined to make the attack on south-east
angle, on account of cover afforded by the pettah, a tope, and a
ravine, which offered a good approach to within half musket-shot
of the angle.
During this day's reconnaissance, the enemy were driven from
a small hill 850 yards south of the point .of attack, on which
they were constructing a redoubt
May 13th. — Troops moved to a new position, two miles south
of city.
The hill from which enemy had been driven was occupied, and
possession taken of the Begum pettah.
A company of Madras Pioneers was sent out with 100 dooly-
bearers, at 12, to collect and prepare materials. At 8 p.m., a
sunken battery for two guns, and a position for a howitzer on the
hill, was commenced 8.50 yards from south-east angle, to silence
some large guns on south face. The soil proved excessively
rocky ; tlie work was not finished at daybreak, and was there-
fore masked.
May 14th. — The battery opened at daybreak, and had the
desired effect.
May 17th — A sufficient quantity of materials having now been
prepared by the Pioneers, the following batteries were commenced
at 8 P.M., by the two companies of Pioneers and 300 sepoys : —
1st. — A battery of five embrasures at 400 yards, for four
12-pounders, to fire at defences to right of south-
east angle.
538 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818.
2nd. — A sunken battery at same distance for three 6-
pounders, to enfilade defences.
3rd. — A battery at 630 yards, between the above, for two
howitzers.
The working-parties were discovered, and the enemy opened
fire, which did not, however, greatly obstruct the work.
May I8th. — Batteries opened at daybreak. At 8 a.m., the
Pioneers commenced the breaching battery for three i8-pounders,
at 200 yards.
May 1 9th. — Breaching-battery opened at 7 a.m.
The two companies of Pioneers continued working till 10 a.m.,
completing a communication with the ravine, and enlarging
shoulder of battery for a 12-pounder, to play on defences flank-
ing south-east angle. At 4 p.m. a good practicable breach of
100 feet was effected ; but owing to the distance the troops had
to march from camp, the assault was delayed. The six howitzers
were brought down at dusk to the flank of breaching-battery,
and a continued fire of round shot, grape and shell was kept
up during the night on the breach and adjacent works.
May 2()th. — Cavalry were distributed round the place, to
intercept fugitives. The storming-party, under Lieutenant-
Colonel Scot, debouched from Begum pettah at half- past
5 A.M. It consisted of two columns : right, of Bengal troops ;
left, of Madras ; supported by a reserve. The breach was
speedily crowned by both columns, when they diverged to right
and left ; and at 7 a.m. all resistance ceased. A small party
shut themselves up in the citadel, but surrendered shortly after.
Lieutenant Anderson was commanding engineer, and Lieu-
tenant Crawford, Bengal Artillery, assisted him
Duty in the trenches was unusually severe, and the weather
very hot. Major Goreham, of the Madras Artillery, died from
the effects of the heat.
Extrnct from G. O. C. C, 1st September 1^18 :—
'• The rapid demolition of the enemy's defences, and the speed
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 539
with which a breach was effected, would sufficiently testify the
science of Lieutenant Anderson, Field Engineer, and of Lieu-
tenant Crawford, Bengal Artillery, acting as engineer, in
indicating the positions for the batteries, even had not Lieutenant-
Colonel Adams professed his obligations to these officers so
warmly. His Excellency, in detailing the names of Lieutenant
Hunter, Horse Artillery, Lieutenant Bevan, of the Pioneers, and
the corps to which they belong, is actuated by a desire to
proclaim the honour they have acquired, in the same orders
which have commemorated the triumphs of their brother officers
and soldiers."
During the siege and assault, thirteen were killed and fifty-
five wounded. Amongst the wounded was Lieutenant Cunnv,
of the Bengal Pioneers, and three other officers.
This closed the campaign in the Bhonsla territory. Adams'
force had now completed the object of its destination to the
south. While it was returning to Hooshingabad, it was attacked
by cholera, and the casualties were very heavy. General Mar-
shall's division had also suffered from cholera in the course of
its operations against Mundla.
Pending the operations that terminated in the rout of Soonee,
Appa Sahib (Nagpore Rajah) was confined at the Nagpore
Residency with his two Ministers.
On 3rd May, he was conveyed from Nagpore, as it was intended
he should be sent to Allahabad. His escort consisted of a wing
of 22nd Bengal Native Li fan try and three troops Hth Native
Cavalry, commanded by Captain Browne, of 22nd. A few
sepoys of 22nd were seduced from their duty, and on morning of
13th, Appa Sahib, dressed as a sepoy, joined the guard, marched
completely out of the camp, and succeeded in getting clear off.
As soon as his escape was discovered, Captain Browne sent off
parties of cavalry in every direction, and despatched expresses to
Brigadier-General Watson, and to Lieutenant-Colonel McMorine,
then engaged in taking possession of Chouragurh. It was,
540 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818
however, impossible to trace his flight. It was afterwards
ascertained he had fled to Hurye, and thence to Mohadeo Hills,
where he was concealed by the Goands, and particularly by
one Chyn Shah, a Rajah of considerable influence among them.
In the ensuing season he gave considerable trouble, and the
disturbance was not remedied till the capture of Asseerghur, in
April 1819.
The whole force, under Colonel Adams, had to take the field.
The two Ministers of Appa Sahib were sent to Allahabad, their
original destination.
The Peishwa crossed the Tap tee on 5 th May, just below the
confluence with the Poornah, and proceeded down the valley to
Chuprah.
He there discovered this route was closed, by our possession
of Sindwah, as well as by arrangements of Malcolm for the
defence of line of the Nerbudda from Hindia to Maheshwar.
The Peishwa sent an agent to Malcolm, and went himself
towards Boorhanpore.
Malcolm prepared to march south from Indore ; while Doveton
was advancing from south. The Peishwa seeing himself about
to be hemmed in, hovered about Asseerghur, where he was
visited by Scindiah's Killadar. His agent reached Malcolm's
camp at Mhow on 16th May. Sir John Malcolm took his com-
munication as a negotiation for surrender. Bajee Row was at
this time at Doolkot, five miles north of Asseerghur.
On 25th May, Doveton arrived at Boorhanpore. Up to 3 1st,
Bajee Row remained irresolute. Meantime, Malcolm had brought
his force as far as Bheekungaon, where he found Lieutenant
Low (Malcolm's representative, the late General Sir John Low,
K.C.B.), and the Peishwa's vakeels. Troops from Hindia had
advanced to Peeplowda ; and Doveton was at Boorhanpore.
Being completely surrounded on 31st May, the Peishwa sent
Baloota, Dewan of Kushirkar .Tageerdar to Malcolm, and asfreed
to a personal conference at Kiree, in the Satpoora range. The
W18.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 541
meeting took place on 1st June, and the conference lasted from
5 to 10 P.M., when the Peishwa reascended the Ghaut. Doveton
was requested to interpose between his camp, and Asseerj^hur.
Lieutenant-Uolonel Russell was ordered to advance from Bhoor-
gaon, and combine with that officer in an attack on Trimbuckjee.
At length, after a fruitless attempt at farther procrastination,
Bajee How, the Peishwa, joined the camp of Malcolm on 3rd
June, at 11 a.m.
It has been already stated that Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell's
force arrived at Malligaum on 16th May.
The strength of the detachment at this time was, including
sick and wounded (amounting to fifty) : —
H.M.'s Royal Scots 100
Madras European Regiment 90
2ud Native Infantry 530
13th „ „ 263
Total 983
Besides 270 Pioneers, and a small detail of European artillery.
Malligaum is situated on left bank of river Moossee, a little
above its junction with the Ghirna. The river runs under the west,
and a great part of the north and south sides The fort consisted
of three lines of works, with a ditch in front of the middle line.
The body of place was 120 yards square, with a round tower at
each angle, and one in centre of each side. The middle line of
works was also quadrangular, but oblong in shape The outer
line was of irregular form, running parallel to the body of the
place on the west side only, and extending to some distance on the
other sides, enclosing a large space of ground. It was strengthened
throughout by round towers at irregular intervals. Towards the
east, and on part of north side, there was an additional line of
works, formed of mud, between the ditch of the fausse braye and
the outer line ; but it was old awd much decayed. It extended
542 mLITARY HISTORY OF THE LI8I8.
from south-east angle of the ditch as far as the works of the gateway
on north side, with which it was connected. The interior line
and fausse braye were built with stone, as also the outer line on
the south side, and towards the river ; but those which faced the
pettah were of mud. Height of inner wall, sixty feet ; thickness
of parapet, six feet ; and breadth of terreplein, eleven feet ;
making total thickness of rampart, seventeen feet.
Space between body of place and fausse brrye on part of north,
and on west and south sides, was about forty feet, of which ten
feet were appropriated to stabling.
The roof of these stables formed terreplein of fausse braye,
and was surmounted by a parapet of five feet. The fausse braye
was thus fifteen feet interiorly, but exteriorly forty feet, including
the ditch, which was for the most part cut out of solid rock, with-
out a berm. Scarp revetment of fausse braye was five feet thick.
Width of ditch, twenty-five feet; its depth varied ; but on the
river front, where it was greatest, it was twenty-five feet. Space
between counterscarp, and exterior line of works varied. On
the west it was only sixty, while on the east it was as much as
300 feet.
Height of outer line of works was fourteen or fifteen feet ;
thickness of parapet being three feet ; and its rampart ten feet
on west and south sides, and fourteen feet on east side of fort.
Gateways were nine in number, very intricate, and all containing
bomb-proofs ; outer gate on north, inner one on east. On the
east side, the fort was much weakened by the pettah being within
close musket-shot. An old rampart surrounded the greater part
of the pettah, and all the entrances into it were barricaded. The
defences of the fort were further impaired by a village called
Sumnaree, on left bank of river, nearly opposite the outer gate
of fort, which communicated with the pettah. A thick grove of
mango-trees, 400 yards deep, ran along the left bank, opposite
south-west angle.
The country is flat round the fort. The soil on the left bank
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 543
is black mud, o)ie loot deep, restiug on white sandy rock easily
worked at the surface.
The opposite bank is a shelving rock, covered with loose sand.
Fort is said to have been built about 17G0. The garrison was
estimated to be 700. In the reconnaissance made by the engi-
neers, the garrison allowed them to ride along the right bank of
river, and thus a good view was obtained of inner and outer
lines on south and west sides; but nothing could be seen of the
ditch or fausse brave. Very little could be ascertained regarding
strength of fort on east and north sides, as the garrison occupied
the pettah, and village of Sumnaree.
The commanding engineer. Lieutenant Davies, recommended
an approach from right bank of river against the south-west
angle ; first, because to attack the east front it would be neces-
sary to carry the pettah, which could not be effected without crip-
pling our force; second, because same objections existed as to
attack on north and to the south, and further that the ground on
left bank was too confined ; third, that the ground on right bank
was most favourable for the construction of the works.
The plan proposed was to construct two batteries on the pro-
longations of south and west sides, 500 yards from them. No. 1
to be armed with two guns, two mortars, and two howitzers.
No. 'Z for three guns. A parallel was to be constructed same night
in the mango grove, between these enfilading batteries. From the
parallel, JDavies proposed to advance, by zigzags, to the bank of
river, along which the second parallel was to be constructed, and
on its right flank the breaching battery for three guns was to be
placed. The bottom of the revetments of the towers, Y and Z,
which were supposed to be of mud faced with stone, were to be
loosened by the breaching batteries, to enable miners to form
chambers for destroying them, and then lodgments were to be
established in their ruins, and the intermediate curtain was to
be turned into a parallel ; that part of it, in line of fire of breach-
ing battery was to be levelled, in order that the bottom of inner
514 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE U818.
wall Eoight be seen over it. From behind this lodgment, he
proposed to sink a sliaft, and working thence to blow in the
counterscarp opposite the curtain to be breached. He proposed,
also, that an establishment should be made opposite outer gate
on the north side, to confine the garrison; but this had to
be postponed till reinforcements arrived.
On May 18th, at dusk, the engineers marked out the enfilading
batteries ; parallel 200 yards long, and 300 yards from river, was
also marked out. About 8 p.m. the enemy made a sortie from
their own left, along the bank of the river, and attacked the
covering-party in the grove in front of the working-party con-
structing the parallel ; the working-parties got into confusion,
and fled. Major Andrews put himself at the head of sixty men,
and proceeded to the tope, where he was joined by Lieutenant
Davies.
Being now on the edge of the tope, this party drew up ;
they then dashed at the Arabs, and in twenty minutes drove
them completely out of the tope, and followed them into the
river, where they were subjected to a heavy fire of matchlocks
from the fort. Major Andrews and several men were wounded
and withdrawn. Colonel McDowell now arrived at the tope,
and ordered the party to be recalled. At this moment
Lieutenant Davies received his mortal wound. He was in the act
of turning round to return, when the fatal ball passed through his
neck, and laid him low. He was still heard to exclaim, "At
them, my boys, at them ! " and, being lifted by some of the men,
died on reaching the tope.
Lieutenant Lake says : " This officer has scarcely left his
equal behind him in zeal, perseverance, and activity. His whole
soul was devoted to the service. In the presence of an enemy,
he almost denied himself the necessary support of food and
sleep ; no difficulty seemed to appal bim, and he carried the
plans he had formed into execution with a courage and per-
severance which deserved success, if they could not always
1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEBS. 545
command it. When not actively employed, his time was
entirely given up to the study of his profession, and to the
instruction of his little body of sappers and miners ; nor can
higher proof of his merit be desired than the proficiency attained
by these men during a period of active service, in duties entirely
new to them."
In Prinsep's Transactions in India 1813-1823, we find the
following regarding Lieutenant Davies: —
" In him the service lost one of the most distinguished
officers of the Madras Establishment ; though young in rank, he
had seen more desperate service than had fallen to the lot of
most colonels."
In the Summary of the Mahratta and Pindarrie Campaign,
published by an officer in \H-ZO, he is thus spoken of: —
" Thus terminated his career, this gallant and distinguished
officer, zealously devoted to his profession, and to the service,
bold, enterprising, and active ; he seemed only to require the
maturity of manhood, and of experience to have rendered him
the most solid ornament, and value to the service."
" His remains were attended to the grave by every officer oflF
duty in the camp ; and it may be truly said, that there was
scarce a dry eye on the occasion."
The duties and conduct of the siege now devolved on Ensign
Nattes on IHth May.
May 19th. — The enfilading batteries opened on the fort at
daylight During the night the approach was constructed, and a
small portion of the second parallel was also completed, in which
three embrasures were opened to protect left flank of the parallel
A battery for two 0-pounders was prepared, and adjoining
avenues, and gardens were occupied. At 10 p.m., enemy made
a sortie to attack this post, but were repulsed without loss on our
side.
May 20th. — Village on our left was occupied by Arabs, who
at 10 A.M. made a bold attack on our outposts, but they were
35
546 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818.
soon repulsed, and driven out of the village by 13th Native
Infantry. The approaches were completed to proper width, and
two 6 pounders placed in battery to scour the river. During the
night, the parallel was extended 140 yards to the right, along
bank of the river — 150 yards from exterior works.
May 21st. — Right of parallel was extended 150 yards along the
bank of the river, and a breaching baitery of four guns was con-
structed at a distance of 1"'0 yards frt)m exterior wttrks on south
side of fort. On right of this battery, one mortar was placed.
May 22nd. — Guns were placed in the breaching battery after
daylight. The guns opened on the towers ; but the latter
proved too solid. A change of attack became necessary, and
it was resolved to breach the lower wall, and form a lodgment
on its rampart. During the night, the village of Sumnaree
"was taken possession of, and a strong position occupied on
the bank of river, opposite to the principal gateway of the
fort. On the right of this position, a battery for two 6 pounders
was constructed. This new post, besides distracting enemy's
attention, put a stop to free ingress and egress by the gate-
way, and consequently caused them to be more exposed to our
shells than before.
May 23rd. — Breaching guns effected a good breach in the
curtain of lower wall, so as to discover part of the fausse braye.
It was now resolved to breach the fausse braye, and inner wall
by firing over the breach.
May 24th. — Breaching guns brought down the top of fausse
braye, and commenced firing on body of the place. About 8 p.m.
a shell blew up a small powder-magazine in the fort.
May 25th. — Breach was extended to right and left. In the
afternoon, the parapet and upper part of revetment fell down.
May 26th. — At 4 p.m., the breaching guns made a hole
through the centre of the curtain. During the night a howitzer
was added to the breaching battery.
May 27th. — The battery continued with J 8 pounders — the
laiaj MADRAS ENGINEERS. 547
12-pounder shot being expended. At i p.m. more of the upper
rampart fell down, forming, to all appearance, an excellent
breach. Guns were fired at intervals during the night to keep
the breach clear.
May 28th. — Battering guns were employed in cutting away
sides of breach, so as to form an ascent. The breach was
then reported practicable, and it was determined to assault the
fort at daylight next morning.
Three simultaneous attacks were ordered to be made on
different sides of the place. One on the pettah, second on ex-
terior line of works, and third, and principal one, on the breaches.
The first had for its object the occupation of the pettah, to
prevent escape of garrison. The second party was to take posses-
sion of the outer walls by escalade between the great gate, and the
ditch. The party for the attack of the pettah consisted of 500
sepoys, accompanied by fifty pioneers, besides some who carried
five scaling-ladders, the whole led by Engineer officers, pro-
bably Ensigns Purton and Underwood. The party for the
escalade of outer wall consisted of fifty Europeans, 250 sepoys,
and fifty pioneers, with five scaling-ladders, also led by an
oflBcer of Engineers. The storming party for the assault of the
breach was led by Lieutenant Nattes, the commanding engineer.
It was composed of European sappers and miners, and a
sergeant's party of Europeans, each carrying a bundle of grass
for filling up the ditch. They were followed by the native
sappers and miners, with scaling-ladders, seventy-five Europeans
with bundles of grass, and eighty sepoys ; 125 sepoys were
ordered to file right and left on passing the outer breach, and
to scour the outer ramparts. At 7 p.m , the several parties
occupied the positions pointed out to them. The party for the
breach remained in the breaching battery and parallel. That for
the pettah bivouacked on left bank of the river, HOO yards north of
pettah, while the party fur the outer wall was stationed during
the night in the gardens of the village of Sumnaree.
36 *
548 MILITAET HISTOKY OF THE [1818.
May 29th. — At 3.30 a.m. a brisk fire from breaching and
mortar batteries was directed against the breach. At broad day-
light the storming party advanced. Lieutenant Nattes, who led,
on reaching the summit of the breach on tlie first wall, waved
his hand to his party, the meaning of which it is impossible
to ascertain, as immediately after he received five musket-
balls from a retrenchment that had been constructed by the
enemy for the defence of the breach, by which lie was mortally
wounded.
The officer commanding the storming party afterwards mounted
the breach, but on letting down his scaling-ladders on the other
side, they all fell out of the man's hands who held them. Orders
were at once given for the whole party to retreat to the trenches,
which was effected in a steady manner. The party for attack of
pettah advanced at 3.45, and took possession of a considerable
part before daylight, and by 7 a.m. gained entire possession
of it.
The other party, did not escalade the outer wall of the fort ;
before this was effected, the failure of the storming party at
the breach became known, and the attempt was abandoned.
During the night, temporary barricades were made across the
principal streets of the pettah. Upon these, the enemy made
several attacks, but were repulsed.
After this failure, the attack on the west side was abandoned.
Reasons for this were : first, want uf guns and ammunition,
breaching guns having become unserviceable, and all shot ex-
pended ; second, length of time likely to elapse before reinforce-
ments of artillery arrived; third, on account of threatening state of
weather, and approach of monsoon, which would render the river
an insurmountable obstacle. It was proposed to attack on east
face, as the pettah would afford ample cover and a safe approach
to the outer wall, the natui'e of which was now ascertained for the
first time. There was also greater facility for mining. It was
proposed to have a battalion of sepoys in the village Sumnaree,
1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 549
whence parties might be sent to Post 1 opposite north angle of
fort, and to a redoubt proposed near the breaching battery. Streets
of the pettah were to be barricaded, so as to form an excellent
parallel. It was then proposed to establish mines under three
towers on the east side, and for this purpose to sink shafts in the
houses opposite, and eventually to form lodgments on breaches
caused by these mines, by which means, the enemy would be
driven from the outer walls.
May 31st. — Battery No, 1 was dismantled, and working parties
were employed in preparing materials and permanent barricades
to be made across principal streets of the pettah.
1st and 2nd June. — The detachment encamped to north-east
of the pettah, at distance of two miles.
A redoubt for 100 men was commenced behind the old
breaching battery.
3rd June. — Two 18-pounders arrived from Unkye Tunkye,
and the redoubt was completed.
4th June. — An approach to redoubt was made from the parallel.
5th June. — All the sappers and miners, under an Engineer
officer, took up their quarters in the pettah, and commenced
sinking shafts
6th June. — Mines were continued this day. Two mines oppo-
site to the two most southerly towers on east face were abandoned,
on meeting with a hard stratum of rock.
The mine opposite north-east tower proceeded slowly, owing
to the soil being rocky and hard.
June 8th. — Mine continued, and thirty feet of gallery com-
pleted a little before daylight. The mine fell in, in consequence
of the little depth of soil above, and buried the European miner
who was fixing a sheeting-board. The gallery was covered over
without being perceived by the enemy.
June 9th. — A battery on north side of the fort, for all the
mortars and two guns expected from Seroor, was commenced,
400 yards from outer wall.
560 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 0818.
June 10th. — Battery was completed during the night.
The Bombay detachment arrived with four 18-pounders, two
12-pounders, one 10-inch, four 8-inch, and one 5|-inch mortars.
The mines proceeded very slowly owing to hardness of ground,
and want of practice in the men.
June 11th. — Battery opened at daylight. One 10 inch, and
five 8-inch mortars, and two S^-inch howitzers. At 11 a.m. two
of enemy's powder-magazines blew up at once, bringing down a
large portion of the curtain of body of place from the very
foundation, and exposing the whole interior of the fort.
It was resolved that no time should be lost in taking advantage
of this occurrence ; accordingly, during the night, a battery for
two 18 pounders was built in a Mussulman burial-ground, 320
yards from the works, to destroy defences of the inner walls. An-
other battery for four 18-pounders was commenced on the bank
of the river opposite, and 600 yards from outer wall, which it was
resolved to breach in front of the spot where explosions had
taken place.
June 12th. — This battery was completed in the course of the
day, and the gallery reached the foundation of the tower.
June 13th. — The garrison surrendered. A Jemadar's party of
Native Infantry was admitted into the fort, and at noon, the
British flag was hoisted on one of the towers.
June 15th. — The garrison marched out of the fort at 9 15 a.m.,
and grounded their arms ; they were then marched to the pettah.
Our loss was severe. Five officers killed, and eight wounded,
and 220 men killed and wounded. Of the Engineer officers
(five* in number), two were killed and two wounded.
Lieutenant Davies, killed.
„ Nattes, killed.
Ensign Purton, severely wounded.
„ Underwood, slightly wounded.
* Ensign Lake was the fifth oflScer.
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"p?"^
1818.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 551
Lake, in his Sieges of the Madras Army, remarks: —
" Lieutenant Natteswas alike admirable as an officer, a gentle-
man, and a Christian. With the science and zeal which become
the military character, he combined the urbanity of manners,
the liberal accomplishments, and the warmth of heart that
constitute the ornaments and the bond of private life."
There were twenty-seven European and forty -five Native
sappers and miners present.*
The causes of the failure of the assault seem to have been
the unfortunate loss of the leading engineer, the commanding
oflQcer of the party, and the second in command.
After the capture of Malligaum, as the rains had commenced,
Lieutenant- Colonel McDowell took up his quarters for the
monsoon. The capture of Malligaum was the last operation of
any consequence in the territories of Bajee Row,
Appa Sahib, after his escape from Captain Browne, made for
the Mohadeo Hills, f where the Arabs, and remains of the
Mahratta armies sought him out.
On 18th July I8l8, Captain Sparks was at Bytool.J He heard
of a party of them who had crossed the Taptee, on the 20th,
but found the force too strong for him. He was surrounded, and
attacked on all sides. The fort was held for several hours, when,
having lost half his men, and having expended nearly all his
ammunition, Captain Sparks displayed a white flag. The signal
was disregarded. As a last effort. Captain Sparks moved
towards a slightly better position, but on his way was shot dead.
The sepoys fought to the last, under their Native officers.
Among these, a Subadar was mentioned as particularly dis-
tinguished.
The Arabs took possession of Mooltye,§ exacted revenue and
• Of the Pioneers, three were killed and fifteen -wounded.
t Between the Nerbudda and Nagpore.
X With 107 of 10th Bengal Native Infantry ; half-way between Hoosingabad
and Nagpore.
§ Fifteen miles nearer Nagpore.
552 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE tieis.
contributions, and plundered Shahpoor. Lieutenant-Colonel
Adams was at Hoosingabad, and immediately despatcbed a strong
detachment, under Major McPberson. Two days after he sent a
squadron with some field-artillery, under Captain Newton, and a
third detachment followed, under Major Cumming.
Kains had now set in with violence.
In a series of small affairs the British troops drove the Arabs
into the jungles. A stand was attempted at Mooltye.
On 22nd August it was evacuated at night. The enemy were
pursued and cut up by two parties, under Captains Newton, and
Ker.
Early in September, a detachment of Madras troops arrived
at Bytool, under command of Major Munt. Several small affairs
took place, and the result was the confinement of the enemy to
the central fastnesses most difficult of access, viz. those about
Puchmurree and Deogurh, both places of some strength, which
conld not be attacked till the season would allow of a considerable
force being carried into the hilis with a proper train, &c. Mean-
time, Appa Sahib was exerting all his influence to raise up fresh
enemies against the British Government, and to make levies of
men and money in all quarters.
His agents were discovered to be at work at Oojein and Boor-
hanpore, and besides an active correspondence by letter with
Jeswunt Row, Killadar of Asseerghur, several interviews v/ere
ascertained to have been contrived by the Killadar witli Appa
Sahib, as well as with the Pindarrie Cheetoo, who had become the
ex-Rajah's confidential adviser.
Intrigues were also discovered at Nagpore, and several indi-
viduals, amongst them some members of the family of one of
Appu Sahib's wives, were placed, in consequence, under restraint.
The strong country east of Nagpore was raised in insurrection,
and a detachment was sent out in August and September which
reduced Compta, and the strongholds in the Laughea Hills.
In October, a stronger force was sent out, under Major Wilson,
1618-19.] MADRAS ENGmEERS. 553
to reduce Pownee and Ambagurh which were to south-east of
Na^pore.
These were all successful, and their successes were achieved
under the greatest possible disadvantages of season and situation.
The entire country rapidly submitted, and by the end of October
the Mohadeo Hills formed the only tract that still held out.
Cavalry and infantry were established round these hills, and
Colonel Adams only waited for the drying up of the
waters to put in execution a combined operation in three
divisions. While this was so, Chyn Shah, the principal Goand
chief, made a bold attempt to recover Chouragurh.
He surrounded the fort with 2,000 or 3,000 men, while the
garrison consisted only of a small party of sebundies under a
native officer.
The assailants were beaten oflF, and next day a small detach-
ment of three companies arrived under Lieutenant Brandon,
also a party of Kohilla horse, who were enabled to punish Chyn
Shah for his temerity.
Colonel Adams' columns entered the hills from the Nerbudda
valley early in February 1819. Colonel Adams himself moved
on Puchmurree, where he arrived on the 11th, and met Lieu-
tenant Colonel McMorine, who had advanced with the second
column from Gurhwarra.
Major Natum surprised Koteegurh on night of 7tli February,
and Major Jiurgh was successful against another party on the
(Jth. The arrival of Colonel Adams convinced the Guands of
the inutility of further resistance, and all the chiefs hastened to
submit, except Chyn Shah and Mohun Singh, the Thakoor of
Puchmurree. The power of the former lay about Hurye, in
which direction the third column, under Lieutenant-Colonel
O'Brien, penetrated. This column, surprised and destroyed Chyn
Shah's party on loth February, and captured two of his nephews.
The Nagpore brigade had meantime occupied Deogurh.
Besides this, a double line of posts was established by Colonel
^64: MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE [1819.
Scot along the south and east boundary of the whole tract. These
operations effectually reduced the several tribes of Goands, and
the main body of Nagpore Subsidiary Force returned to Hoo-
singabad by middle of March 1819.
Appa Sahib had escaped from Mohadeo Hills as Colonel
Adams advanced.
On the 3rd February, he passed Boordye,* He was accom-
panied by Cheetoo and a few attendants, and about 500 Arabs,
&c. followed more at leisure.
Captain Jones from Boordye, with a troop of 7th Native
Cavalry, and two companies of infantry managed to overtake the
Arabs, who attempted to make a second stand at Daburghat,
after having been broken with loss of 100 men. They were
dispersed, and Captain Jones hastened after Appa Sahib.
In aid of these operations, General Doveton had taken the
field with the Nizam's Subsidiary Force, and having advanced
from Elliclipore to Warkera, detached Lieutenant - Colonel
Pollock into the valley of the Taptee, with orders to reduce
Jilpy Amnair,t and occupy positions to intercept communications
between Asseerghur, and the Mohadeo Hills. Colonel Pollock
arrived before Jilpy Amnair on 6th January, and completed
investment by the 8th, opened nejct day a battery of 6-pounders,
and on the 11th the garrison offered to capitulate, if allowed to
retire with their arms This was refused by Colonel Pollock,
who had just received some heavier artillery. The garrison,
however, evacuated the place the same niglit, and succeeded in
eluding the parties stationed to intercept them, by creeping
unperceived along the bed of the river.
Madras Pioneers were present at this siege.
In orders by General Doveton it is stated : " The Lieutenant-
Colonel having also brought to notice of the Brigadier-General
the indefatigable zeal and activity displayed by Captain
* Thirty miles south of Hoosingabad.
t Forty miles E. by N, of Asseerghur.
1819] MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 555
McCraitb, of the Corps of Pioneers, not only before Jilpy
Amnair itself, but also in preparing so excellent a road for the
guns through the Dool Ghaut, as also the professional abilities
displayed by Ensign Lake of the Engineers, he will have much
pleasure in making his consequent report to superior authority."
Colonel Pollock now made Jilpy Amnair his head-quarters.
On 3rd February, he was informed of the flight of the ex -Raja,
advanced to Peeplowda, and placed cavalry picquets on every road
leading to Asseerghur. Appa Sahib meantime was at Saoleegurh.
Late one evening, shortly after this, a small mounted party ap-
proached a picquet near Joora, and on its turning out, the horse-
men dispersed, and dashed into a ravine, by which means, under
the guidance of Cheetoo, the ex-Raja made his way to Asseer-
ghur. From within the fortress, Appa Sahib opened a corre-
spondence with Malcolm. The Pindarrie Cheetoo, who guided
Appa Sahib, was refused admittance by the Killadar, and was
shortly after killed by a tiger in the jungles, as already noted.
The instructions of the Supreme Government were that, in case
Appa Sahib should take refuge in Asseerghur, the fortress should
be summoned, and the Killadar treated as a rebel. Jeswant
Row, the Killadar, had been ostensibly ordered by Scindiah to
give up the fort. Malcolm offered full security for life, pro-
perty, and liberty, and to make over the fort to a member of his
family, but the Killadar refused these terms Negotiations were
broken off on the 17th March, by which time, there was assembled
for the siege the whole of Brigadier-General Doveton's force : —
Three regiments Native Cavalry.
Three and a half battalions European Infantry.
Seven battalions Native Infantry.
Also division brought down from Malwa by Malcolm, com-
posed of
One regiment Cavalry,
Four battalions Native Infantry,
with Horse Artillery, and trains of both forces.
556 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE
[1819.
Besides this, a further train was on its way, detached from
Saugor from the force under Brigadier-General Watson.
Thus the accumulation of means exceeded anything yet
brought into the field (if we except the siege of Hutras).
There were —
Fifteen IB-pounders,
Seven 12-pounders,
Seven mortars.
Seventeen howitzers,
without the Saugor train, which produced
Two 24-pounders,
Four l8-pounders.
Eight mortars.
Two howitzers.
Altogether — twenty-eight guns, fifteen mortars, and nineteen
howitzers.
Brigadier-General Doveton's division encamped a few miles
to the south, near Boorhanpore, while Malcolm took up his
ground to the north.
" The fort of Asseerghur is situated two miles from the end of
one of the great western ranges of the Satpoora Hills, and
sixteen miles north of Boorhanpore. It is placed in one of the
great passes from the Deccan into Hindustan, and the natural
defence it receives from a precipice of rock in almost every part
has been increased by a thick and lofty rampart of masonry,
which is built on the summit of the rock, and by large cavaliers
mounted with enormous guns, which commanded the country
in every direction. General height of position above the plain
is 750 feet, length 1,100 yards, and breadth 600 yards. Upper
fort 2,800 yards in circumference, and lower line of fortifications
2,400 yards.. Total circumference of fort, including upper and
lower forts, 4,600 yards, or considerably over two miles and a
half Nearly one-half the rock to the west has been further
protected by a second enclosure of good masonry immediately
lfil9J MADRAS ENGINEERS. ,557
below it, and following the curved outline of the natural scarp.
This has been aptly styled the Kummurgah, or the belt. On
the same side, a third enclosure has been added, containing
a space nearly equal to the area of upper fort This
third enclosure, which makes the lower fort, is called Mali-
ghur."
"The pettah is situated still more to the west in a hollow,
intersected by numerous ravines, and is commanded by the lower
fort. The entrance of the lower fort is from the pettah, and
the road to it is well flanked by the works on each side. In
every other part, the ascent from the pettah towards the lower
fort is exceedingly steep."
" The principal entrance into the upper fort near the west
extremity of the rock is by steep flights of stone steps secured
by five gateways of masonry, by means of which it communicates
with the lower fort, through the second enclosure."
" There is also a sally-port at south-east angle open at top
(protected by five traverses), which affords a direct commimica-
tion from the upper fort to the country."
*' The second enclosure, has also a direct communication with
the country by a small gateway at its right extremity, under the
middle of the north side of the rock."
" On the same side, but more to the east, after a descent of
250 feet, a nearly level space juts out from north-east angle
to a distance of 400 yards."
" The rock, which is the natural boundary of the upper fort,
fails in three places, wliere, of course, more attention has been
paid to the masonry than in the other parts."
" Firstly, at and on north side, where a very thick double
rampart has been built to supply the deficiency,"
" Secondly, towards the east, not far from north-east angle, at
the head of a ravine which commences in the interior of fort,
and runs thence into the plain. Across the top of this ravine
has been thrown a casemated rampart fifty yards long and forty
568 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1819.
feet thick, below which, at a distance of fifty yards, there is a
second wall, chiefly intended to prevent the earth from being
washed away during the rains."
" Thirdly, near south-east angle, at the sally-port before men-
tioned."
" On north and south sides the country below the fort is plain,
and generally level, but intersected by nullahs. At foot of the
hill on north side there are several gardens. On east and west
sides, the country is intersected by deep ravines, and ranges of
hills, which extend on the one side as far as the Taptee, and on
the other are connected with the great Satpoorah range."
" The position of Asseerghur, however, commands every
eminence within long cannon-shot."
A large depot of materials was formed at a village between
Doveton's head-quarters, and the advanced post under Lieutenant-
Colonel Pollock, about seven miles from the fort.
On 1 7th March, orders were issued for the assault of the
pettah.
18th March — The pettah was taken at day-break, by a simul-
taneous attack of two columns from the two divisions encamped
north and south of the fort. Doveton's column, commanded by
Colonel Fraser, and led by H.M.'s Koyal Scots, entered the pettah
by south-west gate, at head of Battukeerah nullah. Malcolm's
column entered by the high road from Boorgaum and Choulkan
through a gap in the hills which cover the pettah on the north-
west. The enemy were taken by surprise, made little opposition,
and our troops soon established themselves under cover of the
houses with a trifling loss, occasioned by fire from the lower
fort. A battery for six howitzers was completed during the
day.
The Engineer Department was established in a large bomb-
proof pagoda in the centre of the pettah, and the troops occupied
the street in advance, which runs parallel to the fort. During
the night it was intended to construct battery (B) for six
1819.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 559
18-pounders and two 12-pounders, to breach north-west angle of
lower fort ; to advance our posts to D to prevent sallies ; and to
barricade streets which were enfiladed. Owing to difficultv of
the soil, and deficiency of materials, the battery, though com-
menced, was not continued. A secure post at D was completed.
March 19th. — The post at C was this morning completed.
The enemy made a sally at sunset, and drove in our troops from
this post. The battery B was finished during the night, 400
yards from north-west salient of lower fort ; and another was
commenced on rising ground above the pagoda for eight mortars
and howitzers. The ground on which the mortar battery was
placed was so bad that the fascines could not be properly
picketed. The revetment gave way when nearly complete, and
the work was left unfinished
March 20th. — The guns opened at day-break with great effect.
By evening they had effected a practicable breach in the salient
angle of the lower fort The mortar battery was completed with
sand-bags. Malcolm's division moved to a position north-west
of the fort, and his head-quarters were established in the Lai
Bagh.
March 21st. — The enemy evacuated the lower fort at 4 a m.
At 7 .\.M. the expense magazine of battery B, which was placed
against the perpendicular bank of a deep ravine, thirty yards to
the left, and in rear of the battery, exploded It contained J 90
barrels of powder. A native officer and thirty-four men of
Bengal Native Infantry were killed, and a native officer and
sixty-five men wounded. The enemy immediately returned to
the lower fort, and re-opened their guns. These were soon
silenced. The mortar battery opened at 3 p.m The defence of
the pettah was made over to 8ir John Malcolm.
March 22nd. — 130 shells were thrown into the fort, and at
night two additional embrasures were prepared, each for a
12-pounder, 200 yards to right and left of battery B ; one on
the right to destroy defences of lower fort, and that on left to
.560 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1819.
silence a large gun in ceutie babtiun of north face of the upper
fort, which bore on the battery B.
March 23rd. — The engineers reconnoitered the east front of
the fort, to fix on ground for General Doveton's encampment.
A 41-inch howitzer was placed in the pettah at top of the barri-
cade to prevent enemy's sorties.
March 2Uh. — The engineers' reconnaissance being com-
pleted, the east front was decided to be the best for the attack of
upper fort. The engineer (Lieutenant Coventry) commanding
wrote thus : " The irregular nature of the ground, and the cover
afforded by ravines render extensive parallels unnecessary. A
communication, however, should be opened from the Ram
Bagh to a ravine on the left of the attack, to enable the
working parties to arrive under cover. As the approaches are
to be carried up a ravine, exposed to a direct fire in front, and a
flanking fire on each side, it becomes an object of the first
importance to knock off the defences of the flanks, and to prevent
the enemy from rolling down stones, I recommend that these
works should be destroyed from their foundation. This, I
consider, can be eff'ected by placing batteries on the prolongations
of the flanks in such a manner as will enable us to breach the
opposite, and enfilade the adjacent flank from the same battery.
The flanks being destroyed, and the defences of the curtain wall
knocked off", the bottom of the revetment of the retaining and
curtain walls is to be loosened to enable the miners to establish
themselves; or should this be found impracticable, a breachirg
battery to be constructed, and the curtain wall laid open. I am
of opinion, that by one or other of these means, we shall be
enabled to form a practicable breach."
" The mortar batteries to be disposed as represented in the plan ;
and if practicable, a brigade of 6-pounders to be placed in
battery on the detached hill, opposite to south-east angle, so as
to command the high ground in rear of the front attacked."
"To distract the enemy's attention from the real point of
1819.] MADKAS ENGINEEES. 561
attack, it is advisable that the evening previous to constructing
the batteries, possession should be taken of the lower works on
the pettah side, and a battery constructed to play upon the gate-
ways. By these means, the garrison will be deprived of all hope
of escape, and their uncertainty as to the true point of attack
will weaken their efforts to oppose us. On the same principle, I
recommend that the south-east face should be breached where
the rock fails, with a view to such advantage being taken of it
as circumstances may require."
Afterwards point (a) on north face on the pettah side was
selected for the second breach, instead of south-east angrle. A
battery, for two 8-inch howitzers and two 5^-inch mortars, was
erected 350 yards to left of breaching battery (B).
March 25th. — West attack near the pettah was employed in
destroying defences to right and left of the breach, and
bombarding the upper fort.
March 26th. — Pioneers, &c. employed in collecting material
for a new battery to make a breach in south face cf lower fort.
During these two days, Doveton's division was moving to
a position for the projected attack on the east front.
March 27lh. — East Atlach. — The Ram Bagh, under north-east
angle of the upper fort, was occupied, and the Engineers' depot esta-
blished there. Enemy brought a large gun on to the north-east
bastion to bear on this point. During the day a battery for two
12-pounders was thrown up in front of the garden to silence this gun.
West Attack. — Battery (G) for one 18-pounder and one
I2-pounder for forming a breach on south face of lower fort was
commenced. Two G-pouoders were also carried on elephants
to the eminence called the Mogul's Cap, south of the fort.
March 28th. — East Attack — Communication to batteries L
and M was completed, and a good road prepared for the guns
up the side of the hill.
West Attack. — Breaching battery on south side of the lower
fort was completed.
36
562 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
1819.]
March 29th. — East Attack. — Batteries L and M were con-
structed during the night to destroy defences of flanks to right
and left of curtain of the upper fort, which it was intended to
breach. L for five l8-pounders, M for four 18-pounders.
L, 380 yards from north-east angle, and 530 from opposite
flank.
M, 350 yards from point of fort above it, and 600 yards
from opposite flank.
West Attack. — Battery (B) recommenced firing this morning
to perfect the breach in salient angle of the lower fort.
The guns in battery (G) opened at daylight, and by evening
effected a practicable breach. A 4|^-inch howitzer was esta-
blished on a height to right of this battery, commanding the gate-
way of upper fort. Breaches in the lower fort being reported
practicable, orders were issued for the assault to take place the
following morning.
March 30th. — East Attack. — Owing to the great labour of
carrying the guns up the heights, only three guns were got into
battery L during the day, although a regiment of Europeans,
and another of Native Infantry were employed in dragging
them up. The troops were also assisted by elephants.
A battery for two heavy mortars was made to left of L.
West Attack. — Enemy evacuated Malighur during the morn-
ing, and it was occupied by our troops. Battery (B) was
dismantled, and during the night all the mortars but one, were
taken from the pettah, and placed under cover in the lower fort.
March 31st. — East Attack. — All guns in L and M were
placed in battery, and commenced firing. A battery for eight
mortars and howitzers was thrown up in front, and to right
of the Eam Bagh immediately under the hill. Enemy kept up a
smart fire from the second fort on working party, but with little
effect. A 12-pounder was placed on right of L, to keep
down matchlock fire from the north-east angle.
West Attack. — Two 8-inch howitzers and two 5J-inch howitzers
1819.] MADBAS ENGINEEBS. 563
were placed in battery (F) on north side of fort, and two 5^-inch
howitzers on the Mogul's Cap.*
April 1st. — East Attack. — Eight-mortar battery opened fire,
and a battery for ten mortars was thrown up to left and in rear
of M battery, L and M continued firing.
West Attack. — Battery (H) for six guns was constructed 600
yards from upper fort to breach wall of second fort. An
18-pounder and l2-pounder were placed in the pettah to destroy
the west defences of the second fort.
April 2nd. — East Attack. — A magazine was formed for ten-
mortar battery, and the whole of the mortars placed in position.
West Attack. — The guns were got into six-gun battery, and
opened on north-west curtain of the second fort at 2 p.m.
April 3rd. — The Saugor battering train, and Bengal miners
arrived this day.
East Attack. — Ten-mortar battery opened this morning. A
battery for four mortars was thrown up 100 yards in front
immediately under the first descent from the north-east
angle.
West Attack. — The defences to right of the intended breach
were destroyed ; but the line of fire on corner bastion being too
oblique, two 18-pounders were drawn out to right of battery ; and
a parapet was thrown up for a covering party on ridge above
battery (H) in front of intended new battery.
April 4th. — East Attack. — Defences of the flanks being almost
wholly destroyed, a breaching battery 0 for two 24-pounders and
four 18-pounders was commenced, and, as the ground would not
allow sufficient space for more than two embrasures in a line,
the guns were placed on three different levels, one above the
other, forming an inclined battery. Three 18-pounders were
placed in battery to right of L, to destroy north-east bastion.
West Attack. — Employed in making a mine under rampart
* Hill, south of the lower fort.
36 *
664 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE
[1619.
of the lower fort in order to open a road for the guns to the new
battery on the ridge (K), and during the night, two IS-pounders
intended for this battery were dragged up from the pettah, and
lodged in the lower fort,
April 5th. — East Attack. — Battery 0, 400 yards from re-
taining wall, and 450 from curtain, was completed this evening,
A magazine was formed, and a road for the guns made.
The front of M was thrown forward to bear on the retaining
wall.
The masonry of the north-east angle was destroyed this day
by battery S, and the large gun on the top of it, a 140-pounder,
rolled half-way down the hill.
West Attack. — Breach in the second fort being completed, a
four-gun breaching battery for the upper fort was commenced
on the ridge in front of and above battery (H).
Two more 18-pounders were dragged up into the lower fort
during the night, the mine was sprung in the morning, and a
good road opened through the ramparts for the guns.
April 6th. — East Attack. — Two 24-pounders and four
18-pounders were placed in battery in course of the day. The
ten-mortar battery was repaired, and an approach opened from L
in direction of the breach.
West Attack. — Breaching battery was completed, and guns
were got into the battery.
April 7th. — East Attack. — Breaching batteries 0 and N opened
on the retaining wall, and with the assistance of L a practicable
breach was nearly effected. Approach to breach was continued.
West Attack. — The guns opened against the rampart of the
upper fort at 10 a.m. In the evening, two vakeels came from the
Killadar, with offers of surrender, but stipulated for the garrison
retaining their arms ; they were immediately ordered back into the
fort.
April 8th, — The breaching batteries re-opened at daylight.
About 11 A.M., orders were received to cease firing — the Killadar
1819-] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 565
Jeswant Row Lar having agreed to an unconditional surrender.
Road to the breach on east attack was continued during the night.
Rock at north-east angle was reconnoitered, and it was
ascertained there was a good path for the troops, immediately
under the rocks, to assault the breach.
April 9th. — The garrison marched out at sunrise, and
delivered up their arms.
The fort was occupied by British troops, and the union flag
hoisted under a royal salute from all the batteries.
The Engineer Department consisted of : —
Lieutenant Coventry, Madras Engineers, commanding
engineer.
Lieutenant Cheape, Bengal Engineers.
„ Purton, Madras Engineers.
,, Irvine, Bengal Engineers.
Ensign Lake, Madras Engineers (Staflf).
,, Warlow, Bengal Engineers.
35 European Sappers and Miners, Madras Establishment.
45 Native „ „ „ ,,
185 Bengal Native Miners.
1,000 Pioneers of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, and about the
same number of dooly-bearers and lascars.
Lieutenant.-Colonel Crosdile, C.B., commanding Madras
Artillery.
Major VVeldon, was Commissary, and
Captain Poignard, brigade-major of Artillery
1^ troops European Horse Artillery.
4 companies European Foot Artillery.
1 company Native Golundauze.
During the siege the following batteries were constructed : —
West Attack.
A. Howitzer battery (5).
B. Breaching battery, lower fort (6)
E. Mortar battery (8).
F. Mortar battery (4).
G. Breaching battery, lower fort (4).
566 MILITAEY HISTOBT OF THE n8l9
H. Breaching battery, second fort (6).
K. Breaching battery, upper fort (4).
East Attack.
L. Battery to destroy left flank (5),
M. Battery to destroy right flank (4).
O and N. Breaching batteries (8).
P, Q, and R. Mortar and howitzer batteries (22).
S. Three 1 8-pounders, to destroy north-east bastion.
T. Two 12-pounders, to silence gun in north-east
bastion.
Both the attacks were pushed forward with great vigour, and
the manner in which our guns were carried to heights which
the garrison had deemed inaccessible, must have made a great
impression.
The exertions of the Artillery, both officers and men, were
remarkable. The former in many instances, particularly in
battery L, and the mortar battery on the north front, were
without relief, and actually lived in these batteries from the time
they were first opened.
The loss of the garrison was slight, owing to the height of the
rock ; only forty-three killed, and ninety-five wounded. Jeswant
Kow lost his chief officer of artillery, and seeing the command-
ing positions, and quick fire of our batteries, began to despair.
In addition to this, his powder failed.
The British loss was —
1 officer, 9 Europeans, and 37 sepoys, killed = 47
10 „ 73 „ „ 181 „ wounded = 264
Total 311
Of the Madras Pioneers, one havildar and fifteen men were
wounded.
Appa Sahib, ex-Rajah of Nagpore, was not found in the fort;
and Jeswant Row denied he was in the fort, or had ever been
there, and would give no information whatever.
-^"'j 3ro list (Iitmhiiuft JWrta O
S«niou tlu-o' llip Bit^rli ^Casematm on the E. Side Seftion thro'tkf Bi-CArb cui the N. Side
nf-llir FORT. nf t/ir FOKT.
D /»," IT ' JiffA/
-NO ^ZjTJ'nZ
^f that in iAr.VJUttu.
1S19.] MADEAS ENGINEEBS. 567
It was ascertained from prisoners, however, that he (Appa Sahib)
had escaped from the fort some ten days before the garrison sur-
rendered. No news was obtained ol him for some time ; at last
it was found that he had made his way into the country of Kun-
eet ISingh. The capture of Asseerghur was the last operation
of the findarrie and Alahratta War.
The fortress of Asseerghur was ordered to be garrisoned by
five companies of 67 th Kegiment, and the ;ind battalion of 13th
Native Infantry, while Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell was
appointed commandant.
The Brigadier- (jreueral, in his report on the operations before
Asseerghur, complimented Lieutenant Coventry " on the science
displayed by him in selecting the only two points on which the
fort was assailable, and the choice of his positions for entilading,
bombarding, and breaching- batteries, reliect the most distin-
guished credit on that officer, and on Lieutenants Irvine and
Purton, and Ensigns Lake and Warlow, by whom he was so ably
seconded ; while the skill and admirable practice displayed by
the artillery, &c The unceasing latigue and uncommon
exertions of the Corps of Pioneers so cheerfully and unremit-
tingly displayed, entitle Captain McCraith to the Brigadier-
General's warmest thanks."
kSome other isolated services took place at this period.
These were the capture of Nowa, and Copaldroog by the
detachment commanded by Aiajor Pitman, and the division
under Brigadier- General Pritzler respectively. There was also
an expedition against Sawunt Waree, under Sir W. G. Keir, from
Bombay ; besides the reduction of Aladoarapore by Lieutenant-
Colonel Thompson's detachment Irom the reserve of the Grand
army, in July 18l«.
On 7th January Ibl'J, Major Pitman, in conformity with in-
structions from the Kesideni at ilydrabad, assumed command of
the force which had assembled at Tomsa for service against
the refractory N'aiks. Tomsa was twenty-four miles north-east
568 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE Uei9.
of Nandair, and three miles south-east of Nowsaghee Naik's
fort of Nowa.
The fort was an oblong square, forty-six yards by thirty-six.
The body of the place was defended by a rampart twenty-feet
thick, and the flanking defences consisted of a circular tower
thirty feet in diameter at each angle.
Ihe outworks were a fausse braye and ditch running parallel to
the body of the place, and a sloping glacis on the European
system ; but it had no covered way except round the north and
part of the east.
The interior area was raised, so as to form a solid mound, to
within six feet of terreplein of rampart, the exterior height of
which was thirty feet. The fausse braye ran at twenty-nine feet
from body of the place, and consisted of a casemated rampart
twenty feet thick, surmounted by a parapet five feet high. At
the angles it followed the form of the circular towers of the body
of the place. The fausse braye was further protected by traverses.
The height from top of parapet to bottom of ditch was thirty-five
feet. Height of counterscarp from bottom of ditch to top of
glacis twenty-five feet ; and as the glacis was twelve feet above
the country, the ditch had actually only been excavated for
thirteen feet. It was thirty-five feet wide.
The principal gateway was on the east front (one of the longest),
and was well flanked by two circular projections.
The communication with the country was by a bridge over the
ditch, easily removable. There was also a sally port on west front.
The environs were perfectly clear to a considerable distance.
The garrison consisted of 500 men.
The besieging force of : —
147 Artillery
2,253 Native Infantry
2,011 Reformed Horse
4,411 Natives.
H.H. the Nizam's
troops.
1819J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 669
Besides these, there were only eighteen European officers and
fifteen other Europeans.
In the afternoon of 7th January, the commanding officer
reconnoitred the fort from a hill 900 yards south of it.
January 8th. — He took up a position near Nowa; the infantry
one mile north east of fort, and the cavalry one mile to north
and west of it.
The Pioneers were employed in cutting brushwood.
January 9lh — The Pioneers and Golundauze, with a working-
party of 150, were employed in making fascines and gabions.
January 1 0th. — It was resolved that the north side should be
attacked, and battery No. 1 was commenced at a distance of 700
yards. The garrison made a sally this evening, but were driven
back. Battery No. 1 was completed during the night, and
battery No. 2, ] 00 yards in advance, was formed with fascines
and sand-bags, and was ready to open at daybreak.
January 11th. — Both batteries opened at daybreak. At sun-
set two posts of infantry were established right and left of the
battery, at distances of 500 yards. At the post on the left,
battery No. 3 was constructed, 430 yards from gateway, and the
mortars were removed during the night to the advanced battery.
January 12th. — The mortars played during the day. During
the night a cavalier was constructed 100 yards in advance, and
to right of battery No. 3, and a trench established between them,
which was extended to the rear for the protection of the troops.
Enemy's horse attempted to pass out, but were driven back.
January 13th — Men employed in cutting brushwood, and in
improving communications.
January I4th. — At night, battery No. 4, for two I8-pounders,
was made, 300 yards from the fort; also communications between
it, and the cavalier.
January 15th. — Batteries 1 and 2 were dismantled.
Our artillery began to knock off the defences of the front
(north) attacked. Trench between battery No. 4, and the cavalier
570 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE Lisiu.
made secure, and another formed between battery, and the post
to the right.
January 1 6th. — Sixty yards of sap were finished, 200 yards to
the right front of battery No. 4, directed so as to clear the works
on right of front attacked.
January 17th. — The sap was widened and deepened, and forty
yards of a zig-zag to the right were finished, and a small place
of arms established to right and left at head of sap.
January Ibth. — Thirty yards more were run out in the same
direction. Besieged attempted no annoyance, seeming not to
understand nor to care for our operations.
January 19th. — Thirty yards were run out in same direction,
and a return made.
About 10 P.M. an attempt was made by a rebel chief, Howajee,
with some cavalry, to surprise our camp from the rear; but he
was soon forced to retire, and was pursued some miles, but
effected a safe retreat owing to the darkness of the night.
January 20th. — The sap was widened and deepened. The
enemy brought two guns tj bear on it, but they were soon
silenced. At night the sap was carried thirty-seven yards to the
left. A party from the garrison made a sortie on the head of
our work, but were repulsed.
The fire from the garrison was very hot.
January 2Jst. — The sap, during the night, was turned to the
right, and extended twenty yards, and a place of arms made at
head of it.
January 22nd. — At 9 a.m. the enemy made a sortie on our sap,
which threw our working parties into great confusion. We
sustained some loss. The sap was extended fifteen yards.
January 23rd. — Yesterday's work was widened and deepened,
and sap advanced ten yards. A European attached to the En-
gineer Department was mortally wounded. During the night
the work was advanced to the crest of the glacis.
January 24th. — Yesterday's work was made more secure, and
18W.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 571
returns made to right and left. At 4 p.m. the garrison sent a
messenger to the commanding oflBcer, and by mutual consent all
firing ceased till his return. A lodgment on the glacis was
completed this night,
January 25th. — Enemy having refused the terms proposed,
the truce was at an end.
Great part of the glacis within the lodgment was cut away,
with a view to the commencement of a mine. Towards eveninsr
a shaft was begun, and before morning was sunk twelve feet.
The soil was stitf clay, and stood without artificial support.
January 26th. — Shaft was sunk to a total depth of twenty-six
feet. A gallery was commenced to the left to blow in the
counterscarp, opposite the left tower of the front attacked.
January 27th. — A mortar was got into the lodgment. The
gallery at mid-day measured fifteen feet, and a branch was run
out to the right to a distance of ten feet from the shaft.
January 28th. — The gallery measured twenty-eight feet, and a
return of eight feet was made to the right. The branch had
been extended as far as the ditch for the purpose of obtaining a
view of it, and also to ventilate the mine.
The gallery proved to be on the same level as the bottom of
the ditch; a small branch to the left was begun from centre of the
great branch to form a chamber, and was carried six feet. Enemy
annoyed us with stones.
January 29th. — Both chambers completed and loaded, one on
left with you, and that on right with 310 pounds of powder.
The hose was laid, and part of the mine tamped.
January yOth. — At daybreak, the batteries opened with two
18-pounders, one 6-pounder, and two mortars. By 2 p.m. the
tamping of the miue was complete. By evening the breaches
assumed a very respectable appearance. Shells and grape were
thrown into them daring the night.
January blst. — The firing from our batteries continued. At
8 A.M., the garrison sent two men to negotiate. The commandant
572 MILITAET HISTOEl OF THE [1819.
was informed that he must surrender at discretion, but no answer
was received. At 10, the breaches were reported practicable, and
orders were issued for the assault. At twenty minutes before
2 P.M., the mine was sprung. The explosion was very con-
siderable, making an excellent descent into the ditch ; a cloud
of dust darkened the air for five minutes, under cover of which
the ladders were planted, and the troops ascended the breach
before the gnrrison had recovered from their alarm. Ten minutes
after the explosion, the inner fort was carried, and in the course
of an hour, the whole of the enemy's works were in our pos-
session. Our loss in the storm was four killed, and seventy-one
wounded.
The loss during the whole of the siege was twenty-four killed,
and 180 wounded; total, 204.
The only Engineer officer was Ensign Oliphant, of the Madras
Engineers, who had three Europeans attached to him, one of
whom was killed, and one wounded.
There were seventy pioneers, but only twenty of these had had
any previous knowledge of mining.
The fort of Nowa was, perhaps, as strong as a square of its
size could be made.
Fortunately, the soil was favourable for the operations which
the Engineer had the boldness to conceive, and to carry into
execution. Few would have ventured, with only seventy men as
a working-party (of whom only a small proportion knew any-
thing of the requisite duties), to attempt to crown the glacis
with a sap ; but no operation less efficient than this would, with
an enemy so resolute as the garrison of Nowa proved themselves
to be, have efiFected the reduction of the fort ; and although his
progress was necessarily slow, the event fully justified the daring
mode of proceeding adopted by the engineer.
The first ground was broken on the 10th, and the place was
stormed on the 31st. This period might have been much shortened,
if the engineer had had the assistance of an efficient department.
1819.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 673
From the time that the first sap was commenced till the counter-
scarp was blown in, was only thirteen days, under all the dis-
advantages of working with men who had never before witnessed
operations of the kind. Nothing appears to have been over-
looked that could ensure a successful result to the siege.
The breach was not formed till the mine, that was to open a
road to it, was ready for explosion. Any further praise of these
operations would be superfluous.
The complete success which attended them (resulting from no
accident), against an enemy as resolute to the last as any we
have encountered in India, forms in itself the highest encomium
that could be passed.
Ensign Oliphant's meritorious conduct before Nowa was
recorded by Colonel Pitman, commanding.
.Tust previous to this. Brigadier General Pritzler had requested
that another Engineer officer should be ordered to his division,
as he had but one officer of Flngineers (Lieutenant Grant) with
him. Grant had, while inspecting the forts near the western
ghauts, suffered from a severe attack of fever, and it was un-
certain whether the Brigadier could always depend on his
services. The Brigadier added, " that as Lieutenant Grant had,
by infinite pains, made himself acquainted with the country in
which the force was about to be employed, and had upon all
occasions exerted himself with so much zeal and benefit to the
service, he trusted that he would not be superseded by a senior
officer." The result of this was that Ensign Oliphant was
directed forthwith to join the field force in the Dooab.
In consequence of the rebellious conduct of Veerappah, the
Governor of Copal Droog,* the fort was besieged by a force
under Brigadier-General Pritzler.
His division entered the territories of the Nizam on 7th May
1819, and encamped near Adony.
♦ Fifty miles W. by N. of Bellary.
574 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1819-
It consisted of the following troops: —
3 troops H.M.'s 22nd Dragoons.
4 „ 1st Native Cavalry.
6 companies flank battalions.
8 „ Rifle Corps.
5 „ 4th Native Infantry.
10 „ 12th Native Infantry.
100 Dooab Auxiliary Horse.
•3 companies of 2nd battalion Madras Pioneers.
The following ordnance accompanied the force : —
4 iron I8-pounders.
2 ,, 12-pounders.
2 brass 12-pounders.
8 8-inch mortars.
1 5|-inch ,,
2 5j-inch howitzers.
Brigadier-General Pritzler encamped before Copal Droog on
the 8th May, and employed the morning in reconnoitering the
fort.
The works of Copal Droog are of extraordinary magnitude
and strength, and very complicated.
In the evening General Pritzler moved down with the intention
of carrying the pettah, and establishing a post for a mortar
battery, but he was met by a man who said he was Veerappa's
brother, and that the fort would be given up. He therefore
halted, and directed eight companies to proceed to take pos-
session of it ; but on arrival at the gate, they were refused
admittance by the garrison, and returned, accompanied by the
man who came out to meet the force. The hill which forms the
upper fort is 600 feet above the plain, and is totally inaccessible
on three sides ; the fourth, or eastern side, is encircled with walls
to the very base, where a strong rampart terminates the hill
fortifications, below which there are, on this side, two additional
enclosures, each consisting of a very respectable rampart with
1819.] MADEAS ElvGINEERS. 575
towers. The inner line of defence of these two, embraces
the hill in the form of an irregular semi-circle, and is built of
stone.
The outer one is of mud, and surrounds the former everywhere,
except at the east end, where the two ramparts are united. In
approaching the lower forts, cover is everywhere afforded to
within 350 yards of the walls, by the pettah on one side, and by
a range of rocks on the other. The main strength of the place is
at the point on the hill, where the flight of steps leading to the
upper fort turns to the left behind a rock ; and being completely
hid from breaching guns, the progress of an enemy is checked
by a gate, where the assailants would be exposed on both sides
to musketry, and to stones thrown from above.
8th May 1819.— The total force amounted to 3,059 men :—
1,110 European Infantry,
1,029 Native Infantry,
179 European Cavalry,
370 Native Cavalry,
74 European Artillery,
97 gun lascars, and
200 Madras Pioneers, under Captain Smithwaite.
During the night, a mortar battery was prepared, and nine
mortars opened their fire from it, at midnight, on the lower
works.
The gallopers opened at the same time, with shrapnel,
from a position in the pettah.
9th May. — The two gallopers were removed from the pettah,
and, with a howitzer, were placed on the hill post to the right of
the mortar battery. Two 12-pounders were placed in the pettah
in lieu of the gallopers, and during the night a battery for two
18-pounders was constructed to breach north curtain of the
lower fort.
1 0th May.— Fire from breacliing battery commenced at sunrise,
and continued throughout the day.
576 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1819.
During the night, the breaching battery was enlarged for two
more I8-pounders.
11th Alay. — The four I8-pounders opened at daylight, and by
noon the breach was reported practicable. It was therefore
determined to assault the lower fort at daybreak next morning,
and the 12-pounders and a howitzer were placed in advance of
the mortar battery to cover the attack. These arrangements were
unnecessary, as the lower forts surrendered the same evening, the
garrison (1,400 men) marched out, and the place was taken
possession of by our troops. Overtures were at the same time
made for delivering up the upper fort.
Veerappah, with about 500 men, retired into the upper fort.
Negotiations were entered into ; but it seemed that they were
commenced for the sole purpose of gaining time.
The whole day was wasted, and till 9 am. on the 13th was
allowed to bring negotiations to a conclusion.
May 13th. — When the time fixed arrived, it appeared that no
reliance could be placed on the Raja's promises. The following
plan of attack was decided on. Two columns of four companies
each were to escalade the walls at G and H,* and, having gained
admittance, to support each other. A galloper gun was to
accompany the left attack to blow open gate B. If possible, the
enemy were to be followed to the summit of the hill.
At 12 o'clock, both columns advanced to the assault. Right
under Captain Cuppage, 53rd Regiment, and left under Captain
Tew, of 34th, the whole commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel
Fraser, of 12th Native Infantry, Both escalades succeeded, and
the gateway was blown open at the same instant. The troops
rushed in, and effected a junction at the gate C. At this point
they were checked by a tremendous shower of stones from the
rocks above, which occasioned a number of casualties.
* Plan in Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army. The accounts of the Sieges of
Nowa and Copaldroog, as well as the other sieges during the Mahratta War,
have been extracted from Lake's Siei/es of the Madras Army.
1819.; MADRAS ENGINEERS. 677
(The lett attack was conducted by Lieutenant Grant, of
the Madras Engineers, Commanding Engineer, while the
right attack was led by Ensign Oliphant, of Engineers. Cap-
tain Smithwaite commanded the Pioneers, who carried the
ladders.)
After a short pause, a party rushed forward, led by Lieutenant
Silver, 53rd Regiment, which, after a gallant contest, succeeded
in forcing the gateway D, driving the defenders before them, who
retreated to right and left. The main body of the assailants
moved to the right, and immediately carried the line of works
extending in that direction. A small party went to the left, but
being much exposed, and their ammunition being expended, they
were obliged to retreat. A second rush was, however, made in
this direction, and the enemy, intimidated by the perseverance
and gallantry of the attack, called for quarter, which was
granted ; and the garrison, 500 strong, were marched out
prisoners of war. Our loss in the siege and assault, amounted
to one officer killed, and three wounded ; seven others killed,
and forty-seven wounded. Of these latter, two were Native
officers.
The 2nd battalion Pioneers lost two killed and six wounded.
The assaulting columns were on this occasion, as on every
former one during the campaign, led by officers of Engineers,
who well supported the reputation of their corps.
The right point of escalade was twenty feet high, and the left
nineteen. The ladders were twenty-five feet long, and were
found just sufficient. They were carried by the Pioneers, and
were planted by the Engineer officers, assisted by volunteer
artillerymen. Ropes were attached to the ladders near the top,
to secure them when up, and bamboo poles with iron forks were
used in rearing them.
The breaching battery was sunk in a ploughed field in
four hours, and the other batteries constructed with eqnal
facility.
37
578 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1819.
The gate B required three discharges from the galloper gun to
blow it open : 1st, a blank cartridge; 2nd, a round shot; and
3rd, a double shot. The escalading party were just over the
wall when the gate opened.
The following is an extract from General Pritzler's despatch to
Heury Kussell, Esq , Eesident, Hydrabad. dated 14th May
1819:—
" Where every officer and soldier employed did their duty to
the utmost, it is difficult to point to those who distinguish them-
selves, but I feel much indebted to Lieutenant Grant of the
Engineers, for the very judicious situation in which he placed
the batteries, planned the attacks, and conducted one of them ;
and he was ably assisted by Ensign Oliphant. ... To Captain
Smithwaite and the Pioneers I feel much indebted for their
unwearied exertions, constantly exposed to a very heavy
fire."
Eighteen guns were captured.
Lieutenant-Colonel Eraser, who commanded the assaulting
party, wrote : —
" The gallant and zealous exertions of Lientenants Grant and
Oliphant, of the Engineers, were most conspicuous, both in
advance, and wherever their presence was required. The same
remark will apply to Captain Smithwaite, of the Pioneers,
Captain Jenour, brigade major and captain, of the Quarter-
master-General's Department."
Throughout the greater part of 1818, there were disturbances
in the small principality of Sawunt Waree, a tract of country
situated between the sea and the Western Ghauts north of Goa,
about forty miles in length, and twenty- five in width. Remon-
strance being found unavailing, a British detachment, under
Sir William Grant Keir, was marched into the territory in
January 1819. The forts to be attacked were on the coast;
Newtee, a few miles to the north, and Barree, about the
same distance to the south, of Vingorla. Keir arrived before
I ' iDwiaiOTi* of tht 6viti»l) -Armp
^\
1819.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 579
Newtee on the 8rd February, and next day the Killadar sur-
rendered, the garrison being permitted to march out with their
arms.
During the necessary marches, the hxbours of the Pioneers
were incessantly required to make the roads practicable for
the guns.
A detachment of sepoys being left in Newtee, Grant Keir
moved on the 4th, and arrived at Barree on the 9th, after
experiencing some opposition from the enemy in crossing the
salt marshes to the east of the fort.
On the night of the 12th, batteries were erected, and fire
maintained from daybreak of 13th. At 4 p.m., the defences
were sufficiently impaired to admit of the outworks being
assaulted.
" This service was executed by two columns under Lieutenant-
Colonel Clififord, 89th Kegiment, in a most gallant manner. The
troops passed the breach without difficulty, drove the enemy
towards the second lines, which were immediately carried, and a
lodgment effected within half musket-shot of the upper fort, to
which the enemy were pursued, and many bayoneted at the
lower gate, which was for a short time in our possession. The
enemy were struck with such terror, that during the night nearly
the whole of the garrison evacuated the fort. Sambajee
Sawant next morning surrendered, and was permitted to
march out with fifty adherents. We lost eight killed and
twenty-five wounded. Two officers of 89th were among the
wounded.
c
Lieutenant A. Dowdall •••)-p
Lieutenant Naylor, Adjutant] ^'
The Madras Pioneers had one man killed and one wounded."
On the 15th, Grant Keir marched toward^ Warree to accele-
rate the treaty, and this matter was speedily brought to a
satisfactory conclusion.
37 *
580 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1819.
On 1st January 1817, previous to the Mahratta War, the
Corps of Madras Engineers consisted of the following : —
Lieutenant-General (Colonel) Trapaud,
Lieutenant-Colonel C. Mackenzie, C.B.
J. L. Caldwell, C.B.
Major Farquhar.
„ De Havilland.
Captain Cleghorne.
„ Cotgrave.
„ Fotheringham.
„ Fraser.
„ Raveushaw.
„ Arthur.
„ Garrard.
„ Mackintosh.
,, Milbourne.
First Lieutenant W. Monteith.
„ T. Davies.
„ H. Fullarton.
„ C. C. Nattes.
„ D. Sim.
„ J. Coventry,
„ A. Anderson.
J. G. Proby.
„ A. Grant.
Second Lieutenant J. Nattes.
„ W. Wotherspoon.
„ J. Robins.
„ A. Ross.
„ J. Purton.
„ J. R. Anderson.
), Jas. Oliphant.
„ W. T. Drury.
M G. J. Jenkins.
I, J. Underwood.
„ H. C. Cotton.
1817-24.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 681
Second Lieutenant A. Lawe.
„ E. Lake.
Altogether thirty-six officers.
The authorised Establishment at this time consisted of —
1 Colonel,
2 Lieutenant-Colonels,
2 Majors,
9 Captains,
8 Lieutenants,
8 Ensig 8,
Total 30 ;
so that there were one supernumerary lieutenant, and five super-
numerary ensigns.
During the continuance of the Mahratta War there were eight
casualties : —
W. Wotherspoon, died, 1 5th January 1817.
Arthur, died, 1st May 1817.
George J. Jenkins, died, 4th December 1817.
Davies, killed, May 1818.
J. Nattes, killed, 29th May 1818.
C. C. Nattes, died, 21st December 1818.
J. R. Anderson, died, 29th December 1818.
Eraser, retired, 1st March 1819.
By these casualties, the Corps was reduced to two below its
proper complement.
G. A. Underwood arrived shortly after the Mahratta War, and
A. T. Cotton and G. F. Smith about the close of 1821 ; but by
that time there were three more casualties : —
Colin Mackenzie, C.B., died 8th May 1821,
Fotheringham, 5th August 1821,
Cover] try, 8th December 1821 ;
so the Corps still remained two below its normal strength. In
1823 W. H. Pears joined the Corps.
On 1st May 1824, a slight increase was made to the Corps,
682 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1624-26.
chiefly owing to the representations of Lieutenant- Colonel De
Havilland in 1821, who was at that time Acting Chief
Engineer.
It was now ordered to consist of thirty-eight officers, as
follows : —
2 Colonels.
2 Lieutenant- Colonels Commandant.
1 Major.
10 Captains.
1 6 First Lieutenants.
7 Second Lieutenants.
At this time, there were twenty-nine officers on the list of
Engineers, and it was not for some years that the Corps was
brought up to the desired standard. During 1824-2o the
casualties were remarkably severe, especially in 1 825.
W. H. Pears, died, June 1824.
G. F. Smith, died, 21st August 1824.
J. Mackintosh, died, 22nd October 1824.
H. Fullarton, died, 23rd January 1825.
W. Kavenshaw, died, 5th February 1825.
J. Coti^rave, died, 13th April 1825.
T. F. De Havilland, retired, 20th April 1825.
A. Grant, died, 20th May 1 825.
J. R. Cleghorne, died, June 1825.
James Eobins, resigned, 21st June 1825.
Lieutenant- General Trapaud, placed on senior list, viceLalande
deceased, I5th July 1825.
Proby, died, 8th August 1825.
So that in January 1826, the Corps consisted only of the
following : —
James L. Caldwell, C.B.
William Farquhar.
William Garrard.
E. E. Milbourne.
William Monteith.
D. Sim.
M».l MADEAS ENGINEERS, 683
A. Anderson.
A. Ross.
John Purton.
James Oliphant.
William T. Drury.
J. J. Underwood.
H. C. Cotton.
Alexander Lawe.
E. Lake.
G. A. Underwood.
A. T. Cotton.
Charles Edward Faber.
C. J. Green.
William Ga-vin Nugent.
J. T. Smith.
Total, twenty-one officers.
Owing to this considerable reduction in the Corps, large
numbers of young officers had to be sent out in the following
years, and before the end of 1829, as many as twenty-two officers
had joined the Corps.
William Henry Atkinson.
Thomas Townsend Pears.
Augustus De Butts.
Edward Buckle.
A. Douglas.
Edward Lawford.
Samuel Best.
Robert Henderson.
F. Cotton.
George Patrickson.
Stafford Vardon.
Jasper Higginson Bell.
W. Birdwood.
Frederick Ditmas.
William Garrard.
H. Atwell Lake,
584 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1819.
Kobert Henderson.
M. Birdwood.
John Clarke Shaw.
Henry Watts.
John P. Power.
Thomas Smythe.
In May 1829, the Corps consisted of two battalions, each
having : —
1 Colonel.
1 Lieutenant-Colonel.
1 Major.
6 Captains.
8 Lieutenants.
4 Second Lieutenants.
Total, 20 officers, or a grand'total of 40 officers.
Lieutenant- General Trapaud returned from furlough, resumed
the command of the Corps of Madras Engineers on 4th June
1818, and his seat at the Military Board as Chief Engineer.
This was a few days before the surrender of Malligaum. After
the close of the Mahratta War, the Commander-in Chief at
Madras went to Fort William, on 30th April 1819, and Lieutenant-
General Trapaud, of the Engineers, assumed command of the
Madras army during his absence.
On the 29th June, the Commander-in-Chief returned to Fort
St. George.
It should be mentioned here that it was not till the year 1815
that officers of the Indian armies were considered eligible for the
distinction of the Order of the Bath. In that year two officers
of the Madras Engineers were appointed Companions of the
Order — Lieutenant- Colonels Colin Mackenzie and James Lilli-
man Caldwell. They had both very highly distinguished them-
selves while on active service. They served throughout the
campaigns of 1790 and 1791-92 against Tippoo, and at
1629.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 585
Seringapatam in 1799. In addition to this, Mackenzie served at
Pondicherry in 1793, was commanding engineer at Columbo in
1795-96, as well as at the capture of the Island of Java in 1811.
Caldwell was commanding engineer at the capture of Mauritius
in 1810. During his career he was wounded three times ; first,
in trenches before Bangalore, secondly in trenches at second
siege of Seringapatam, and thirdly, severely, during the assault
of the breach at Seringapatam, 4th May 1799. Mackenzie was
appointed Surveyor-General of Madras, 1810, and Surveyor-
General of India, 1815.
687
APPENDIX I.
LIST OF CHIEF ENGINEERS.
1742-1881.
Bank and Name.
Month and Year.
Kemarks.
Major Charles Knipe
1742
— Smith, Esq.
1743
George Jones, Esq.
1747
Retired.
Captain Alexander Delavaiix .
13 June 1748
Left the service
from illness.
Benjamin Eobins, Esq.
8- Dec. 1749
Died at Fort
St. David, 1751.
Col. Caroline Frederick Scott
August 1753
Died at Cal-
cutta, 1756.
Captain John Brohier .
June 1756
Dismissed at
Calcutta in 1760.
Captain John Call
1757
1760
Acting.
Permanent.
Retired 1769.
Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Ross .
15 Sept. 1770
Major William Stevens
March 1778
Acting.
Major George Maule
15 Oct. 1778
>>
Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Ross .
May 1782
Returned from
England.
Major George Maule
1791
Acting, vice Ross
on active service.
Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Ross .
1792
Major George Maule
1793
Acting, Ross to
England.
Lieut.-Colonel William Gent .
1 Jan. 179G
Acting, vice
Maule killed.
„ Patrick Boss .
9 Jan. 1797
Returned.
588
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
Rank and Name.
Month and Tear.
Remarks.
Colonel Elisha Trapaud
j February 1801
1 1 Jan. 1803
Acting.
Permanent.
Lieut. -Colonel James Lillimar
I 19 Feb. 1816
Acting.
Caldwell, C.B.
Major Thomas Fiord De Havil
9 Feb. 1821
)»
land.
Lieut.-Col. J. L.Caldwell, C.B
. 10 Jan. 1823
>>
Major T. F. De Havilland
15 Nov. 1823
)>
Major J. E. Cleghorne .
20 Jan. 1824
j»
Lieut. -Colonel John Cotgrave
7 May 1824
»>
Major J. E. Clegliorne .
15 April 1825
>>
Major E. E. Milbourne (in
13 May 1825
charge).
>« )»
20 Dec. 1825
Acting.
Colonel William Garrard
26 Sept. 1826
j»
Lieut. -Colonel Duncan Sim
28 Dec. 1830
j>
Colonel William Monteith
10 July 1832
»)
,, William Garrard
14 Jan. 1834
>>
j» >>
1 May 1835
Permanent.
,, William Monteith
8 Sept. 1836
)>
Lieut.-Col. Duncan Sim
18 Jan. 1842
>>
,, Alexander Lawe
15 April 1845
» J
A. T. Cotton
2 Mar. 1852
j»
,, Chas. Edwd. Fabei
10 Mar. 1854
»>
,, Jasper Higginson
11 Apr. 1859
>>
Bell.
,, William Henrj
10 Oct. 1859
>>
Horsley.
Wm. Ilbert Bird-
29 June 1862
>>
wood.
Colonel Charles Alex. Orr
1 Sept. 1863
»»
,, John Carpendale
18 Apr. 1871
>»
,, Geo. Warren Walker
4 May 1872
»>
Lieut. -Colonel John Mullins .
1 Feb. 1877
>>
Colonel Edward Archd. Foorc
7 Feb. 1877
»>
„ J.H.M. ShawStewarl
. 15 Feb. 1879
Acting.
„ Eichd. Hieram Sanke}
' 9 Apr. 1879
Permanent.
Chief Engim
'ers for Irrigation.
Lieut.-Col. John Gumming
15 Oct. 1867
Anderson.
Captain John Mullins .
( 12 Mar. 1869
( 1 Nov. 1870
Acting.
Permanent.
MADRAS ENGINEERS. APPENDIX I.
689
Rank and Name.
Month and Tear.
Remarks.
Captain Joseph Gore Eyves .
19 Mar. 1871
Acting.
„ Richd. Francis Oakes
15 Aug. 1871
t>
John Miillins . . 30 Nov. 1872
Major John Ord Hasted,!
acted ....
3 months in 1875
6 „ 1878-79
3 „ 1881
Considting Engineers for Railways.
Major Thomas Townsend
1852
Pears, C.B.
Captain Charles Cornwallis
1 Oct. 1857
Acting.
Johnston.
Captam Peter Pierce Lyons
21 Feb. 1862
M
O'Connell.
Lieut. -Colonel John Cmnming
1 Apr. 1805
Anderson.
Major John H. M. Shaw-
15 Oct. 1867
Stewart.
Captain Hew L. Prendergast .
12 Apr. 1870
Acting.
Lieut. -Colonel John H. M.
1 April 1872
Shaw-Stewart.
Acted for short
Major Charles John Smith .-
periods in 1875,
1876, 1878, and
1879
690
MILITARY HISTORY OP THE
M
O
!zi
1^
O
P^
pa
M
o
o
M
I— I
P
Ph
a
Eeported on Fort St. George, 25 Jau.
1743.
Drew lip designs for the Fort, 1743.
He was father of General Joseph
Smith
Eeported on Fort St. David early in
1747. Resigned June 1748.
1st Chief Engineer, June 1748 to 20
April 1749, when he left for Eng-
land, sick.
2nd Chief Engineer, 8 Dec. 1749 to
29 July 1751. Engineer General and
Commander-in-Chief of Artillery,
died at Fort St. David.
1749. Chief Engineer 1756. Went
to Calcutta to build Fort William
June 1757. Dismissed at Calcutta
1760.
1749-1756.
1749-1756.
Was with Clive at Arcot 1752.
Wounded, captured by the French
on way to Madras, taken to Conje-
veram, and left behind by the
French when Clive captured the
Pagoda.
Came out 1748, left 1749.
1 Jan. 1751. Acting Chief Engineer
17.57, and Chief Engineer 18 Nov.
1760. Eetiredl769. Created Baronet
1791, and died 1801.
Engineer - General, Angust 1753 to
July 1756. Died at Calcutta.
Secretary to Col. Scott.
Assistant to do.
Volunteered from the King's Train
(i.e. Artillery).
1753.
1753-56.
1754.
1
15
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MADRAS ENGINEERS. — APPENDIX II.
591
g
1754.
1755. Committed suicide near Thia-
ghur 1759. Details iu Orme's " Elin-
dostan."
1754-1756.
1756. Taken prisoner Fort St. David
1758, and apparently died at Pondi-
cherry.
1756. Killed at Vellore 1761, 15 Nov.
1757. Died 21 August 1765.
1761. Killed at siege of Tingricot-
tah 12 Feb. 1768. Shot through the
head.
1761 . Killed before Pondicherry Oct.
1761, commanding the Pioneers.
Died between 1765 and 1767.
Killed at Madura 1764, 2Uth June.
January 1759 to 1770. Joined Civil
Department in Sept. 1770.
1765 to 1770. Joined Civil Depart-
ment in Sept. 1770.
7 January 1764-1778. Joined new
Establishment. Killed at Pondi-
cherry.
Joined as Lieut. 1767-1772. Joined
new Establishment 1770. Cajitain
of Infantry and died at siege of Tan-
jore 1773.
1767. Wounded 2nd July 1768, and
died.
Died between 1765 and 1767.
July 1765. Died between 1765 and
1767.
Supernumerary 1762-1765 to 1770.
Joined Civil Depart, in Sept. 1770.
July 1768. Died 1768.
Joined the New Engineer Establish-
ment.
Placed on retired list 1 Jan. 1803.
Died 24 Aug. 1804.
Resigned 10 March 1774.
Killed at siege of Pondicherry 1778.
14 Oct^
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MILITARY mSTOEY OF THE
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MADKAS ENGINEERS.
-APPENDIX II.
593
t
1
Died 31 March 1801.
At Home, Pensioned.
Invalided 3 Sept 1793. Retired 1800.
Died 3 May 1793.
Died 24 July 1792.
Retired 25 Sept. 1811.
Died 1789.
Never joined.
Died 1789.
Retired Nov. 1810.
Died 8 May 1821, in Bengal.
Killed before Ryacottah, July 1791.
Died 13 Oct. 1802.
Died at IViehiuopoly, 3 July 1790.
Resigned January 1789.
Died Oct. 1787.
Dismissed 1800.
Died 1800,
Retired March 1801.
Died 28 June 1863.
Died 23 March 1812, on board Europe.
Died 8 Sept. 1793, at Kistuagherry.
Died 27 May 1798.
Died 13 May 1839.
Struck olT 17 Dec. 1799.
Retired 7 Oct. 1S15, in India.
Died 24 Aug. 1801.
Died 6 June 1825, on ship Portland.
Retired 20 April 1825, in England.
Died 13 April 1825, at Madras.
Died 3 Aug. 1821, at Trichinopoly.
Resigned 1793.
Resigned 1793.
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594
MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
3
Died 14 July 1795, at Fort St. George.
Resigned 13 July 1808.
Died 7 Feb. 1815, at Ennore.
Retired 1 Maroh 1819, in England.
Died 5 Feb. 1825, on Hon. Company's
ship Caiitdl, in Madras Roads.
Lost 14 March 1809, iu Lady Jane
Died 1 May 1817, at Quilon.
Died 2 Sept. 1836, at Ooty.
Died 28 June 1803, at Walkee, near
Ahmednuggur.
9 Sept. 1797, Sering-apatam ; roso to
Captain ; transferred at his own
request to Infantry 2 Sept. 1800, with
rank of Lieut., and ordered to Din-
digul. Died 9 April 1816.
2 Aug. 1798, Sei-iiig-apatam; rose to
Captain, and retired 8 April 1815;
transferred to Cavalry 28 June 1801.
17 Sept. 1797, Sering-apatam; trans-
ferred to Cavalry ; rose to Major,
and retired 31 Dec. 1836.
Retired 28 July 1815, in England.
Resigned 12 Jan. 1810.
Died 22 Oct. 1824, in Isle of France.
Died 3 Nov. 1826, at Madras.
Retired 10 Dec. 1847.
Died 6 Dec. 1813, at Bellary.
Killed 18 May 1818, at siege of M-.iUi-
ganm.
Died 23 Jan. 1825.
Died 21 Dec. 1818, at Prince of Wales'
Island.
Died iu England, 20 Dec. 1865.
Died at Arnoe, 8 Dec. 1821.
Retired 3 March 1832, in England.
Died 8 Aug. 1825, at Shooloor, near
Coinibatore.
Died 20 May 1825, at Prome.
Killed 29 May 1818, at siege of Malli-
gauni.
Died 15 Jan. 1817, near Nagpore.
1
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MADEAS ENGINEERS. APPENDIX II.
595
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MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE
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MILITARY HISTORY OF THE
APPENDIX III
Statement of Loss in Forts, Troops, and Cannon sustained
by Tippoo, from June 1790 to February J792.
Date.
Forts.
Captor.
Guns.
Loss.
1790.
15 June
Caroor . . . .
General Medows .
2
Evacu-
ated.
5 July
Arravacoorchy
,,
2
150
10 „
Darapoorum
»
3
Evacu-
ated.
22 „
Coimbatore .
n
22
20
6 Aug.
Perendore
Lieut.-Col. Oldham
2
Evacu-
ated.
8 „
Erode . . . .
n
3
200
9 „
Cumalum
„
2
Evacu-
ated.
22 „
Dindigul
Lieut.-Col. Stuart .
14
700
26 „
Cliucklagherry
Captain Waliab
4
100
26 .„
Suttiamungalum .
Colonel Floyd
2
230
14 and 15
Suttiamuugalum, battle
1.
2
1,000
Sept.
and retreat.
22 Sept.
Palghaut
Lieut.-Col. Stuart .
59
400
13 Nov.
Wombauellore
General Medows .
1
100
16 „
Durampoory .
I)
2
50
26 „
Parametty .
,,
1
50
Sept.,
Tripatore
—
—
—
Oct., and
Vaniembaddy
Lieut.-Col. Maxwell
10
300
Nov.
Cauverypatam
—
—
—
1791.
28 Feb.
Colar ....
Lord Cornwallis .
2
50
2 Mar.
Ooscotta
.1
2
50
21 „
Bangalore
1)
104
3,000
21 „
Vencatagherry
Captain Read
3
100
28 „
Pursuit of Tippoo
Lord Cornwallis .
1
20
30 „
DeonhuUy
It
3
100
1 Apr.
C. Balapoor .
,,
3
10
6 May
Cankanally .
,,
3
—
10 „
Malavelly
"
2
Evacu-
ated.
11 „
Arrikera
„
1
—
MADRAS ENGINEERS. APPENDIX III.
601
Date.
Forts.
Captor.
Guns.
Loss.
15 May
Battle near Seriuga-
patam.
Lord Cornwallis .
5
800
20 June
Hoolioor Droog
1)
4
100
15 July
Oossoor ....
„
6
Evacu-
ated.
22 „
Ryacottah
Major Gowdie
13
300
17 Sept.
Rymanghur .
))
5
300
18 „
Ambajee Durgum, Chil-
luncotta.
Captain Read
4
200
18 Oct.
Nundidroog .
Major Gowdie
17
600
19 „
Cubhauldroog
J)
100
11 July
Detachment Tippoo at
Coimbatore.
Lieut. Chalmers .
2
100
31 Oct.
Pinagi'a
Lieut.-Col. Maxwell
4
200
7 Nov.
Kistnaglierry
100
21 Dec.
Savandroog .
Lieut.-Col. Stuart .
24
1,500
21 „
Ootradroog .
„
2
400
22
Ramgherry and Shiva-
gherry.
Captain Welsh
13
300
6 & 7 Feb.
Storm of Tippoo's Lines
and Island of Seringa-
patam.
Lord Cornwallis
80
20,000
Grand total
434
31,630
By Bomi
aij Arini/.
'
1790.
25 Apr.
Cudioor ....
Major Dow
2
50
—
Cartinade
„
—
Evacu-
ated.
26 Sept.
Chaghaut
Lieut.-Col. Hartley
15
50
28 „
Travancore guns dug out
of Pouiar at Turtolla.
"
37
—
2(; Nov.
Pauiany
,!
4
7 Dec.
Veucaticotta
51
8
20
10 „
Tricalore
!>
3
2,000
12 „
Ferokabad
11
50
1,300
12 „
Beypore
"
20
Evacu-
ated.
16 „
Avery ....
General Abercromby
—
—
Cailee ....
1)
68
5,000
17 Dec.
Cannanore .
i»
—
17 „
Biliapatam .
Major Dow .
5
—
—
Narracarow .
,,
—
—
27 Dec.
Barragherry
—
6
200
—
Cootepoor
Captam Oaks
6
200
1701.
27 May
Periapatam .
General Abercromby
5
Evacu-
ated.
1792.
22 Feb.
.Action with Tippoo at
Seringapatam.
"
—
200
1
224
9,020
39
602 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE MADRAS ENGINEERS.
Date.
Forts.
Captor.
Guns.
Loss.
By
]\[(ihnttt(i All)} 11 .
1791.
3 Apr.
Darwar .
1
Pui-seram Bo-w, aud
30
4,000
—
Khooshgul
;
Col. Frend in charge
Detachment.
4
200
21 Dec.
Nagamungalum
)
Purseram Bow, and
2
100
Hooly Ouore .
1
]
Capt. Little's De-
2
350
24 „
Bankapore .
tachment.
6
200
29 „
Battle of Shimoga
„
10
1,500
1792.
4 Jau.
Fort of Shimoga
"
12
500
66
6,850
By
Nizam's Annij.
1791.
17 Apr.
Sidhout .
]
J
Nizam's Army and
6
200
—
Kopaul .
Major Montgo-
20
1,000
19 Apr.
Bahauder Bunder
mery's Detachmt.
6
200
7 Nov.
Lower Fort .
}
Nizam's and Capt.
—
—
Gurrumcondah
A. Bead's De-
4
150
tachment.
36
1,550
Total loss of Tippoo : —
04 forts, 760 guus, 4 9,050 troops.
LONDON
PUINTEI) BT W. H. ALLEX AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, 3.W.
•^
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